Post on 04-Nov-2019
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A to Z Information about Field Crops in Tables
For various competitive exams and entrance exams
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TABLE 1: SCIENTIFIC NAME, LOCAL NAME, ORIGIN, PUTATIVE PARENTS,
LEADING COUNTRY & STATES IN INDIA –AREA, PRODUCTION, PRODUCTIVITY
Here, A= AREA in Million hectare, Pr = Production, Pv = Productivity
S.
N
o
Commo
n name
Scientific
name
/chromosome
no
/Family
Local name Origin /
Putative
parent
1 st in Area , production,
Productivity
1st in Area ,
production,
productivity
1. Rice
Oryza sativa –
Asian rice
O. glaberrima
–African rice
2n=24
Graminae
(Poacae)
Dhan, chawal South east
Asia, India
and Burma
O.perennis
A –India
Pr- china, India
Pv- USA
Rice export -Thailand
A– W.B
Pr- W.B
Pv- punjab
(3952 kg/ha)
2. Wheat
Hexaploid (2n=6x=14)
Bread
wheat(Triticu
m aestivum)
Tetraploid
(2n=4x=28)
Emmer : (
T.dicoccum)
Macaroni
Gehun
Gothumai/
Kottampam /Gothi
/Godi /Genhu
Durum
wheat --
Abyssinia
Others-
south west
asia
T.
boeoticum
A- India
Pr- China,India
Pv-U.K
Ar– U.P
Pr- U.P
Pv-punjab
(5017 kg/ha)
Rainfed
wheat
-NW zone
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(T.durum)- 10
% area
Diploid
(2n=2x=14)
Einkorn
(T.monococum
)
Graminae
(Poacae)
King of cereal
3. Maize
(Zea mays)
2n=20
Graminae
(Poacae)
Queen of
cereals
Makka
Makka cholam
Konda cholam
Makka jonna
Drosophila of crop
Mexico
Teosinte
(Euchlaena
mexicana)
A–
Pr- USA,China, Brazil
Pv-
A –
karnataka
P- Andra
pradesh
Pv – Tamil
Nadu
(5372 kg/ha)
Largest rabi
maize
gowing –
BIHAR
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4. Sorghum
King of
coarse
cereal
Sorghum
bicolor
S.sudanense :
Utilized for
improvement
of forage
sorghum.
forage
sorghum
2n= 20
Graminae
(Poacae)
Millets – famine
reserve
Jowar
Camel crop
Ehiopia &
sudan
(Africa)
A-
Pr- U.S.A, Nigeria,
Mexico
Pv-
A –
Maharastra
Pr-
Maharastra
Pv– Madhya
Pradesh
5. Pearl
millet
Pennisetum
glaucum
P. glaucum –
Pearlmillet
o P.
purpureum -
Elephant grass
– for fodder
Earlier P.
Bajra
Bulrush millet
Spiked millet
Cat-tail millet
Sajja
Cumbu
Poor man food
grain
Africa
A-
Pr-
Pv-
A-Rajasthan
Pr- Rajasthan
Pv-U.P
COARSE CEREAL
PRODUCTION -
COARSE
CEREAL
PRODUCTI
ON –
KARNATA
KA
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Purpurea
(2n = 14)
Graminae
(Poacae)
6. Finger
millet
Eleusine
coracana
Gaertn.
(2n = 36)
Graminae
(Poacae)
RAGI
Bird’s foot millet
African millet
Ragi
Madua
Mutthair,
Thamida, Nacheni
Mandal
Africa
A-
Pr-
Pv-
A –
karnataka
Pr-
Karnataka
Pv -
tamilnadu
7. Barley
(Hordeum
vulgare L.)
2n=14
Graminae
(Poacae)
Jau
Ethiopia
& asia
A-
Pr- Russia, Germany
Pv-
A-
Pr- U.P
Pv-
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8. Redgram
(Cajanus
cajan)
2n = 22
(Leguminasae
Papilionacae)
Redgram,
Congopea, no eye
pea, arhar, tur ,
Malay word
‘katschang’
Katjang means bean
Africa
A –India
Pr- India
Pv-
A–
Maharastra
Pr-
Maharastra
Pv - Gujarat
PULSE PRODUCTION
INDIA>PAKISTHAN>C
ANADA
PULSES-
MADHYA
PRADESH
9. Green
gram
(Vigna
radiate)
2n = 22
(Leguminasae
(Papilionacae)
Mung bean India
Wild
relative :
Vigna
radiata var.
sublobata
A-Rajasthan
Pr- Rajasthan
Pv- U.P
10
.
Black
gram
Vigna mungo
(2n = 22, 24)
(Leguminasae-
Papilionacae)
Urd bean India
Putative
parents V. trinerivus
/ V.
sublobata or
V. mungo
var.
sylvestris.
A-
Pr-
Pv-
A-
Maharastra
Pr-
Maharastra
Pv-
Maharastra
11 Cowpea Vigna Lobia India
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. unguiculata
(2n = 22)
(Leguminasae
Papilionacae)
Vegetable meat
V.unguicula
te SSP.
dekindtiana
or SSP.
menensis
12
.
