A to Z Information about Field Crops in...

www.imotforum.com/cultivate 1

A to Z Information about Field Crops in Tables

For various competitive exams and entrance exams


TABLE 1: SCIENTIFIC NAME, LOCAL NAME, ORIGIN, PUTATIVE PARENTS,

LEADING COUNTRY & STATES IN INDIA –AREA, PRODUCTION, PRODUCTIVITY

Here, A= AREA in Million hectare, Pr = Production, Pv = Productivity

S.

N

o

Commo

n name

Scientific

name

/chromosome

no

/Family

Local name Origin /

Putative

parent

1 st in Area , production,

Productivity

1st in Area ,

production,

productivity

1. Rice

Oryza sativa –

Asian rice

O. glaberrima

–African rice

2n=24

Graminae

(Poacae)

Dhan, chawal South east

Asia, India

and Burma

O.perennis

A –India

Pr- china, India

Pv- USA

Rice export -Thailand

A– W.B

Pr- W.B

Pv- punjab

(3952 kg/ha)

2. Wheat

Hexaploid (2n=6x=14)

Bread

wheat(Triticu

m aestivum)

Tetraploid

(2n=4x=28)

Emmer : (

T.dicoccum)

Macaroni

Gehun

Gothumai/

Kottampam /Gothi

/Godi /Genhu

Durum

wheat --

Abyssinia

Others-

south west

asia

T.

boeoticum

A- India

Pr- China,India

Pv-U.K

Ar– U.P

Pr- U.P

Pv-punjab

(5017 kg/ha)

Rainfed

wheat

-NW zone


(T.durum)- 10

% area

Diploid

(2n=2x=14)

Einkorn

(T.monococum

)

Graminae

(Poacae)

King of cereal

3. Maize

(Zea mays)

2n=20

Graminae

(Poacae)

Queen of

cereals

Makka

Makka cholam

Konda cholam

Makka jonna

Drosophila of crop

Mexico

Teosinte

(Euchlaena

mexicana)

A–

Pr- USA,China, Brazil

Pv-

A –

karnataka

P- Andra

pradesh

Pv – Tamil

Nadu

(5372 kg/ha)

Largest rabi

maize

gowing –

BIHAR


4. Sorghum

King of

coarse

cereal

Sorghum

bicolor

S.sudanense :

Utilized for

improvement

of forage

sorghum.

forage

sorghum

2n= 20

Graminae

(Poacae)

Millets – famine

reserve

Jowar

Camel crop

Ehiopia &

sudan

(Africa)

A-

Pr- U.S.A, Nigeria,

Mexico

Pv-

A –

Maharastra

Pr-

Maharastra

Pv– Madhya

Pradesh

5. Pearl

millet

Pennisetum

glaucum

P. glaucum –

Pearlmillet

o P.

purpureum -

Elephant grass

– for fodder

Earlier P.

Bajra

Bulrush millet

Spiked millet

Cat-tail millet

Sajja

Cumbu

Poor man food

grain

Africa

A-

Pr-

Pv-

A-Rajasthan

Pr- Rajasthan

Pv-U.P

COARSE CEREAL

PRODUCTION -

COARSE

CEREAL

PRODUCTI

ON –

KARNATA

KA


Purpurea

(2n = 14)

Graminae

(Poacae)

6. Finger

millet

Eleusine

coracana

Gaertn.

(2n = 36)

Graminae

(Poacae)

RAGI

Bird’s foot millet

African millet

Ragi

Madua

Mutthair,

Thamida, Nacheni

Mandal

Africa

A-

Pr-

Pv-

A –

karnataka

Pr-

Karnataka

Pv -

tamilnadu

7. Barley

(Hordeum

vulgare L.)

2n=14

Graminae

(Poacae)

Jau

Ethiopia

& asia

A-

Pr- Russia, Germany

Pv-

A-

Pr- U.P

Pv-


8. Redgram

(Cajanus

cajan)

2n = 22

(Leguminasae

Papilionacae)

Redgram,

Congopea, no eye

pea, arhar, tur ,

Malay word

‘katschang’

Katjang means bean

Africa

A –India

Pr- India

Pv-

A–

Maharastra

Pr-

Maharastra

Pv - Gujarat

PULSE PRODUCTION

INDIA>PAKISTHAN>C

ANADA

PULSES-

MADHYA

PRADESH

9. Green

gram

(Vigna

radiate)

2n = 22

(Leguminasae

(Papilionacae)

Mung bean India

Wild

relative :

Vigna

radiata var.

sublobata

A-Rajasthan

Pr- Rajasthan

Pv- U.P

10

.

Black

gram

Vigna mungo

(2n = 22, 24)

(Leguminasae-

Papilionacae)

Urd bean India

Putative

parents V. trinerivus

/ V.

sublobata or

V. mungo

var.

sylvestris.

A-

Pr-

Pv-

A-

Maharastra

Pr-

Maharastra

Pv-

Maharastra

11 Cowpea Vigna Lobia India


. unguiculata

(2n = 22)

(Leguminasae

Papilionacae)

Vegetable meat

V.unguicula

te SSP.

dekindtiana

or SSP.

menensis

12

.

