Post on 13-Apr-2016
Head and NeckAnatomy & Physiology
Tulsa Technology CenterDental Assisting
Created by Debbie Batson, R.D.H., B.S.
Anatomy & PhysiologyPart I
General TermsLandmarks of the FaceLandmarks of the Oral CavityBone & Cartilage
Terms
ANATOMYStudy of the structure of the human body and
its parts
PHYSIOLOGYStudy of the functions of the human body
systems
Structural Units & Body Systems
THE HUMAN BODY HAS 4 BASIC LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION:CellsTissuesOrgansBody Systems
Body Systems
CELLS
Tissues
Organs
CELLS
Smallest living unit of the body and are composed of a nucleus and cytoplasm.Different types of cells have different functions; for example brain cells have a different function than blood cells.Differentiation: Specialization of cells
CELLS
Cells have shapes that resemble columns, cubes, and spheresCell Membrane: Surrounds the cell body and serves two purposes: Structural & SemipermeableCytoplasm: Gel -like fluid which makes up the major portion of the cell
TISSUES
Groups of specialized cells that join together to perform a particular function
Types of Tissues:
ConnectiveBinds & supports other tissues (tendons,
cartilage, blood, lymph, & bone)
MuscleContract & move body parts ( voluntary &
involuntary)
Types of Tissues
NerveSpecialized to conduct electrochemical
impulses (receives signals and sends messages to & from all body parts)Epithelial
Covers the external portion of the body and lines the internal body cavities
ORGANSCollection of related tissues that perform a definite functionthe individual organ performs a specific function
Human Heart
BODY SYSTEMS
Compromise many organs, are interdependent and function as a team to keep the body healthy and functional
BODY SYSTEMS
Examples:Digestive SystemRespiratory SystemReproductive SystemCirculatory System
Digestive System
It all starts here:
Process of breaking downingested foods into forms that body can use.
The Digestive System
COMPOSED OF THE:Mouth StomachTeeth Small IntestineTongue Large IntestinePharynx LiverEsophagus
Swallowing
Phase IMasticated food (chewed) forms a mass at the dorsum of
the tonguePhase II
Food passes through the pharynx into the beginning of the esophagusPhase III
Food passes down the esophagus into the stomach
Tongue
Pharynx
Esophagus
Nervous System
Causes muscles to contract, stimulates glands to secrete, and regulates other systems of the bodyIt allows sensation to be perceived, such as pain, pressure, and touch
Cardiovascular System
Includes the heart, blood vessels, and bloodIt functions to circulate blood, carry various gases to all areas of the body, and filter and eliminate wastes
ArteriesCarry blood away from the heart
VeinsCarry blood to the heart
Cardiovascular System
The Lymphatic System
Part of the immune systemPlays an important role in the defense of the body against infection and disease
Lymph nodes
Small round or oval structures located in lymph vessels. They fight disease by producing antibodiesIn acute infections, the lymph nodes become swollen and tender as a result of the collection of lymphocytes gathered to destroy the invading substance
Lymph Nodes
3 MAJOR SITES:Cervical Head & Neck areaAxillary Under the armsInguinal Nodes Lower Abdomen
Muscular System
Muscles must expand and contract to make movements possible. Each muscle has a point of origin that is fixed and a point of insertion that is movable.