Bengalgr
am
Cicer
arietinum
2n = 16
(Leguminasae
-Papilionacae)
King of pulses
Chickpea
Chana
Western
Asia
(Turkey)
India>australia >pakisthan
A-
Pr-
Pv-
A- Madhya
pradesh
Pr- Madhya
pradesh
Pv-Andra
Pradesh
13
.
Lentil
Lens culinaris
Medik
2n=14
(Leguminasae
-Papilionacae)
Masur Egypt
India
A-
Pr-
Pv-
A-Madhya
pradesh
Pr- U.P
Pv-U.P
14
.
Fieldpea
Pisum sativum
(Leguminasae
Papilionacae)
Matar in Hindi
Mediterran
ean region
of Europe
& West
Asia
A-
Pr-
Pv-
A- U.P
Pr-
Pv-
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15
.
French
bean
Phaseolus
vulgaris
(Leguminasae
Papilionacae)
Rajmash
kidney bean, common bean
A-
Pr- BRAZIL
Pv-
A-U.P
Pr-
Pv-
16
.
Lathyrus
Lathyrus
sativus
(Leguminasae
Papilionacae)
Khesari, grasspea,
chiclingpea
chatri ,matri
17
.
Soybean
King of
legumes
2n = 40
(Glycine max)
Leguminosae
Poor mans meat
Wonder crop
central
China
G. soja
A- U.S.A
Pr- U.S.A
Pv- U.S.A
A- Madhya
Pradesh
Pr- Madhya
pradesh
Pv- Madhya
pradesh
OILSEED
PRODUCTI
ON-
GUJARAT
18
.
Groundn
ut
(Arachis
hypogaea)
2n = 40
leguminosae
Peanut,
earthnut,monkeynut
, manila nut,
Goober,
binda
Brazil
A.monticola
A- India
Pr- China
Pv- U.S.A
A- Gujarat
Pr- Gujarat
Pv-
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19
.
Sesame 2n=26
(Sesamum
indicum)
Pedaliaceae
Queen of oils
Til
Poor mans
alternate for ghee
Ethiopia
Wild species
:
S.malabaric
um
A- India
Pr- Myanmar>
India>china
Pv- Egypt
A- Rajasthan
Pr- Rajasthan
Pv- West
Bengal
20
.
Sunflowe
r
2n=34
(Helianthus
annus)
Asteraceae
Triploid,tetrap
loid, hexaploid
Southern
USA
(Peru) &
Mexico
A- Russia
Pr- Russia
Pv- Israel
A- Karnataka
Pr-
Karnataka
Pv- Tamil
Nadu
21
.
Rapeseed
&
Mustard
King of
oils
Four diploids
are :
1. B.nigra -
Black
mustard
2n=16.
2.B.oleracea-
Cabbage
3.
B.campestris -
Brassicaceae
Rape seed.4.
B.tourne frotii
-Wild turnip
Canola
Sarson – India
colza; Toria – Rape,
Rai – Mustard.
Rai – China
Toria – East
Afghanistan
Brown
sarson – E.
Afghanistan
& adjoining
Indian sub-
continent
Yellow
sarson –
N.E. India
A- China
Pr- China
Pv- Germany
A- Rajasthan
Pr- Rajasthan
Pv- Haryana
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0
22
.
Safflowe
r
Carthamus
tinctorius
2n=24
Asteraceae
Kusum A- India
Pr-India>U.S.A>Mexico
Pv- U.S.A
A-
Maharastra
Pr-
Maharastra
Pv-
Karnataka
23
.
Linseed
(Linum
usitatissimum)
2n=30
Linaceae
Common
flax
Eastern -
Mediterran
ean to
India
A- Canada,
Pr- Canada
Pv- Tunisia
A- Madhya
pradesh
Pr- Madhya
pradesh
Pv-
24
.
Niger
(Guizotia
abyssinica)
Compositae
Ethiopia A- India
Pr- India
Pv-
A- Madhya
Pradesh
Pr- Odisha
Pv-
25
.
Castor (Ricinus
communis)
2n=20
Euphorbiaceae
Castor bean Ehiopia
A- India
Pr- India
Pv-
A- Gujarat
Pr- Gujarat
Pv- Gujarat
26
.
Cotton
New world
cotton
(Gossypium
India A- India
Pr- China >India>U.S
Pv- Brazil
A-
Maharastra
Pr- Gujarat
Pv- Gujarat
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1
hirsutum)-
american
cotton
G.barbadense
-egypt
2n = 4x = 52
New world
cotton
(diploid)
G.arboreum,
G.herbaceum
Malvaceae
Allotetraploid
Amphidiploid
.
27
.
Jute
i(Corchorus
capsularis)
ii(Corchorus
olitorius)
2n=14
Tiliaceae
i)Indo-
Burma
ii)Africa
A- India,>Bangaladesh
Pr- India> Bangaladesh>
china
Pv-
A- West
Bengal
Pr- West
Bengal
Pv- West
Bengal
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2
28
.
Mesta
i(Hibiscus
Cannabinus)-
kenaf
2n=36
ii(Hibiscus
sabdariffa)-
roselle
2n= 72
Malvaceae
i)Africa
ii)India
A- Andra
Pradesh
Pr-
Pv- West
Bengal
29
.