Bengalgr

am

Cicer

arietinum

2n = 16

(Leguminasae

-Papilionacae)

King of pulses

Chickpea

Chana

Western

Asia

(Turkey)

India>australia >pakisthan

A-

Pr-

Pv-

A- Madhya

pradesh

Pr- Madhya

pradesh

Pv-Andra

Pradesh

13

.

Lentil

Lens culinaris

Medik

2n=14

(Leguminasae

-Papilionacae)

Masur Egypt

India

A-

Pr-

Pv-

A-Madhya

pradesh

Pr- U.P

Pv-U.P

14

.

Fieldpea

Pisum sativum

(Leguminasae

Papilionacae)

Matar in Hindi

Mediterran

ean region

of Europe

& West

Asia

A-

Pr-

Pv-

A- U.P

Pr-

Pv-


15

.

French

bean

Phaseolus

vulgaris

(Leguminasae

Papilionacae)

Rajmash

kidney bean, common bean

A-

Pr- BRAZIL

Pv-

A-U.P

Pr-

Pv-

16

.

Lathyrus

Lathyrus

sativus

(Leguminasae

Papilionacae)

Khesari, grasspea,

chiclingpea

chatri ,matri

17

.

Soybean

King of

legumes

2n = 40

(Glycine max)

Leguminosae

Poor mans meat

Wonder crop

central

China

G. soja

A- U.S.A

Pr- U.S.A

Pv- U.S.A

A- Madhya

Pradesh

Pr- Madhya

pradesh

Pv- Madhya

pradesh

OILSEED

PRODUCTI

ON-

GUJARAT

18

.

Groundn

ut

(Arachis

hypogaea)

2n = 40

leguminosae

Peanut,

earthnut,monkeynut

, manila nut,

Goober,

binda

Brazil

A.monticola

A- India

Pr- China

Pv- U.S.A

A- Gujarat

Pr- Gujarat

Pv-


19

.

Sesame 2n=26

(Sesamum

indicum)

Pedaliaceae

Queen of oils

Til

Poor mans

alternate for ghee

Ethiopia

Wild species

:

S.malabaric

um

A- India

Pr- Myanmar>

India>china

Pv- Egypt

A- Rajasthan

Pr- Rajasthan

Pv- West

Bengal

20

.

Sunflowe

r

2n=34

(Helianthus

annus)

Asteraceae

Triploid,tetrap

loid, hexaploid

Southern

USA

(Peru) &

Mexico

A- Russia

Pr- Russia

Pv- Israel

A- Karnataka

Pr-

Karnataka

Pv- Tamil

Nadu

21

.

Rapeseed

&

Mustard

King of

oils

Four diploids

are :

1. B.nigra -

Black

mustard

2n=16.

2.B.oleracea-

Cabbage

3.

B.campestris -

Brassicaceae

Rape seed.4.

B.tourne frotii

-Wild turnip

Canola

Sarson – India

colza; Toria – Rape,

Rai – Mustard.

Rai – China

Toria – East

Afghanistan

Brown

sarson – E.

Afghanistan

& adjoining

Indian sub-

continent

Yellow

sarson –

N.E. India

A- China

Pr- China

Pv- Germany

A- Rajasthan

Pr- Rajasthan

Pv- Haryana


0

22

.

Safflowe

r

Carthamus

tinctorius

2n=24

Asteraceae

Kusum A- India

Pr-India>U.S.A>Mexico

Pv- U.S.A

A-

Maharastra

Pr-

Maharastra

Pv-

Karnataka

23

.

Linseed

(Linum

usitatissimum)

2n=30

Linaceae

Common

flax

Eastern -

Mediterran

ean to

India

A- Canada,

Pr- Canada

Pv- Tunisia

A- Madhya

pradesh

Pr- Madhya

pradesh

Pv-

24

.

Niger

(Guizotia

abyssinica)

Compositae

Ethiopia A- India

Pr- India

Pv-

A- Madhya

Pradesh

Pr- Odisha

Pv-

25

.

Castor (Ricinus

communis)

2n=20

Euphorbiaceae

Castor bean Ehiopia

A- India

Pr- India

Pv-

A- Gujarat

Pr- Gujarat

Pv- Gujarat

26

.

Cotton

New world

cotton

(Gossypium

India A- India

Pr- China >India>U.S

Pv- Brazil

A-

Maharastra

Pr- Gujarat

Pv- Gujarat


1

hirsutum)-

american

cotton

G.barbadense

-egypt

2n = 4x = 52

New world

cotton

(diploid)

G.arboreum,

G.herbaceum

Malvaceae

Allotetraploid

Amphidiploid

.

27

.

Jute

i(Corchorus

capsularis)

ii(Corchorus

olitorius)

2n=14

Tiliaceae

i)Indo-

Burma

ii)Africa

A- India,>Bangaladesh

Pr- India> Bangaladesh>

china

Pv-

A- West

Bengal

Pr- West

Bengal

Pv- West

Bengal


2

28

.

Mesta

i(Hibiscus

Cannabinus)-

kenaf

2n=36

ii(Hibiscus

sabdariffa)-

roselle

2n= 72

Malvaceae

i)Africa

ii)India

A- Andra

Pradesh

Pr-

Pv- West

Bengal

29

.