Muscular System
3 BASIC TYPES OF MUSCLESStriated SkeletalSmooth internal organsCardiac forms wall of the heart
Types of Muscle
StriatedSmoothCardiac
The Skeletal System
Consists of 206 bonesTwo systems – Axial and appendicularAxial consists of the skull, spinal column, ribs and sternumAppendicular consists of the upper extremities, shoulder and pelvic girdle and the lower extremities
Structure of the Bone
PeriosteumCancellous bone
Compact Bone
Layers of bone
PERIOSTEUMIs a specialized connective tissue that covers
all bones of the body
It is attached to the bone by sharpey’s fibers, which penetrate the underlying bone matrix
Two kinds of bone:
COMPACT / CORTICAL
CANCELLOUS
COMPACT / CORTICAL BONE
HardDenseVery StrongOn radiographs it appears whiter, because it is more dense
CANCELLOUS BONE
Known as spongy boneLighter in weightNot as strong as cortical boneFound in the interior of the boneFilled with bone marrowSmall spaces (like swiss cheese)
LAYERS OF BONE
PERIOSTEUM
COMPACT BONE
CANCELLOUS BONE
CARTILAGE
ToughMore ELASTIC than boneForms some structures such as the end of the noseCovers joint surfaces
Landmarks of the Face
Inner
Canthus
of the
eye
Outer
Canthus
of the
eye
Landmarks of the Face
Ala Philtrum
Landmarks of the Face
Tragus of the ear
Landmarks of the Face
Vermillion Border
Commissure
Sinus
Frontal Sinus
Sphenoid Sinus
Nasal Concha
Pharyngeal tonsil
Soft palateUvula
Hard palate
Palatine Tonsil
Tonsils and the palates of the oral cavity
Oral Cavity
Maxilla
Mandible
Tongue
Labial Frenum
Hard Palate
Soft PalateUvulaPalatine Tonsil
Gingiva
Rugae
Retromolar Area
Oral Cavity
See Web page below –Head & Neck
http://mywebpages.comcast.net/wnor/
End PART I
http://mywebpages.comcast.net/wnor/
Click on the Button to the right of her head – this will open the hyperlink to the Web Page – Anatomy Lesson – Head & Neck
HEAD AND NECK ANATOMY
Bones of the Cranium & FaceSalivary GlandsPapillae of the Tongue
PART II
BONES OF THE CRANIUM
Protect the Brain
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
BONES OF THE CRANIUM
Frank
Picks
Out
The
Smallest
Earthworm
BONES OF THE CRANIUM
FrontalForms part of the:1.floor of the cranium2.Forehead3.Most of the roof of the orbits
FRONTAL BONE
BONES OF THE CRANIUM
PARIETALForms most of the roof and upper sides of the
craniumTwo parietal bones
PARIETAL BONES
OCCIPITAL:Forms the back and base
of the cranium
BONES OF THE CRANIUM
BONES OF THE CRANIUM
OCCIPITAL BONE
BONES OF THE CRANIUM
TEMPORAL BONES– Forms the sides and base of the cranium– Contains the external auditory meatus & mastoid
process– Bears the Glenoid fossa (part of the TMJ)
TEMPORAL
External Auditory Meatus
Mastoid
Glenoidfossa
SPHENOID – Forms the anterior portion of the base of the skull– The superior surface protects the pituitary gland
BONES OF THE CRANIUM
SPHENOID
Sphenoid
ETHMOID- Forms part of the orbit and nasal Cavity
Ethmoid
BONES OF THE FACE
The Bones of the face
give the face shape!
BONES OF THE FACE
Zygomatic
Nasal
Palatine
Lacrimal
Maxillary
Conchae
Vomer
Mandible
Zygomatic
Nasal
Palatine
Lacrimal
Maxillary
Conchae
Vomer
Mandible
Zack
Nack
Passionately
Loves
Mandy
Candy
Very
Much
BONES
OF
THE
FACE
BONES OF THE FACE
ZYGOMATIC BONES– Form the prominence of the cheek and the lateral
wall and floor of the orbit
Zygomatic
BONES OF THE FACE
MAXILLARY BONESKnown as the maxillaHolds the upper teeth in the aveolar process
BONES OF THE FACE
Maxilla
BONES OF THE FACE
NASAL BONESTwo nasal bones join to form the bridge of the noseConstitute a small portion of the septum
Nasal Bones
BONES OF THE FACE
LACRIMALThey make up part of the orbit in the center of the eyeLie behind the frontal processes of the maxillary
Note: Lacrimal Gland supplies the tear ducts!