Sugarcan
e
(Saccharum
officinarum)
2n=80
Graminae
1. Noble cane (or)
garden cane –
Saccharum
officinarum
2. Chinese cane – S.
sinensis
3. North India cane
– S. barbens
4. Wild canes of
Asia – S.
spontaneum
5. Wild canes of
Gunea – S.
robustum
Indo china
Myanmar
border and
New
Guinea
A- Brazil >India
Pr- Brazil > India>china
Pv-
A- U.P
Pr- U.P
Pv- Tamil
Nadu
SUGAR
PRODUCTI
ON
MAHARAS
TRA
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3
30
.
Sugarbee
t
(Beta vulgaris)
Chenapodiace
ae
Silesia
(meditarran
ean sea)
31
.
Tobacco
(Nicotiana
tabacum)
(Nicotiana
rustica)
Solanaceae
Cental
America
A- China> Brazil> India
Pr- China> Brazil> India
Pv-
A- Andra
Pradesh
Pr- Andra
Pradesh
Pv-
32
.
Potato
Solanum
tuberosum
Solanaceae
Tetraploid
King of
vegetable
Phulva,
Gola,satha
Poor mans food
Peru A- China
Pr- China> India> Russia
Pv- U.S.A
A- U.P, W.B
Pr-U.P, W.B
Pv-
www.imotforum.com/cultivate 1
4
33
.
Minor
millets
Selaria italica
- (Dry land
good crop)
(Fox tail
millet)
Panicum
miliaceum –
Proso millet.
Panicum
miliare – Little
millet.
Paspalum
scrobiculatum
– Kodo millet
Echinochloa
crusgalli –
Barnyard
millet
Fox tail millet-
italian/german/siber
ian millet -kangni
Kodo millet -Kodra
Little millet-kutki
Proso millet/hog/
broom corn millet-
cheena
Barnyard millet/
Japanese millet
-sawan
India
Africa
Proso – Russia
Finger millet –south asia
Foxtail, proso millet –
china
10 lakh ha
4 lakh ton
Madhya
Pradesh –
area
Tamilnadu –
productivity
34
.
Sunnhem
p
Crotalaria
juncea
2n= 16
Papilonacae
Bambay hemp (or)
Banaras hemp –
A- India
Pr-India
Pv
A- Maharatra
Pr-
Pv-
35
.
Fodder
sorghum
Sorghum
bicolor
Africa
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5
Annual
summer
cereal
Poaceae
36
.
Fodder
maize
Annual
summer
cereal
Zea mays
Poaceae
Africa
37
.
Napier
Perennial
grass
summer
Pennisetum
purpureum
P. glaucum x
P. purpureum
Poaceae
Elephant grass
Uganda grass
Rhodessia &
South
Africa.
38
.
Berseem
Annual
winter
legume
Trifolium
alexandrinum
Fabacae
King of
legume
fodder
Egyptian clover Egypt
39
.
Lucern
Perennial
winter
legume
Medicago
sativa
Fabacae
Queen of
legume
Alfalfa
Kudirai masal
South West
Asia
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6
fodder
40
.
Oats
Annual
winter
cereal
fodder
Avena sativa
Poaceae
Russia >Canada>finland
A-
Pr-
Pv-
A-
Pr-
Pv-
41
.
Mentha
Labiatae
1.Japanese
mint or corn
mint
-- M. arvensis
L.
2.Pepper mint
– M. piperita
3.Common or
Spear mint or
lamb mint –
M. spicata
4.Scotch spear mint
– M. cardiaca
5. Bergamot mint or
orange mint
– M. citrata
42
.
Lemon
grass
East Indian or
true lemon
grass
(Cymbopogan.
flexuosus )
West Indian
India
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7
Grou
p
Kharif Rabi Short day Long
day
Day
neutral
C3 C4 Self Cross Often
cross
Cereal
s
&
Millet
Rice Maize
Sorghum
Pearl millet
Finger millet
Wheat
Barley
Oats
Rice,
Sorghum
Pearl millet
Finger
Wheat
Barley
Oats
Buckwh
eat(Pha
gophyro
n
Rice
Wheat
Barley
Oats
Maize
Sorghum
PM, FM
Minor
Rice,Wheat
Barley,Oats
Finger
millet
Maize
(protoandr
y)Pearl
millet
Sorghum
(protogyny
)
(South
American)
lemongrass (C.
citratus (D.C)
Stapf)
Poacae
43
.