Sugarcan

e

(Saccharum

officinarum)

2n=80

Graminae

1. Noble cane (or)

garden cane –

Saccharum

officinarum

2. Chinese cane – S.

sinensis

3. North India cane

– S. barbens

4. Wild canes of

Asia – S.

spontaneum

5. Wild canes of

Gunea – S.

robustum

Indo china

Myanmar

border and

New

Guinea

A- Brazil >India

Pr- Brazil > India>china

Pv-

A- U.P

Pr- U.P

Pv- Tamil

Nadu

SUGAR

PRODUCTI

ON

MAHARAS

TRA


3

30

.

Sugarbee

t

(Beta vulgaris)

Chenapodiace

ae

Silesia

(meditarran

ean sea)

31

.

Tobacco

(Nicotiana

tabacum)

(Nicotiana

rustica)

Solanaceae

Cental

America

A- China> Brazil> India

Pr- China> Brazil> India

Pv-

A- Andra

Pradesh

Pr- Andra

Pradesh

Pv-

32

.

Potato

Solanum

tuberosum

Solanaceae

Tetraploid

King of

vegetable

Phulva,

Gola,satha

Poor mans food

Peru A- China

Pr- China> India> Russia

Pv- U.S.A

A- U.P, W.B

Pr-U.P, W.B

Pv-


4

33

.

Minor

millets

Selaria italica

- (Dry land

good crop)

(Fox tail

millet)

Panicum

miliaceum –

Proso millet.

Panicum

miliare – Little

millet.

Paspalum

scrobiculatum

– Kodo millet

Echinochloa

crusgalli –

Barnyard

millet

Fox tail millet-

italian/german/siber

ian millet -kangni

Kodo millet -Kodra

Little millet-kutki

Proso millet/hog/

broom corn millet-

cheena

Barnyard millet/

Japanese millet

-sawan

India

Africa

Proso – Russia

Finger millet –south asia

Foxtail, proso millet –

china

10 lakh ha

4 lakh ton

Madhya

Pradesh –

area

Tamilnadu –

productivity

34

.

Sunnhem

p

Crotalaria

juncea

2n= 16

Papilonacae

Bambay hemp (or)

Banaras hemp –

A- India

Pr-India

Pv

A- Maharatra

Pr-

Pv-

35

.

Fodder

sorghum

Sorghum

bicolor

Africa


5

Annual

summer

cereal

Poaceae

36

.

Fodder

maize

Annual

summer

cereal

Zea mays

Poaceae

Africa

37

.

Napier

Perennial

grass

summer

Pennisetum

purpureum

P. glaucum x

P. purpureum

Poaceae

Elephant grass

Uganda grass

Rhodessia &

South

Africa.

38

.

Berseem

Annual

winter

legume

Trifolium

alexandrinum

Fabacae

King of

legume

fodder

Egyptian clover Egypt

39

.

Lucern

Perennial

winter

legume

Medicago

sativa

Fabacae

Queen of

legume

Alfalfa

Kudirai masal

South West

Asia


6

fodder

40

.

Oats

Annual

winter

cereal

fodder

Avena sativa

Poaceae

Russia >Canada>finland

A-

Pr-

Pv-

A-

Pr-

Pv-

41

.

Mentha

Labiatae

1.Japanese

mint or corn

mint

-- M. arvensis

L.

2.Pepper mint

– M. piperita

3.Common or

Spear mint or

lamb mint –

M. spicata

4.Scotch spear mint

– M. cardiaca

5. Bergamot mint or

orange mint

– M. citrata

42

.

Lemon

grass

East Indian or

true lemon

grass

(Cymbopogan.

flexuosus )

West Indian

India


7

Grou

p

Kharif Rabi Short day Long

day

Day

neutral

C3 C4 Self Cross Often

cross

Cereal

s

&

Millet

Rice Maize

Sorghum

Pearl millet

Finger millet

Wheat

Barley

Oats

Rice,

Sorghum

Pearl millet

Finger

Wheat

Barley

Oats

Buckwh

eat(Pha

gophyro

n

Rice

Wheat

Barley

Oats

Maize

Sorghum

PM, FM

Minor

Rice,Wheat

Barley,Oats

Finger

millet

Maize

(protoandr

y)Pearl

millet

Sorghum

(protogyny

)

(South

American)

lemongrass (C.

citratus (D.C)

Stapf)

Poacae

43

.

