ADVANCES IN TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE

1. Electric Powera. Michael Faraday

i. Discovered the connection between magnetism and electricity

ii. Developed the dynamo1. Machine that generated

electricity by moving a magnet through a coil of copper wire

iii. Used electricity to power an electric motor which would lead to the development of electric generators

b. Thomas Edisoni. Developed the first

usable and practical light bulb in 1789

ii. He made generators, motors, light sockets, and other electrical devices

iii. Helped develop city electrical utility systems

1. Built the world’s first central electrical plant in NYC

c. Effects on Industry and Daily Lifei. Improved industry in 3 ways

1. Factories no longer relied on steam engines to power machines

2. Factories did not need to depend on waterways to power steam engines

3. Product increasea. Factories were no longer dependent on sunlight

ii. Daily Life1. Electricity was used to light houses2. Electricity became a cheaper alternative

2. Advances in Travela. Henry Bessemer

i. Developed the Bessemer Process

1. Involved forcing air through molten metal to burn out carbon and other impurities

ii. Helped to transform the train industry

b. Trainsi. Helped goods to be

shipped quickerii. Costs went down

c. Automobilesi. Henry Ford

1. 1905, he said, “I will build a motor car for the great multitude.”

2. Used mass production method in factories

3. Built affordable line of cars called the Model T

d. Airplanesi. Wilbur and Orville

Wright1. Kitty Hawk, NC,

Dec. 17, 19032. Flew a powered

airplane in sustained flight

3. Went only 120 ft.4. Paved way for

airplanes to travel the globe, transport goods and fight wars

3. Advances in Communicationa. The Telegraph

i. Samuel Morse1. Credited with

inventing the telegraph in 1837

a. Machine sent messages instantly over wires

2. Developed Morse Code, the language that was used to send messages

a. Series of longs and shorts

b. Electrical pulses

b. The Telephonei. Alexander Graham Bell

1. Teacher to the hearing impaired and was working in sound technology

2. Inadvertently discovered the telephone, by trying to figure out how to send multiple telegraph messages at one time

3. Called his assistant Thomas Watson and Watson heard him through the receiver

4. By 1900, almost 1.5 million telephones were installed in American homes and offices

c. Radio and Phonographi. The Radio

1. Guglielmo Marconia. Built a wireless

telegraph or radio

b. First used as communication between ships, eventually used for entertainment and news

ii. The Phonograph1. Thomas Edison

a. Recorded sound on one of his inventions

b. Phonograph would become the record player

3. Sciencea. Charles Darwin

i. Studied variations among plants and animals

ii. Wrote “On the Origins of Species”

iii. Theory of Evolution1. That species adapt or evolve over time2. Theory indicated that human beings were

descended from other animals3. Not popular at the time because if

conflicted with the biblical account of creation

b. Chemistry and Physicsi. John Dalton

1. Developed the modern atomic theory

2. Essential part of the theory is that atoms of different elements are themselves different in size and mass

ii. Dmitri Mendeleyev1. Arranged all the

chemical elements into a chart called the periodic table

2. Revealed unknown patterns among the elements

3. Left room for new elements that would be discovered

iii. Marie and Pierre Currie1. Discovered

polonium and radium

2. Found that certain elements release energy when they break down

3. Marie called this process radio activity

iv. Ernest Rutherford1. Realized that

atoms have a core called a nucleus

2. Found that a nucleus is made up of positively charged particles that he called protons

v. Albert Einstein1. Used mathematics to show

light can act not only as a wave but also as tiny particles of energy

2. Developed the Theory of Relativity

a. Based on two crucial ideas

i. No particle of matter can move faster than light

ii. Motion can be measured only from the viewpoint of a particular observer

3. E=mc2i. A small amount

of mass can be converted into a huge amount of energy

4. Believed space itself is curved and that one must include time in the study of space

5. Overturned what Newton and others believed about how the universe works

5. Medicala. Louis Pasteur

i. Showed the link between microbes and disease

ii. Disproved the idea of spontaneous generation

iii. Showed bacteria is always present

iv. Pasteurization1. The process that kills

bacteria and prevents fermentation

b. Crawford W. Longi. Developed the idea

of an anesthetic1. A drug that reduces

pain and in large doses makes the patient unconscious

ii. Used a gas called ether

iii. 1843- performed the first painless operation by administering ether

c. Joseph Listeri. Developed the use

of an antiseptic1. A germ killing

agent containing carbolic acid

ii. After the use of an antiseptic, Lister was able to reduce post-surgery death from 45% to 15% in just on hospital

6. Psychologya. Definition

i. The study of the mind and human behavior

b. Ivan Pavlovi. Used dogs to research

that animals could be conditioned to have certain reflex actions

ii. Took this research and concluded that human behaviors are also a series of connected conditioned reflexes

c. Sigmund Freudi. Argued that the

unconscious part of the mind contains thoughts of which one is unaware

ii. Used hypnotism to explore the unconscious part of the mind

iii. Believed repressed thought revealed in dreams could cause mental illness

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