Isabagol Plantago
ovata
Family –
Plantaginaceae
Psyllium,Ishagola,Is
abghul, Spogel
seed, Ispaghal
Mediterrane
an region
and West
Asia
TABLE 2: TYPES BASED ON PHOTOPERIOD,C3, C4, MODE OF
POLLINATION
www.imotforum.com/cultivate 1
8
s Minor
millets
millet
Minor
millets
esculent
um-
Polygon
acae)
Maize
Rye millets Minor
millets
(protogyn
y)
pulses
Red gram
Green gram
Black gram
Cow pea
Chickpea,
lentil,pea
lathyrus
French
bean
Red gram
Green gram
Black gram
Cowpea
Chick
pea
- - Green gram
Black gram
cowpea
Chick pea
Lentil
- Redgram
Oilsee
ds
soyabean
Groundnut
Rapeseed
&Mustard
safflower
Niger
Linseed
Niger
Tobacco
- groundn
ut
sunflow
er
safflowe
r
Ground
nut
Soyabea
n
- soyabean
Groundnut
Linseed
Rapeseed
&Mustard
Sunflower
(
protoandr
y)Castor
anemophil
y
Niger(ent
omophily)
Sesame
Fiber
Cotton
Jute
Mesta
Tobacco Sugarbee
t
Cotton Cotton
Sugarbe
et
,potato
Sweet
potato
Sugarca
ne
jute Sunnhemp
Sugarbeet
Tapioca
(protogyn
y)
Cotton
Fodde
r
Berseem,
Lucern
Napier
grass
Alfalfa
Fodder
Cumbu
napier
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9
Others
Isabagol coffee
chrysanthm
um
Tomato
cucumb
er
pea
Tomato Panicum
Amarant
hus
Cucurbits
Crucifers
Onion,
Garlic
brinjal
chilli
TABLE 3 : SOWING DETAILS
S. Common
name
SOIL Depth of
sowing
Seed rate
Kg/ha
Spacing
cm x cm
Test weight
Population
Season
1. Rice
Related term
to crop:
Dapog
nursery
Clay or clay
loams
pH-4.0 -6.0
RF:700-
2000
mm/annum
Rainfed rice
is very
common in
‘Assam”
Transplanting
depth –2-4 cm
Seedling stage
25-30DAS –
wet nursery
12-14- dapog
8-10 - days old
seedling for
SRI
Transplant -50-60
Bold – 40-45
Fine -30-35
Broadcast -80-100
Pora/drilling -60
Dippling -25-30
Hybrid- 10 -15
SRI -7- 8 kg /ha -
100 m2
Dapog-40 m2- 3-4
kg/m2 – 120 kg/ha
25x 25
(SRI)
Test weight
-25g
Basmati -
21g
SI-June,Jan
Aus:autumn
rice (pre kharif)
May-june
Aman
Autumn:winter
rice(kharif)
June –july
Boro:spring/su
mmer rice
Dec-jan
Upland rice
called as Aus
in West
www.imotforum.com/cultivate 2
0
Bengal is
2. Wheat
When seed is
dropped in
furrows by
hand it is
called “Kera”.
Implement
attached to
plough
is “Pora”.
clay loams
6.0-7.5
wheat
sowing is
delayed
“Shallow
depth of
sowing” is
practiced.
Depth-4 cm
Dwarf – 5-6
Double dwarf -
<5 ,
Triple dwarf -<
4 cm,tall -6-7
Normal -100-125
kg
Late sown -125-
150
Seed drill-100
FIRB-75
Dibbling -25-30
22.5 cmx
solid row
IR:22.5 x
8-10
RF:25-
30x 5-6
Test weight
-40 g
NI-
Dwarf -2nd , 3rd
Nov
Tall –Oct
3. Maize
Related term
to crop:
Detaseling
Sandyloam
to silty
loam
7.5-8.5
5cm Pure- hybrid - 20-
25 kg Composite -
15-20,
Sweet maize-8,
Baby maize -25
Pop maize-12
fodder maize- 40-
60
Grain-
60x25
Sweet
corn –
75*25
Baby
corn -
60*20
Fodder-
30*10
Test weight-
30 g/100
seeds
NI- Nov
SI-
II FN june toII
FN July
II week Nov
4. Sorghum
Clay loam-
loam
12-18kg/ha
(broadcasting)
45x15
cm
Test weight
-25-30g
June –july
Rabi
www.imotforum.com/cultivate 2
1
texture
June –july
Sept-oct
6.0-7.5
8-12kg/ha
(drilling)
6kg/ha
(dibbling)
1,50,000
no/ha
Sept-oct
5. Pearlmillet
Loamy
sands to
loams,
Sensitive to
water
logged
areas
5.0-6.5
2-4 cm
Drill/kera
method
Shallow
4-5 kg if sown
behind country
plough
3.75kg for nursery
cum transplanting
Transplanting is
suitable for
delayed sowing
500 m-2 nursery
15-18 days old
seedlings
50 x 10-
12
40 x10
Test weight
-5-7g
1,50,000
no/ha
Mid July onset
of monsoon
Rajasthan
Transplant – 3rd
week of july to
second week of
august
www.imotforum.com/cultivate 2
2
6. Finger millet
alluvial,
loamy and
sandy with
good
drainage
good
drought
recovery,Ca
n tolerate
salinity
>pH 11.0.