Isabagol Plantago

ovata

Family –

Plantaginaceae

Psyllium,Ishagola,Is

abghul, Spogel

seed, Ispaghal

Mediterrane

an region

and West

Asia

TABLE 2: TYPES BASED ON PHOTOPERIOD,C3, C4, MODE OF

POLLINATION


8

s Minor

millets

millet

Minor

millets

esculent

um-

Polygon

acae)

Maize

Rye millets Minor

millets

(protogyn

y)

pulses

Red gram

Green gram

Black gram

Cow pea

Chickpea,

lentil,pea

lathyrus

French

bean

Red gram

Green gram

Black gram

Cowpea

Chick

pea

- - Green gram

Black gram

cowpea

Chick pea

Lentil

- Redgram

Oilsee

ds

soyabean

Groundnut

Rapeseed

&Mustard

safflower

Niger

Linseed

Niger

Tobacco

- groundn

ut

sunflow

er

safflowe

r

Ground

nut

Soyabea

n

- soyabean

Groundnut

Linseed

Rapeseed

&Mustard

Sunflower

(

protoandr

y)Castor

anemophil

y

Niger(ent

omophily)

Sesame

Fiber

Cotton

Jute

Mesta

Tobacco Sugarbee

t

Cotton Cotton

Sugarbe

et

,potato

Sweet

potato

Sugarca

ne

jute Sunnhemp

Sugarbeet

Tapioca

(protogyn

y)

Cotton

Fodde

r

Berseem,

Lucern

Napier

grass

Alfalfa

Fodder

Cumbu

napier


9

Others

Isabagol coffee

chrysanthm

um

Tomato

cucumb

er

pea

Tomato Panicum

Amarant

hus

Cucurbits

Crucifers

Onion,

Garlic

brinjal

chilli

TABLE 3 : SOWING DETAILS

S. Common

name

SOIL Depth of

sowing

Seed rate

Kg/ha

Spacing

cm x cm

Test weight

Population

Season

1. Rice

Related term

to crop:

Dapog

nursery

Clay or clay

loams

pH-4.0 -6.0

RF:700-

2000

mm/annum

Rainfed rice

is very

common in

‘Assam”

Transplanting

depth –2-4 cm

Seedling stage

25-30DAS –

wet nursery

12-14- dapog

8-10 - days old

seedling for

SRI

Transplant -50-60

Bold – 40-45

Fine -30-35

Broadcast -80-100

Pora/drilling -60

Dippling -25-30

Hybrid- 10 -15

SRI -7- 8 kg /ha -

100 m2

Dapog-40 m2- 3-4

kg/m2 – 120 kg/ha

25x 25

(SRI)

Test weight

-25g

Basmati -

21g

SI-June,Jan

Aus:autumn

rice (pre kharif)

May-june

Aman

Autumn:winter

rice(kharif)

June –july

Boro:spring/su

mmer rice

Dec-jan

Upland rice

called as Aus

in West


0

Bengal is

2. Wheat

When seed is

dropped in

furrows by

hand it is

called “Kera”.

Implement

attached to

plough

is “Pora”.

clay loams

6.0-7.5

wheat

sowing is

delayed

“Shallow

depth of

sowing” is

practiced.

Depth-4 cm

Dwarf – 5-6

Double dwarf -

<5 ,

Triple dwarf -<

4 cm,tall -6-7

Normal -100-125

kg

Late sown -125-

150

Seed drill-100

FIRB-75

Dibbling -25-30

22.5 cmx

solid row

IR:22.5 x

8-10

RF:25-

30x 5-6

Test weight

-40 g

NI-

Dwarf -2nd , 3rd

Nov

Tall –Oct

3. Maize

Related term

to crop:

Detaseling

Sandyloam

to silty

loam

7.5-8.5

5cm Pure- hybrid - 20-

25 kg Composite -

15-20,

Sweet maize-8,

Baby maize -25

Pop maize-12

fodder maize- 40-

60

Grain-

60x25

Sweet

corn –

75*25

Baby

corn -

60*20

Fodder-

30*10

Test weight-

30 g/100

seeds

NI- Nov

SI-

II FN june toII

FN July

II week Nov

4. Sorghum

Clay loam-

loam

12-18kg/ha

(broadcasting)

45x15

cm

Test weight

-25-30g

June –july

Rabi


1

texture

June –july

Sept-oct

6.0-7.5

8-12kg/ha

(drilling)

6kg/ha

(dibbling)

1,50,000

no/ha

Sept-oct

5. Pearlmillet

Loamy

sands to

loams,

Sensitive to

water

logged

areas

5.0-6.5

2-4 cm

Drill/kera

method

Shallow

4-5 kg if sown

behind country

plough

3.75kg for nursery

cum transplanting

Transplanting is

suitable for

delayed sowing

500 m-2 nursery

15-18 days old

seedlings

50 x 10-

12

40 x10

Test weight

-5-7g

1,50,000

no/ha

Mid July onset

of monsoon

Rajasthan

Transplant – 3rd

week of july to

second week of

august


2

6. Finger millet

alluvial,

loamy and

sandy with

good

drainage

good

drought

recovery,Ca

n tolerate

salinity

>pH 11.0.