Lacrimal
BONES OF THE FACE
VOMERIs the single flat bone that forms the base of the nasal septum
Vomer
BONES OF THE FACE
CONCHAEHas three projecting structures which extends inward from the maxila into the nasal cavityMade up of the superior, middle, and inferior conchae
Inferior Conchae
BONES OF THE FACE
MANDIBLEForms the lower jawIs the only movable bone of the skullContains the alveolar process which supports the teeth of the lower arch
Mandible
Go to the sites listed on the next slide. You must be in the Slide Show mode, Click on each button and check out the web sites.
NOTE: *On the second site listed experience the living skull (click on the pictures to enlarge them)
CLICK ON PINK FOR 1ST WEB PAGECLICK ON BLUE FOR THE 2ND ONE
http://mywebpages.comcast.net/wnor/lesson1.htmhttp://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/xrays/1skull.html
Note: You must be in slide show mode for them to work!
Median
Suture
PALATINE
SALIVARY GLANDS & DUCTS
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
SALIVARY GLANDS & DUCTS
Whorton’s Duct
Stenson’sDuct
Whorton’s Duct
Regions of the tongue sensitive to various tastes!
Bitter
Sour
Salty
Vallate Papillae
Papillae of the Tongue
Fungiform Papillae of the tongue
Filiform Papillae
Valate
Filiform
Fungiform Papillae
Palatine Tonsil
Lingual Tonsil
End of Part II
PART III
Paranasal SinusesMuscles of Facial ExpressionMuscles of MasticationLandmarks of the mandibleTemporalmandibular Joint
PARANASAL SINUSES
Air containing spaces within the skullTHEY FUNCTION TO:
produce mucusMake the bones of the skull lighterProvided resonance (produce sound)
MAXILLARY SINUSES
The Largest of the paranasal sinuses
A maxillary sinus infection is one of the most common causes for patient to have a tooth ache and the tooth be ok ( this is due to the fact that the maxillary root often goes into the sinus cavity)
PARANASAL SINUSES
Maxillary
FRONTAL SINUSES
Located within the forehead above the left and right eye
PARANASAL SINUSES
Frontal
ETHMOID SINUSES
Irregularly shaped air cells separated from the orbital cavity by a very thin layer of bone
PARANASAL SINUSES
EthmoidGroup
SPHENOID SINUSES
Located close to the optic nerves, where an infection may damage vision
PARANASAL SINUSES
Sphenoid
PARANASAL SINUSES
Frontal
Maxillary
Sphenoid
Ethmoid(Anterior& Posterior)
MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION
Zygomatic
Obicularis Oris
Mentalis
Buccinator
NOTE:
Without these
muscles you
would be like a
Z-O-M-Beeeee
MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION
ZygomaticDraws the angle Of the mouth upward andbackward
MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION
ZygomaticSmile muscle
MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION
ObicularisOris
MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION
Obicularis Oris the kissing muscle!
MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION
Mentalis
MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION
MentalisPouting Muscle
MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION
BuccinatorCompresses cheeks against teeth
MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION
MUSCLES OF MASTICATION
Temporal Muscle
Masseter Muscle
Internal (Medial) Pterygoid Muscle
External (Lateral) Pterygoid Muscle
MUSCLES OF MASTICATION
Temporal Muscle
MUSCLES OF MASTICATION
Masseter Muscle
MUSCLES OF MASTICATION
Internal PterygoidMuscle
MUSCLES OF MASTICATION
External PterygoidMuscle
MUSCLES OF MASTICATION
http://mywebpages.comcast.net/wnor/lesson4.htm
MUSCLES OF MASTICATION
http://mywebpages.comcast.net/wnor/lesson4.htm
External Pterygoid- Lateral
Internal Pterygoid - Medial
http://mywebpages.comcast.net/wnor/lesson4.htm
LANDMARKS OF THE MANDIBLE
Forms the lower jaw and is the only movable bone of
the skull
LANDMARKS OF THE MANDIBLE
Mental Protuberance
Mental Foramen
Alveolar Process
CoronoidProcess
Sigmoid Notch
Ramus
Angle of the MandibleBorder of
the mandible
CondyloidProcess
Temporomandibular Joint
Synovial joints constructed to permit specialized hinge and gliding movements that permit varying degrees of mouth opening
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
Recieves name from the two bones that enter into its formation: – Temporal Bone– Mandible
Click this button in slide show mode to learn more about the
TMJ
Temporalmandibular Joint
Condyloid Process
Glenoid fossa
Articular eminence
TMJ - Made up of three bony parts.