5.0-6.5
3 Kg
Shallow
Sowing in
stallion
furrows –
Karnataka
5 kg
For transplanting
5 kg for nursery
(12.5 cents, 18-
20 d old)
22.5cm x
solid
row
15 x 15
cm in
TN
Test weight-
3 g
FN I June is
best for rainfed
7. Barley
deep loam
soil with pH
7-8
Can with
stand
Drought,
Salinity,
Alkalinity
sensitive to
acidity
Can’t
tolerate
frost
IR -5cm
RF- 6-8cm
Irrigated –
75-90 kg /ha
Late sown & saline
-
80-100 kg/ha
22.5cm
for
irrigated
and 22.5
to 25 for
rainfed
Test weight
3-5 g/1000
seeds
RF: before end
of Oct
IR: I / II
fortnight of
Nov
Hilly zones as
summer crop –
Apr- May
www.imotforum.com/cultivate 2
3
8. Redgram
Well
drained
medium
heavy
loams
There are
cultivars
tolerant to
water
logging
frost
photo
sensitive
Hypogeal
(Cryptocotylor
)
Kharif:12-15
Rabi : 15-20
8-10 kg -LD
10-12 kg- MD
12-15 kg -SD
Rainy:5
0*20
Winter
:60*20
45 x 20
or 15 for
SD
45 x 30
for MD
90 x 30
for LD
Test weight
(10g /100
seeds)
1,11,111
Kharif :I FN –
July
Rabi I FN-
august
9. Green gram
Tolerate
even
alkalinity
Salinity
Hot humid
climate
2.5 cm
Epigeal
(Phanerocotylo
r)
India Sole Crop --
12-15 Kg/ha
Green manure
-25-30 Kg/ha
Summer Crop
-25-30 Kg/ha
Rice fallow -
30-35 Kg/ha
30 x 10
cm
Test weight
–
1- 4
g/100seeds
3,33,000
optimum
plants
June –july
I FN July
Summer – april
15
10 Black gram Hardy 2.5 cm 20 to 25 kg /ha 40 x 10 Test weight Mid june- mid
www.imotforum.com/cultivate 2
4
. drought
resistant
crop
Epigeal
(Phanerocotylo
r)
Kharif – 15-18
kg/ha.
Rabi - 18-20
kg/ha
cm
4 g/100
grain
3,33,000
july
Jan
Summer –
march
11
.
Cowpea
mixed crop
along with
cereals and
oilseeds
Epigeal
(Phanerocotylo
r)
Grain vegetable -20
kg
Fodder -35-45
Green manuring -
35-40
30 x
15cm,
45 x
15cm
Test weight
:5- 30 g
/100seeds
12
.
Bengalgram
Related term
to crop:
nipping
Sandy loam
to clay loam
soil
8 to 10cm
Rainfed -10
75-100
Desi Type
65-70 kg/ha
Kabuli type
80-90 kg/ha
Desi
Type
:30*10
Kabuli
type
:40*10
33plants/
m2
NI -
II FN of oct
SI-
I FN of Oct
13
.
Lentil
( UTERA
CROP)
alluvial are
black cotton
soils
30-35 kg /ha
Rajasthan -50-60
dry land crop
sown in
lines at
20 -30
am apart
end of October
I fortnight of
Nov
www.imotforum.com/cultivate 2
5
cover crop
Broadcasting on
standing rice crops
row to
row
spacing
by pora
method
of
sowing
14
.
Fieldpea
Poor to
fertile
Well
drained soil
is more
suitable
since
sensitive to
salinity and
alkalinity
50-60 kg for small
seeded and 80-90
kg for bold seeded
Early maturing
Dwarf -100-125 kg
Test weight
25 g/100
seeds
Seed weighs
160 –
240mg
NW Plains –
end of October
– NE Plains –
Second
fortnight of
November
15
.
French bean
Poor to
fertile
Well
drained soil
120-140 kg (350-
450mg)
Test weight
Seed 46
g/100
seeds
NW Plains –
end of October
– NE Plains –
Second
www.imotforum.com/cultivate 2
6
is more
suitable
since
sensitive to
salinity and
alkalinity
weight
around
400mg
fortnight of
November
16
.
Lathyrus
PAIRA
/UTERA
CROP
80-100 kg
Broadcasting on
standing rice crops
Broadcas
t
17
.
Soybean
Boneless meat
Sandy loam
soils to clay
6.5- 7.5
Root
nodules –
Bradyrhizh
obium
japonicam
fixation
continues –
6th to 7th
3-5 cm
Kharif – 75-80
Late sown/spring :
100-120 kg/ha
Kharif-
45 cm x
4-5 cm
Spring –
30 cm
T.w- 10-20
g/ 100 seeds
Seed
weight-
120-180
mg, seed
coat -10 %
4.5 million
Rainfed – Last
week of June,
first July- H-
Oct
Irri- 15th feb-
15th march
4.5millon/ha
www.imotforum.com/cultivate 2
7
week of
nodule age,
when
nodule
senescence
Liming is
done in
acid soil
plants/ha
18
.
Groundnut
Related term
to crop:
Pegging
Light
colored
loose,
friable,
sandy loam
6.0 to 6.5
6 cm Bunch -80 -100
Spreading -60-80
In kg/ha
Kharif:120(B)
150(S); Rabi:
150(B),180(S),
Summer150(B)
180(S)
Rainfed
:
30 x10
Winter
:22.5x10
Test weight
35 g/100
seeds
33,000
no/ha
0.4-0.6
million/ha
Mid june –mid
july
www.imotforum.com/cultivate 2
8
19
.
Sesame Low salt
tolerant
Quantitative
Short day
Frost free
growing
period
5.5- 8 Ph
Sandy to
clay soil
Not thrive
in acidic
soil, but
suited in
saline soil
Fine tilth
similar to
wheat,
sorghum,sm
all grains
2-5 cm Kharif
Row seeding
2.5 -3 kg
:5kg (rainfed)
:4kg(irrigated)
Broadcasting:
4-7 kg
:6kg ( rainfed)
:5kg(irrigated)
30x15,
45x15
Test weight-
3g
June –july
www.imotforum.com/cultivate 2
9
20
.