5.0-6.5

3 Kg

Shallow

Sowing in

stallion

furrows –

Karnataka

5 kg

For transplanting

5 kg for nursery

(12.5 cents, 18-

20 d old)

22.5cm x

solid

row

15 x 15

cm in

TN

Test weight-

3 g

FN I June is

best for rainfed

7. Barley

deep loam

soil with pH

7-8

Can with

stand

Drought,

Salinity,

Alkalinity

sensitive to

acidity

Can’t

tolerate

frost

IR -5cm

RF- 6-8cm

Irrigated –

75-90 kg /ha

Late sown & saline

-

80-100 kg/ha

22.5cm

for

irrigated

and 22.5

to 25 for

rainfed

Test weight

3-5 g/1000

seeds

RF: before end

of Oct

IR: I / II

fortnight of

Nov

Hilly zones as

summer crop –

Apr- May


3

8. Redgram

Well

drained

medium

heavy

loams

There are

cultivars

tolerant to

water

logging

frost

photo

sensitive

Hypogeal

(Cryptocotylor

)

Kharif:12-15

Rabi : 15-20

8-10 kg -LD

10-12 kg- MD

12-15 kg -SD

Rainy:5

0*20

Winter

:60*20

45 x 20

or 15 for

SD

45 x 30

for MD

90 x 30

for LD

Test weight

(10g /100

seeds)

1,11,111

Kharif :I FN –

July

Rabi I FN-

august

9. Green gram

Tolerate

even

alkalinity

Salinity

Hot humid

climate

2.5 cm

Epigeal

(Phanerocotylo

r)

India Sole Crop --

12-15 Kg/ha

Green manure

-25-30 Kg/ha

Summer Crop

-25-30 Kg/ha

Rice fallow -

30-35 Kg/ha

30 x 10

cm

Test weight

–

1- 4

g/100seeds

3,33,000

optimum

plants

June –july

I FN July

Summer – april

15

10 Black gram Hardy 2.5 cm 20 to 25 kg /ha 40 x 10 Test weight Mid june- mid


4

. drought

resistant

crop

Epigeal

(Phanerocotylo

r)

Kharif – 15-18

kg/ha.

Rabi - 18-20

kg/ha

cm

4 g/100

grain

3,33,000

july

Jan

Summer –

march

11

.

Cowpea

mixed crop

along with

cereals and

oilseeds

Epigeal

(Phanerocotylo

r)

Grain vegetable -20

kg

Fodder -35-45

Green manuring -

35-40

30 x

15cm,

45 x

15cm

Test weight

:5- 30 g

/100seeds

12

.

Bengalgram

Related term

to crop:

nipping

Sandy loam

to clay loam

soil

8 to 10cm

Rainfed -10

75-100

Desi Type

65-70 kg/ha

Kabuli type

80-90 kg/ha

Desi

Type

:30*10

Kabuli

type

:40*10

33plants/

m2

NI -

II FN of oct

SI-

I FN of Oct

13

.

Lentil

( UTERA

CROP)

alluvial are

black cotton

soils

30-35 kg /ha

Rajasthan -50-60

dry land crop

sown in

lines at

20 -30

am apart

end of October

I fortnight of

Nov


5

cover crop

Broadcasting on

standing rice crops

row to

row

spacing

by pora

method

of

sowing

14

.

Fieldpea

Poor to

fertile

Well

drained soil

is more

suitable

since

sensitive to

salinity and

alkalinity

50-60 kg for small

seeded and 80-90

kg for bold seeded

Early maturing

Dwarf -100-125 kg

Test weight

25 g/100

seeds

Seed weighs

160 –

240mg

NW Plains –

end of October

– NE Plains –

Second

fortnight of

November

15

.

French bean

Poor to

fertile

Well

drained soil

120-140 kg (350-

450mg)

Test weight

Seed 46

g/100

seeds

NW Plains –

end of October

– NE Plains –

Second


6

is more

suitable

since

sensitive to

salinity and

alkalinity

weight

around

400mg

fortnight of

November

16

.

Lathyrus

PAIRA

/UTERA

CROP

80-100 kg

Broadcasting on

standing rice crops

Broadcas

t

17

.

Soybean

Boneless meat

Sandy loam

soils to clay

6.5- 7.5

Root

nodules –

Bradyrhizh

obium

japonicam

fixation

continues –

6th to 7th

3-5 cm

Kharif – 75-80

Late sown/spring :

100-120 kg/ha

Kharif-

45 cm x

4-5 cm

Spring –

30 cm

T.w- 10-20

g/ 100 seeds

Seed

weight-

120-180

mg, seed

coat -10 %

4.5 million

Rainfed – Last

week of June,

first July- H-

Oct

Irri- 15th feb-

15th march

4.5millon/ha


7

week of

nodule age,

when

nodule

senescence

Liming is

done in

acid soil

plants/ha

18

.

Groundnut

Related term

to crop:

Pegging

Light

colored

loose,

friable,

sandy loam

6.0 to 6.5

6 cm Bunch -80 -100

Spreading -60-80

In kg/ha

Kharif:120(B)

150(S); Rabi:

150(B),180(S),

Summer150(B)

180(S)

Rainfed

:

30 x10

Winter

:22.5x10

Test weight

35 g/100

seeds

33,000

no/ha

0.4-0.6

million/ha

Mid june –mid

july


8

19

.

Sesame Low salt

tolerant

Quantitative

Short day

Frost free

growing

period

5.5- 8 Ph

Sandy to

clay soil

Not thrive

in acidic

soil, but

suited in

saline soil

Fine tilth

similar to

wheat,

sorghum,sm

all grains

2-5 cm Kharif

Row seeding

2.5 -3 kg

:5kg (rainfed)

:4kg(irrigated)

Broadcasting:

4-7 kg

:6kg ( rainfed)

:5kg(irrigated)

30x15,

45x15

Test weight-

3g

June –july


9

20

.

