Agrarian and Industrial Revolution
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Transcript of Agrarian and Industrial Revolution
Agrarian and
Industrial Revolution
Agrarian RevolutionEnclosure System
The process of taking over and fencing offland formerly shared by peasant farmers.
Agrarian Revolution
Holmwoodhistory.com
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Agrarian RevolutionSo, Why enclosure?
It increased profits especially for sheep tograze, which would result in greater woolproduction. Larger fields would be cultivatedmore efficiently.
Agrarian RevolutionConsequences of enclosure
--Farm laborers were out of work
--Small farmers were forced off their land
because they couldn’t compete.
--Villages shrank and people moved to cities
Agrarian RevolutionFarming Methods
Aside from enclosure other farming methods were changing as well. Some important
ones follow on the next slides.
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Charles Townshenddeveloped a system ofcrop rotation. He wasknown as Turnip Townshend
Agrarian RevolutionOld System
FallowPlantedPlanted
Fallow Planted Planted
Agrarian RevolutionNew System
Turnipsand CloverPlanted Planted
Turnips were used for animal feed during the winter and they returned nutrients to the soil
Agrarian RevolutionJethro Tull
Invented the seed drill in1701 which was horsedrawn and planted seedsin uniformed rows.
Wikipedia.org
Agrarian RevolutionSeed Drill
Agrarian RevolutionSeed Drill
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Cyrus McCormickInvented the reaper inthe mid 1800s. It cut thestalks of wheat andseparated the seedsfrom the heads.
Nndb.com
Agrarian RevolutionReaper
Antiquefarming.com
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Europe moved from a primarily agriculturaland rural economy to a capitalist and urbaneconomy from a household, family basedeconomy to an industrial-basedeconomy.
Industrial RevolutionWhy does it happen in Europe?
Globalization of the European Economy
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Increase of the European Population
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Increase of Food Production
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AT-ToV5heso
Industrial RevolutionFlying Shuttle
Industrial RevolutionFlying Shuttle
Industrial RevolutionSpinning Jenny
Dipity.com
Industrial RevolutionPower Loom
Cleo.net.uk
Industrial RevolutionCotton Gin
Eliwhitney.org
Industrial RevolutionCotton Gin
Etc.usf.edu
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Industrial Revolutionhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LbAOseDs3KY
Industrial RevolutionThe Factory System
Before
Cottage System—home based manufacturing
Tools were made by hand not standardized.
After
Weaving looms were too large to place in homes,
factories started.
Interchangeable parts in 1800 by Eli Whitney
Mass production, each worker made only one part.
Industrial RevolutionConsequences of industrialization
Who worked in the factory system?
Men, women and children
Industrial RevolutionTeacherlink.org
Industrial RevolutionWhen were factories open?
Daylight hours, sun up to sun down Six days a week
Industrial RevolutionWhere did many workers live?
Outskirts of the towns and cities in slums with no internal plumbing or running water.
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Cottontimes.co.uk
Industrial RevolutionAdditional information about life during the
Industrial Revolution
http://www.cottontimes.co.uk/
Industrial RevolutionResponse and Reforms
Entrepreneurs/Aristocratic—conservative, they wanted to maintain their power structure and preserve their
rights.
Middle Class—liberals, freedom and equality should be expanded, laissez-faire
Socialists—people as a whole to own factories, farms and mines, the means of production. Government to serve the needs of the people not just the wealthy
Industrial RevolutionRobert Owen (1771-1858)
A socialist and a utopian, hetried to establish idealcommunities in which theresidents contributed to andshared in the economicsuccess
Robert-Owen.com
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The story of New Lanark begins with the RiverClyde. In 1784, an enterprising and far-sighted Scot,David Dale embarked on an ambitious plan tofound cotton mills powered by the natural energyof the powerful Falls of Clyde in Lanarkshire.
Industrial RevolutionAccording to Owen, education was the key toa happier society and universal harmony.
By 1816, Owen had opened the New Lanarkcommunity's Institute for the Formation ofCharacter, which served variously as a school,religious meeting place, dance hall andcommunity centre - another step, heconsidered, towards his dream of a classlesssociety.
Industrial RevolutionNew Lanark
Robert-Owen.com
Industrial RevolutionUnder Robert Owen’s management from 1800 to1825, the cotton mills and village of New Lanarkbecame a model community.New Lanark had the first Infant School in the world,a creche for working mothers, free medical care,and a comprehensive education system forchildren, including evening classes for adults.Children under 10 were not allowed to work in theMill.
Industrial RevolutionRobert-Owen.com
Industrial RevolutionOn his deathbed in 1858, he said: "I gaveImportant truths to the world, and it was only forwant of understanding that they were disregarded.I have been ahead of my time."
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Robert Owenhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1nlAjJge_w
Industrial RevolutionFriedrich Engels(November 28, 1820 August5, 1895) was a Germanauthor, political theorist andphilosopher, most wellknown for his monumentalwork with Karl Marx TheCommunist Manifesto andDas Kapital. FriedrichEngels is therefore one ofthe major contributors to thefoundation of moderncommunism.
Guardian.co.uk
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Industrial RevolutionFriedrich Engels
By day, Engels was a diligent businessman,representing his father at the Victoria Mill of Ermenand Engels at Weaste, in Salford.
But by night he became a social investigator, prowlingthe mean, dangerous streets of Manchester's slumareas gathering material for what was to become hisclassic book, The Condition of the Working Class inEngland.
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The book The Condition of the Working ClassIn England was a damning indictment of socialattitudes of the 1830s and 40s, pointing up thehorrors of back-to-back housing, cellardwellings and poor sanitation.
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Chetham’s Library inManchester whereEngels and Marx toiled toproduce the CommunistManifesto
Cottontimes.co.uk
Industrial RevolutionKarl Marx (1818-1883)
Co-authored the pamphletThe Communist Manifestowith Friedrich Engels whichwas published in 1848 andasserted that all humanhistory had been based onclass struggles, but thatthese would ultimatelydisappear with the victoryof the proletariat.Graceuniversity.edu
Industrial RevolutionProletariat
Who were the proletariat?
They were the working class. They lived entirely from the sale of its labor and did not draw a profit
from any kind of capital.
The bourgeoisie were the business owners
Industrial RevolutionSo, what was the outcome of this work?
Marx and Engels proposed that there would be a revolution where the working class proletariat
would rise up and take over the means of production.
Industrial Revolution
Communist Smurfs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qra0hlO6hZk
Industrial RevolutionReform
Mines and Collieries Act 1842(Ashley Mines Commission)
It prohibited all females and boys under the age of ten from working underground in coal mines. It was a
response to the working conditions of children revealed in the Children Employment Commission
1842 report
Industrial RevolutionReform
Factory Act 1819
barred children under the age of nine from working in mills, and reduced to 12 the hours
that could be worked by children aged between nine and 16.
Industrial RevolutionPopulation Theory
Thomas Malthus—an Enlightenement economist
First Essay on Population (1798) His focus is on future improvements of society
Industrial RevolutionCore Principles
1. Food is necessary for human existence
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2. Human population grows faster than the power to produce food
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3. Population, when unchecked increase in a
geometrical ratio. Subsistence increases only in an arithmetical ratio meaning it increases one number at a time.
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4. Humans tend not to limit their population voluntarily. He believed in positive
checks, which raise death rates, war, famine and disease. Preventative checks were to lower birth rates.