Sunflower
Photoperiod
insensitivenes
s
Can be in
wide range
of soils
with good
drainage is
more
important
moderately
alkaline
soils
pH - 6.5
to 8.0
failure in
sandy soil
with pH 4.6
6 cm Varieties:
8-10(rainfed)
6-7(irrigated)
Hybrids:
5-6 (Rainfed)
4-5(irrigated)
45 x20
(cm)
Test weight
6 g/100
seeds
1000 seed
weight 43-
45g
seed called
achene
Dormancy
normally
10-45 days
June-July,
Kharif in North
Oct-Nov
Irrigated
Dec-jan
April – May
21
.
Rapeseed &
Mustard
Mustard on
any soil but
rapeseed in
light
2.5 to 3.0 cm
5-6 kg/ ha
should be
sown in rows
at a depth of
30 x 10
to 30 x
15cm
100 seed
weight 3-5 g
22.2 to 33.3
plants m-2
Sep-Oct to
Mar-Apr
Sowing starts
www.imotforum.com/cultivate 3
0
pH 6.5 to
7.5, neutral
soil is ideal
Waterloggi
ng should
not be
Saline
alkaline
soils are
unsuitable
in case of a
pure crop.
1.5-2.0 kg /ha
for mixed
cropping
from August
ends in
November
o Sowing of
rapeseed is
ahead of
mustard
o Taramira is
sown from
mid-Sep to Oct
end
22
.
Safflower
Fertile,
fairly deep
and well-
drained
pH range of
5-8
Shallow
soils
irrespective
of fertility
seldom
produces
high yield
Depth of
sowing may be
5-7.5cm
15-20 kg/ha
pure crop.
4-6 kg/ha-
Mixed crop/
Border crop.
45 x 15
cm in
TN
45 x 20
cm
60 x 30
cm
From last week
of Sep to end of
Oct
www.imotforum.com/cultivate 3
1
In
traditional
belts it is
black cotton
soil
On heavy
soils
This crop
follows
early Kharif
crops
It is
considered
as salt
tolerant
next to
cotton
Tolerant to
Na salts but
< to Ca &
Mg
Salinity
reduces
seed size
and oil
content
www.imotforum.com/cultivate 3
2
23
.
Linseed
Deep cotton
soil of
central
India,
alluvial
loam soil of
North India,
soil must be
well
drained
rainfed :
Broad casting
@ 40 kg/ha
Drilling @
30kg /ha
Utera – 10
20 to 30
cm of
row
spacing
First week of
oct to Nov 15
Utera -3rd week
of Oct
24
.
Niger
Light
texture,
Heavysoil
with well
drained.pH
5.2-7.3
Tolerate to
waterlogged
condition,sa
linity
Broadcasting
: 8 kg/ha
Line sowing :
5 kg/ha
Spacing
: 30 x
10 cm
Test weight
-3-5 g/1000
seeds
Mid june to
early august
25
.
Castor Sandy
loam, 10 %
clay (
chalka soil )
5-6.5 pH
Upto 8
Depth - 6-8 cm
Epigeal
germination
Germination -
Rainfed crop :
12 - 15 kg/ha :
55,000 plants / ha
Irrigated crop
: 5 - 6 kg/ha :
60x 60
cm
90x 60
cm
Gujarat –
Test weight
40 g/100
seeds
18,500
plants/ha
June –July
July in A.P to
reduce hairy
caterpillar
incidence
www.imotforum.com/cultivate 3
3
tolerate
Sensitive to
salinity
,(salt
tolerance
than
maize,cotto
n)
8-12 days
180 cm
wide row
spacing -
6-8
tonnes/h
a yield
18,500
26
.
Cotton
Related term
to crop:
Ginning
Topping/nipp
ing
Earthing up
Seed cotton –
‘Kapas
Ginning % - It
is the out –
turn of lint to
seed cotton
Irrigated
north zone
Rainfed
central zone
South zone
65 % crop
is rainfed
Black
cotton soil
Depth of
Sowing: 4 to
6cm
2 -5 cm
Desi -10-18
HYV-10 to 15
kg/ha,
G.hirustum -8-12 ,
hybrid -4
G.arboreum,
G.hercaceum -2-4
Hybrids – 2.5
to 3.0kg/ha.
Bt – 1.8 kg
Ultra
narrow
row –
45 cm
Test weight
10 -12
g/100 seeds
I week of May
(NZ)
CZ, SZ – onset
of monsoon
27
.
Jute
Related term
Susceptible
to water
i) tossa jute
(olitorius )4-6
Mid march –
capsularis
www.imotforum.com/cultivate 3
4
to crop:
Stripping
retting
logging
Alluvial
soil
6.6 -7.0
Kg/ha.
ii)white jute (
capsularis 6 to 8
Kg/ha
Mid april –
olitorius
28
.
Mesta
Light
texture
Well
drained soil
Rosella
more
drought
tolerate
Rosella
affected by
salinity
Drilling – (line
sowing) -
6Kg/ha
Broad casting
-12 Kg/ha
Test weight
3.5 g/100
seeds
Mid may to
mid june
29
.