Sunflower

Photoperiod

insensitivenes

s

Can be in

wide range

of soils

with good

drainage is

more

important

moderately

alkaline

soils

pH - 6.5

to 8.0

failure in

sandy soil

with pH 4.6

6 cm Varieties:

8-10(rainfed)

6-7(irrigated)

Hybrids:

5-6 (Rainfed)

4-5(irrigated)

45 x20

(cm)

Test weight

6 g/100

seeds

1000 seed

weight 43-

45g

seed called

achene

Dormancy

normally

10-45 days

June-July,

Kharif in North

Oct-Nov

Irrigated

Dec-jan

April – May

21

.

Rapeseed &

Mustard

Mustard on

any soil but

rapeseed in

light

2.5 to 3.0 cm

5-6 kg/ ha

should be

sown in rows

at a depth of

30 x 10

to 30 x

15cm

100 seed

weight 3-5 g

22.2 to 33.3

plants m-2

Sep-Oct to

Mar-Apr

Sowing starts


0

pH 6.5 to

7.5, neutral

soil is ideal

Waterloggi

ng should

not be

Saline

alkaline

soils are

unsuitable

in case of a

pure crop.

1.5-2.0 kg /ha

for mixed

cropping

from August

ends in

November

o Sowing of

rapeseed is

ahead of

mustard

o Taramira is

sown from

mid-Sep to Oct

end

22

.

Safflower

Fertile,

fairly deep

and well-

drained

pH range of

5-8

Shallow

soils

irrespective

of fertility

seldom

produces

high yield

Depth of

sowing may be

5-7.5cm

15-20 kg/ha

pure crop.

4-6 kg/ha-

Mixed crop/

Border crop.

45 x 15

cm in

TN

45 x 20

cm

60 x 30

cm

From last week

of Sep to end of

Oct


1

In

traditional

belts it is

black cotton

soil

On heavy

soils

This crop

follows

early Kharif

crops

It is

considered

as salt

tolerant

next to

cotton

Tolerant to

Na salts but

< to Ca &

Mg

Salinity

reduces

seed size

and oil

content


2

23

.

Linseed

Deep cotton

soil of

central

India,

alluvial

loam soil of

North India,

soil must be

well

drained

rainfed :

Broad casting

@ 40 kg/ha

Drilling @

30kg /ha

Utera – 10

20 to 30

cm of

row

spacing

First week of

oct to Nov 15

Utera -3rd week

of Oct

24

.

Niger

Light

texture,

Heavysoil

with well

drained.pH

5.2-7.3

Tolerate to

waterlogged

condition,sa

linity

Broadcasting

: 8 kg/ha

Line sowing :

5 kg/ha

Spacing

: 30 x

10 cm

Test weight

-3-5 g/1000

seeds

Mid june to

early august

25

.

Castor Sandy

loam, 10 %

clay (

chalka soil )

5-6.5 pH

Upto 8

Depth - 6-8 cm

Epigeal

germination

Germination -

Rainfed crop :

12 - 15 kg/ha :

55,000 plants / ha

Irrigated crop

: 5 - 6 kg/ha :

60x 60

cm

90x 60

cm

Gujarat –

Test weight

40 g/100

seeds

18,500

plants/ha

June –July

July in A.P to

reduce hairy

caterpillar

incidence


3

tolerate

Sensitive to

salinity

,(salt

tolerance

than

maize,cotto

n)

8-12 days

180 cm

wide row

spacing -

6-8

tonnes/h

a yield

18,500

26

.

Cotton

Related term

to crop:

Ginning

Topping/nipp

ing

Earthing up

Seed cotton –

‘Kapas

Ginning % - It

is the out –

turn of lint to

seed cotton

Irrigated

north zone

Rainfed

central zone

South zone

65 % crop

is rainfed

Black

cotton soil

Depth of

Sowing: 4 to

6cm

2 -5 cm

Desi -10-18

HYV-10 to 15

kg/ha,

G.hirustum -8-12 ,

hybrid -4

G.arboreum,

G.hercaceum -2-4

Hybrids – 2.5

to 3.0kg/ha.

Bt – 1.8 kg

Ultra

narrow

row –

45 cm

Test weight

10 -12

g/100 seeds

I week of May

(NZ)

CZ, SZ – onset

of monsoon

27

.

Jute

Related term

Susceptible

to water

i) tossa jute

(olitorius )4-6

Mid march –

capsularis


4

to crop:

Stripping

retting

logging

Alluvial

soil

6.6 -7.0

Kg/ha.

ii)white jute (

capsularis 6 to 8

Kg/ha

Mid april –

olitorius

28

.

Mesta

Light

texture

Well

drained soil

Rosella

more

drought

tolerate

Rosella

affected by

salinity

Drilling – (line

sowing) -

6Kg/ha

Broad casting

-12 Kg/ha

Test weight

3.5 g/100

seeds

Mid may to

mid june

29

.