Articular Eminance - raised portion of the temporal bone, anterior to the glenoid fossaGlenoid Fossa - lined with fibrous connected tissue, an oval depression in the temporal bone anterior to the external auditory meatusCondyloid Process - of the mandible lies in the glenoid fossa
Temporal Mandibular Joint
Capsular ligaments
Meniscus
TMJ
TMJ
Capsular Ligament - dense fibrous capsule that completely surrounds the TMJ Meniscus/Articular Disc - cushion of dense specialized tissue that divides the articularspace into upper and lower compartments, which are filled with synovial fluid
PART IV
Muscles of the floor of the mouthLymph SystemGeneral Neck MusclesMajor Arteries and Veins of the face and oral cavityPrimary Innervation of the oral cavity
MUSCLES OF THE FLOOR OF THE MOUTH
Mylohyoid MuscleDiagastric MuscleStylohyoid MuscleGeniohyoid Muscle
Mylohyoid Muscle(MOM)
MUSCLES OF THE FLOOR OF THE MOUTH
Digastric Muscle(DAD)
MUSCLES OF THE FLOOR OF THE MOUTH
Stylohyoid Muscle(SIS)
MUSCLES OF THE FLOOR OF THE MOUTH
GeniohyoidMuscle
(GRANDPA)
MUSCLES OF THE FLOOR OF THE MOUTH
Muscles of the floor of the Mouth
Muscles of the floor of the Mouth
Lymph SystemLymph nodes for the oral cavity drain intraoralstructuress such and the teeth, eyes, ears, nasal cavity, and deeper areas of the throat.
Part of the Immune Reaction
Lymph Nodes are small, round or oval structures located In lymph vessels. They fight disease by producing antibodies.
Can indicate infection or cancer!
Lymph System
Post Auricular
Lymph System
Sternomastoid
Lymph System
Pre-auricular
Parotid
Lymph System
Facial
Lymph System
Submental
Lymph System
Submandibular
Lymph System
Anterior deep & superficial Cervical
Posterior deep & superficial Cervical
Lymph System
Supraclavicular
Lymph System
Occipital
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
http://mywebpages.comcast.net/wnor/lesson5.htm
Major Veins of the Face & Oral Cavity
Major Arteries of the Face & Oral Cavity
Innervation of the Oral Cavity
Trigeminal nerve: The trigeminal nerve is the chief sensory nerve of the face and the motor nerve of the muscles involved in the process of chewing food in preparation for swallowing and digestion (mastication). As the name indicates, the trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches.
Innervation of the Oral Cavity
The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the:
1. Ophthalmic (V1, sensory), 2. Maxillary (V2, sensory) and 3. Mandibular (V3, motor and sensory)
branches.
Branches of the Trigeminal Nerve
The End of PART IV
Modern Dental Assisting, Torres & Ehrlich
http://www.intech.mnsu.edu/angelamonson/DH319/Short%20Papers/trigeminal_nerve_1.htm
http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/nervous_system/infratemp.html
http://www.netterimages.com/image/list.htm
http://mywebpages.comcast.net/wnor/
http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/head/submand_ans.htmlhttp://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%3Fp%3DPictures%2Bof%2Bthe%2BTrigeminal%2Bnerve%26prssweb%
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References