Sugarcane
Related term
to crop:
Detrashing
top 8-10
Moderately
heavy
medium
deep (1-2m)
loams are
better than
In India - by
adopting two
systems viz.,
Ridge and
furrows system
(Deep-10-15
30,000 setts of
3 budded setts
or 7-7.5 ton/ha;
80,000 setts of
2 buds.
0.9m to
1.5m and
2.4m
Partha"
method
Oct – NOV
(autumn)
Feb –march
(spring)
www.imotforum.com/cultivate 3
5
leaves are
sufficient ,
remove others.
arrowing,
proping,
Rationing,
Wrapping,
Earthing up (4
months after)
To control
flowering
Use of growth
regulating
substances.
Spraying of
ethrel at
500ppm, twice
or 1000ppm
once at floral
initiation
Wrapping – It
is the process
of twisting the
bottom leaves
a round the
Heavier and
shallow
soils
Planting
material
used for
sugarcane
planting -
Upper 1/3
to half part
of cane
Nobulizatio
n
D. C. A
Barber,
Sir.T.S.Ven
kataraman
cm-NI,20 cm-
SI)
Flat system-
shallow (8-10
cm deep)
Trench
system-
(20-25 cm
deep),
Deep Trench
Paired - row
system
(Drippers at 75
cm spacing 12
mm laterals
with a lateral
spacing of 195
cm)
Ring or pit
system
(pits at the
spacing of 180
cm between
rows and 150
cm between
individual pits
STP technique
6 weeks old
seedlings are
transplanted
2-3 t/ha
8 month old crop
used as planting
material
An implement
known as “Ridge
mar” has been
designed to work a
tractor without
initial
ploughing of the
fields and prepare
deep trenches.
Water
logged
conditio
n
slanting
position,
60°
Once the
monsoon
recedes,
the in
situ
sprouted
setts are
pressed
down
into the
soil and
made
to lie
horizonta
lly
Adisali july –
aug
16-18 month
duration
In Karnataka,
andra ,
maharastra
Jan –feb
planting ( 12
month
duration)
Gujarat -
Eksali
Maharastra –
suru
Lime sucrate”
is one of the
clarificant used
for neutralising
the juice and
flocculation of
collidal
particles in the
www.imotforum.com/cultivate 3
6
cane.
Propping –
supported by
bamboos to
prevent the
plant from
lodging
in a row) juice.
For recording
the brix “Hand
refractometer”
is used and jar
extraction of
juice “Pouch
piercer” is
used.
30
.
Sugarbeet
F.C Achard is
father of the
sugar beet
industry.
Well
drained
sandy loam
and clayey
loam soils
having
medium
depth (45
cm)
2-3 cm
Tropical
sugarbeet
require deep
ploughing (45
cm
10 kg / ha.
es and
furrows
are
formed
at 50 cm
apart.
September to
November and
harvested
during March
and May
31
.
Tobacco
Related term
to crop:
Light,well
drained,aera
ted
Susceptible
1 cm
Avg. wt. of the
Seed rate is 3
kg/ha for N.
tabacum
70-90x
50-60
Test weight
0.9 -1
g/1000
seeds
Andra – Mid
Oct - Nov
Karnataka –
April –May
www.imotforum.com/cultivate 3
7
Desuckeing
Priming
Curing
The removal
of the flower
bud along (or)
along with
some of the
top leaves of
the plant is
known as
“Topping”.
After topping
the axillary
buds grows
and the
removal of
buds is known
as
“desuckering”
.
Pit curing is
followed for
chewing and
hookah
to flodding
5-6 pH
Upto 8
Cigar,
hookah,
chewing,
bidi
-sandy loam
to clay loam
Deep rooted
crop-120
cm
6 kg/ha for N.
Bidi tobacco
(Anand)
Transplanting age
of tobacco is 7 to 9
weeks (4-5 leaf
stage)
(On receipt of
rainfall )
Tamilnadu –
Nov
Bihar
Rustica –Oct –
Nov
Tobaccum -1
Month Later(
Nov-Dec)
Punjab- Feb-
March
Bidi
Tobacco—Aug
Ust To
September
www.imotforum.com/cultivate 3
8
tobacco.
32
.
Potato
Related term
to crop:
Earthing up
Seed plot
technique
Producing
virus free
seed tubers
Sandy loam
Acidic soil
5.5-6.5
Sensitive to
alkalinity
pH > 8.2
Avoided
Shallow
TUBER AS
SEED -At least
3 buds, 2.5-3
cm diameter
with 25-30 gm
weight
35-40g /hill
15-40 quintal /ha
True potato seed –
150g/ha
Transplant at 30
DAS
60x
20cm
Processi
ng
67.5x20
cm
TPS-
60X10
cm
To break the
tuber
dormancy,
the tuber
should be
treated with
1% thiourea
+ 1 ppm
GA3 for 1
hour
kharif
June-july
Rabi
Mid –oct- mid
nov
33
.
Minor millets
Foxtail –
fertile loam
Kodo –
shallow
well
drained,
Proso –all
except
coarse
sandy
Alluvial,sandy,l
oamy
,withstand
salinity, acidity
Broadcasting -12-
15kg
Line sowing -10 kg
22.5-25
x 10
Test weight
3- 5 g/100 0
grains
Proso –
temperate
condition
Remaining
withstand
drought
condition
www.imotforum.com/cultivate 3
9
Little, barn
yard –
marginal
land,
shallow
34
.