Sugarcane

Related term

to crop:

Detrashing

top 8-10

Moderately

heavy

medium

deep (1-2m)

loams are

better than

In India - by

adopting two

systems viz.,

Ridge and

furrows system

(Deep-10-15

30,000 setts of

3 budded setts

or 7-7.5 ton/ha;

80,000 setts of

2 buds.

0.9m to

1.5m and

2.4m

Partha"

method

Oct – NOV

(autumn)

Feb –march

(spring)


5

leaves are

sufficient ,

remove others.

arrowing,

proping,

Rationing,

Wrapping,

Earthing up (4

months after)

To control

flowering

Use of growth

regulating

substances.

Spraying of

ethrel at

500ppm, twice

or 1000ppm

once at floral

initiation

Wrapping – It

is the process

of twisting the

bottom leaves

a round the

Heavier and

shallow

soils

Planting

material

used for

sugarcane

planting -

Upper 1/3

to half part

of cane

Nobulizatio

n

D. C. A

Barber,

Sir.T.S.Ven

kataraman

cm-NI,20 cm-

SI)

Flat system-

shallow (8-10

cm deep)

Trench

system-

(20-25 cm

deep),

Deep Trench

Paired - row

system

(Drippers at 75

cm spacing 12

mm laterals

with a lateral

spacing of 195

cm)

Ring or pit

system

(pits at the

spacing of 180

cm between

rows and 150

cm between

individual pits

STP technique

6 weeks old

seedlings are

transplanted

2-3 t/ha

8 month old crop

used as planting

material

An implement

known as “Ridge

mar” has been

designed to work a

tractor without

initial

ploughing of the

fields and prepare

deep trenches.

Water

logged

conditio

n

slanting

position,

60°

Once the

monsoon

recedes,

the in

situ

sprouted

setts are

pressed

down

into the

soil and

made

to lie

horizonta

lly

Adisali july –

aug

16-18 month

duration

In Karnataka,

andra ,

maharastra

Jan –feb

planting ( 12

month

duration)

Gujarat -

Eksali

Maharastra –

suru

Lime sucrate”

is one of the

clarificant used

for neutralising

the juice and

flocculation of

collidal

particles in the


6

cane.

Propping –

supported by

bamboos to

prevent the

plant from

lodging

in a row) juice.

For recording

the brix “Hand

refractometer”

is used and jar

extraction of

juice “Pouch

piercer” is

used.

30

.

Sugarbeet

F.C Achard is

father of the

sugar beet

industry.

Well

drained

sandy loam

and clayey

loam soils

having

medium

depth (45

cm)

2-3 cm

Tropical

sugarbeet

require deep

ploughing (45

cm

10 kg / ha.

es and

furrows

are

formed

at 50 cm

apart.

September to

November and

harvested

during March

and May

31

.

Tobacco

Related term

to crop:

Light,well

drained,aera

ted

Susceptible

1 cm

Avg. wt. of the

Seed rate is 3

kg/ha for N.

tabacum

70-90x

50-60

Test weight

0.9 -1

g/1000

seeds

Andra – Mid

Oct - Nov

Karnataka –

April –May


7

Desuckeing

Priming

Curing

The removal

of the flower

bud along (or)

along with

some of the

top leaves of

the plant is

known as

“Topping”.

After topping

the axillary

buds grows

and the

removal of

buds is known

as

“desuckering”

.

Pit curing is

followed for

chewing and

hookah

to flodding

5-6 pH

Upto 8

Cigar,

hookah,

chewing,

bidi

-sandy loam

to clay loam

Deep rooted

crop-120

cm

6 kg/ha for N.

Bidi tobacco

(Anand)

Transplanting age

of tobacco is 7 to 9

weeks (4-5 leaf

stage)

(On receipt of

rainfall )

Tamilnadu –

Nov

Bihar

Rustica –Oct –

Nov

Tobaccum -1

Month Later(

Nov-Dec)

Punjab- Feb-

March

Bidi

Tobacco—Aug

Ust To

September


8

tobacco.

32

.

Potato

Related term

to crop:

Earthing up

Seed plot

technique

Producing

virus free

seed tubers

Sandy loam

Acidic soil

5.5-6.5

Sensitive to

alkalinity

pH > 8.2

Avoided

Shallow

TUBER AS

SEED -At least

3 buds, 2.5-3

cm diameter

with 25-30 gm

weight

35-40g /hill

15-40 quintal /ha

True potato seed –

150g/ha

Transplant at 30

DAS

60x

20cm

Processi

ng

67.5x20

cm

TPS-

60X10

cm

To break the

tuber

dormancy,

the tuber

should be

treated with

1% thiourea

+ 1 ppm

GA3 for 1

hour

kharif

June-july

Rabi

Mid –oct- mid

nov

33

.

Minor millets

Foxtail –

fertile loam

Kodo –

shallow

well

drained,

Proso –all

except

coarse

sandy

Alluvial,sandy,l

oamy

,withstand

salinity, acidity

Broadcasting -12-

15kg

Line sowing -10 kg

22.5-25

x 10

Test weight

3- 5 g/100 0

grains

Proso –

temperate

condition

Remaining

withstand

drought

condition


9

Little, barn

yard –

marginal

land,

shallow

34

.

Sun hemp Sandy loam

pH 5-8.4,

neutral is

ideal

cannot

withstand

water

logging

2-3 cm Broadcast -35

kg/ha

Line sowing -

25kg/ha

Green manure -

55- 60

30 x5-7

cm

Test weight

3-5 g/100

seeds

May –june

Oct-nov

35

.

Fodder

sorghum

All soils,

but loamy

soils with

good

drainage are

best suited.

3 cm- 5 cm IR:40 kg /ha

RF:75 kg /ha

30 x15

cm

Test weight

35-40 g/100

seeds

Irrigated (Jan to

Feb and April

to May in al the

districts)

2. Rainfed

(June - July

(Sept - Oct :

36

.

Fodder maize

All soils

with good

drainage

4 cm 40 kg/ha 30 x15

cm

20-25 g/100

seeds

Irrigated:throug

h out the year.

Rainfed :Kharif


0

/ NE

37

.

Napier

Loamy soil

with good

drainage. It

can with

stand saline

condition to

some extent

3-5 cm 40,000 slips or stem

cuttings / ha

50x50

cm

Through out

the year under

irrigation.

38

.

Berseem

All type of

soils except

very sandy

soils. Well-

drained

medium

loam soils

rich in ‘P’

and

calcium. It

performs

well in acid

soil.

20 to 25 kg/ha.

30-35- late sowing

Broad

cast

Ist fortnight of

October


1

39

.

Lucern

Related term

to crop:

Tripping

mechanism

Febrile

loamy soil

with good

drainage.

2 cm 15 -20Kg/ha.

25cm X

solid line

Test weight

2-3 g/100

seeds

Throughout the

year for

irrigated

condition and

middle of

October is the

best time of

sowing.

40

.

Oats

Wide range

of soil with

good water

holding

capacity is

more suited

for oats

cultivation.

• High N

content in soil

is not a

desirable

condition may

lead to lodging.

100 kg/ha.

Drill

sowing

is better

than

broadcas

ting

20-23cm

row spacing

for fodder

and 23-

25cm for

grain

production

mid October to

mid November.

• 15th October

is optimum

time for fodder

production.


2

41

.

Mentha

Medium to

fertile deep

soil, rich in

humus is

ideal for the

cultivation

of mint.

The soil

should have

a good

water-

holding

capacity but

water-

logging

should be

avoided. A

pH range of

6-7.5 is best

Mints are

propagated

through the

creeping

stolons or

suckers. In the

case of

peppermint and

bergamot mint,

even runners

are planted.

500-600 Kg of

suckers / ha.

60x 15

cm

The

stolons

are cut

into

small

pieces

(7-10

cm) -

shallow

furrows

about 7-

10 cm

deep

row-to-

row

distance

of 45-60

cm

While

planting on

ridges, the

stolons are

planted

half-way

down on the

inner sides

of the

ridges.

Jan- feb

The plains,

planting is done

during the

winter months,

whereas in

temperate

climates,

planting is done

in

autumn or

spring from the

last week of

December to

the first week

of March or

from the first

week of

January

to the third

week of

February

42

.

Lemon grass rich loam to

poor

laterite.

In sandy

Seeds,

Vegetative

propagation

and

Direct seeded-20 to

25 kg/ha

3 to 4 kg/ha

Nursery

30 cm x

30 cm

1,11,000 /

ha

sown in the

nursery during

April-May.


3

loam and

red soils, it

requires

good

manuring.

Soil pH-4-

8.5.

Rooted slips.

direct seeding

is widely

practiced,

especially over

the plains and

terraced lands

in Kerala.

50 to 70 day-old

seedlings

May –june

kerala

43

.

Isabagol

In North

Gujarat, the

soil tends to

be low in

nitrogen and

phosphorus

and high in

potash with a

pH between

7.2 and 7.9.

for growth of

plants and

high yield of

seeds.

light, well

drained,

sandy

loams.

Heavy

soils-poor

drainage-

not

conducive

A silty

loam-PH

4.7 to 7.7

with low

nitrogen&

moisture

content

The seed

shows some

innate

dormancy (3

months)

following

harvest.

4-8 kg /ha

Post-dormancy

seeds show reliable

germination in

excess of 90% at

84°F and lower

rates of

germination as

temperature is

increased.

Plot size

8.0 m x

3.0 m

1000 seeds

weigh less

than 2

grams.

Sowing -1st

week

November-

best yields

Early sowing -

downy mildew

disease

Late sowing

provides lesser

period of

growth in

winter +

shattering of

seed due to

summer rains

in April-May


4

Source:

Text book of field crops production Vol I by Rajendra prasad

Text book of field crops production Vol II by Rajendra prasad

Principles of agronomy by T.Y. REDDY, S.R.REDDY

Agronomy treatise by P.D.Chaudhary

Question bank for agricultural competetions by R.K Sharma

e- course material of AGR 301 Field crops ( Rabi ) – TNAU

e- course material of AGR 302 Field crops (Kharif ) –TNAU

A to Z Information about Field Crops in...

Documents

Transcript of A to Z Information about Field Crops in...