Sun hemp Sandy loam
pH 5-8.4,
neutral is
ideal
cannot
withstand
water
logging
2-3 cm Broadcast -35
kg/ha
Line sowing -
25kg/ha
Green manure -
55- 60
30 x5-7
cm
Test weight
3-5 g/100
seeds
May –june
Oct-nov
35
.
Fodder
sorghum
All soils,
but loamy
soils with
good
drainage are
best suited.
3 cm- 5 cm IR:40 kg /ha
RF:75 kg /ha
30 x15
cm
Test weight
35-40 g/100
seeds
Irrigated (Jan to
Feb and April
to May in al the
districts)
2. Rainfed
(June - July
(Sept - Oct :
36
.
Fodder maize
All soils
with good
drainage
4 cm 40 kg/ha 30 x15
cm
20-25 g/100
seeds
Irrigated:throug
h out the year.
Rainfed :Kharif
www.imotforum.com/cultivate 4
0
/ NE
37
.
Napier
Loamy soil
with good
drainage. It
can with
stand saline
condition to
some extent
3-5 cm 40,000 slips or stem
cuttings / ha
50x50
cm
Through out
the year under
irrigation.
38
.
Berseem
All type of
soils except
very sandy
soils. Well-
drained
medium
loam soils
rich in ‘P’
and
calcium. It
performs
well in acid
soil.
20 to 25 kg/ha.
30-35- late sowing
Broad
cast
Ist fortnight of
October
www.imotforum.com/cultivate 4
1
39
.
Lucern
Related term
to crop:
Tripping
mechanism
Febrile
loamy soil
with good
drainage.
2 cm 15 -20Kg/ha.
25cm X
solid line
Test weight
2-3 g/100
seeds
Throughout the
year for
irrigated
condition and
middle of
October is the
best time of
sowing.
40
.
Oats
Wide range
of soil with
good water
holding
capacity is
more suited
for oats
cultivation.
• High N
content in soil
is not a
desirable
condition may
lead to lodging.
100 kg/ha.
Drill
sowing
is better
than
broadcas
ting
20-23cm
row spacing
for fodder
and 23-
25cm for
grain
production
mid October to
mid November.
• 15th October
is optimum
time for fodder
production.
www.imotforum.com/cultivate 4
2
41
.
Mentha
Medium to
fertile deep
soil, rich in
humus is
ideal for the
cultivation
of mint.
The soil
should have
a good
water-
holding
capacity but
water-
logging
should be
avoided. A
pH range of
6-7.5 is best
Mints are
propagated
through the
creeping
stolons or
suckers. In the
case of
peppermint and
bergamot mint,
even runners
are planted.
500-600 Kg of
suckers / ha.
60x 15
cm
The
stolons
are cut
into
small
pieces
(7-10
cm) -
shallow
furrows
about 7-
10 cm
deep
row-to-
row
distance
of 45-60
cm
While
planting on
ridges, the
stolons are
planted
half-way
down on the
inner sides
of the
ridges.
Jan- feb
The plains,
planting is done
during the
winter months,
whereas in
temperate
climates,
planting is done
in
autumn or
spring from the
last week of
December to
the first week
of March or
from the first
week of
January
to the third
week of
February
42
.
Lemon grass rich loam to
poor
laterite.
In sandy
Seeds,
Vegetative
propagation
and
Direct seeded-20 to
25 kg/ha
3 to 4 kg/ha
Nursery
30 cm x
30 cm
1,11,000 /
ha
sown in the
nursery during
April-May.
www.imotforum.com/cultivate 4
3
loam and
red soils, it
requires
good
manuring.
Soil pH-4-
8.5.
Rooted slips.
direct seeding
is widely
practiced,
especially over
the plains and
terraced lands
in Kerala.
50 to 70 day-old
seedlings
May –june
kerala
43
.
Isabagol
In North
Gujarat, the
soil tends to
be low in
nitrogen and
phosphorus
and high in
potash with a
pH between
7.2 and 7.9.
for growth of
plants and
high yield of
seeds.
light, well
drained,
sandy
loams.
Heavy
soils-poor
drainage-
not
conducive
A silty
loam-PH
4.7 to 7.7
with low
nitrogen&
moisture
content
The seed
shows some
innate
dormancy (3
months)
following
harvest.
4-8 kg /ha
Post-dormancy
seeds show reliable
germination in
excess of 90% at
84°F and lower
rates of
germination as
temperature is
increased.
Plot size
8.0 m x
3.0 m
1000 seeds
weigh less
than 2
grams.
Sowing -1st
week
November-
best yields
Early sowing -
downy mildew
disease
Late sowing
provides lesser
period of
growth in
winter +
shattering of
seed due to
summer rains
in April-May
www.imotforum.com/cultivate 4
4
Source:
Text book of field crops production Vol I by Rajendra prasad
Text book of field crops production Vol II by Rajendra prasad
Principles of agronomy by T.Y. REDDY, S.R.REDDY
Agronomy treatise by P.D.Chaudhary
Question bank for agricultural competetions by R.K Sharma
e- course material of AGR 301 Field crops ( Rabi ) – TNAU
e- course material of AGR 302 Field crops (Kharif ) –TNAU