A perspective on CCS developments in China

Dr Jia Li, Dr Mathieu Lucquiaud, CCS System Integration Workshop

19th September, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

China’s CO2 challenge (1) China’s energy consumption and CO2 emissions have more than doubled between 1990 and 2006, and will double again by 2030 if unabated (IEA,2009)

Without major advances in decarbonizing its economy, China will account for about 29 percent of global CO2 emissions by 2030 (IEA, 2009).

In the Bali Action Plan adopted at COP 13, China and other developing countries agreed to undertake “nationally appropriate mitigation actions” (NAMAs) under a post 2012 agreement to address climate change.

After energy efficiency and fuel switching, CCS will be China’s primary option for reducing emissions in the power, chemical and other industrial sectors that depend on fossil fuels.

Hart & Liu (2011)

Contribution of large point sources of CO2 in China

China’s CO2 challenge (2) Even if China meets its targets for energy efficiency improvements, renewable energy and fuel switching, the country would rely upon coal for more than 50 percent of its power generating capacity through 2030 (Liu & Gallagher, 2009).

An estimated 1,062 GW of new capacity will be installed in China by 2030, resulting in a total installed capacity of 1,936 GW—equivalent to the current installed capacity of the United States and European Union combined (IEA,2009).

Even if only 10 percent of total theoretical capacity is available for sequestration, China has enough capacity to store over 100 years’ of its CO2 emissions from large point sources.

Over 90 percent of the country’s large CO2 point sources (>100,000 tCO2/yr) are within 100 miles of onshore sequestration reservoirs.

Large scale gasifiers in China

5 Shell Operation Shell Construction GE Construction CTL

Shenhua Erdos CTL 100000 tCO2/year capture with storage in saline aquifer

Power plant location (Survey of power plants over 1GW)

Source: China Electricity Council

2006

2007

2008

Edinburgh Mathieu Lucquiaud, Hannah Chalmers Jon Gibbins Exeter Xi Liang Jia Li Imperial Niall McGlashan

Focuses on: “Is the power plant worth retrofitting” rather than “Can the power plant be retrofitted”

Retrofit potential A survey of over 260 power plants in China

Rural area, sufficient space, with access to storage site Retrofit potential in 2012

- Space for capture addition is assessed: Power plants are classified between rural and industrially developed zones - Storage site/transport route is assessed - Water supply/cooling system evaluated 37%

53%

10%

Guangdong CCS-Readiness Project

Project Introduction Title: Guangdong, China’s First CCS Ready Province Duration: April 2010 – March 2013 Sponsors: UK Foreign & Commonwealth Office Global CCS Institute (GSSCI) 7 Implementers:

• South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, CAS, Di Zhou • Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conservation, CAS, Daiqing Zhao • Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, CAS, Xiao-Chun Li • Energy Research Institute of NDRC, Qiang Liu • LinksChina Investment Advisory Ltd, Shenzhen, Jia Li • Edinburgh Univ., Jon Gibbins, Mathieu Lucquiaud • Cambridge Univ., D. Reiner and Xi Liang

Guangdong CCS-Readiness Project

Project Background • Guangdong is China’s richest province, but highly dependent on foreign energy

supply (95%). • Industrial structure is relatively light

• One of the National Low Carbon Pilot Provinces.

• CCS is being considered in the programme for “developing clean-coal techniques” promoted by Governor Huang Huahua in July 2011.

Picture from Li J, Liang X, Cockerill T (2011), Energy, 36(10), 5916-5924

GD CCS-Readiness Project Provincial capture-readiness level:

- Strategy depends on CCS implementation options and constraints - Storage capacity estimates - The chain between the low-carbon end user and CO2 storage can be varied - Permutations between re-using existing infrastructure and building a new one

Provincial capture-readiness at power plant level

Range of potential steam extraction pressures with post-combustion capture solvents

piperazine

ammonia

MEA and most amines

Ionic liquids

Locations available for steam extraction

4 – 15 bar 30 – 65 bar

Capture-readiness for 2nd and 3rd generation solvents Avoid committing the plant too early to a steam extraction pressure

1

1

2

2 0

0

HP IP

condenser

LP LP

Heat recovery from capture process

Solvent reboiler

Desuperheater

back pressure turbine

back pressure turbine

Retrofit of a capture-ready steam cycle with an elevated IP/LP crossover pressure

GD CCS-Readiness Project Provincial capture-readiness level:

- Strategy depends on CCS implementation options and constraints - Storage capacity estimates - The chain between the low-carbon end user and CO2 storage can be varied - Permutations between re-using existing infrastructure and building a new one

Provincial capture-readiness at power plant level Provincial capture-readiness – Gas in Guangdong

- Gas CCS has the unique characteristic of relatively low-cost low carbon generation - Guangdong coal and gas prices influenced by global markets - New CCS plants should be gas if lower LCOE – no point in generating extra CO2 from coal to have a spuriously low cost of capture (but EOR economics change this)

RETROFIT WITH SEPARATE GAS CHP POWER CYCLE FOR POWER MATCHED RETROFIT

reboiler SEPARATE GAS CHP PLANT

HRSG

Steam turbine(s) Gas Turbine

PC PLANT STEAM CYCLE

reboiler

SEPARATE GAS CHP PLANT

Gas Turbine

HRSG

Steam turbine(s)

PC PLANT STEAM CYCLE

Retrofit options to maintain/increase site output with carbon capture An alternative to low-efficiency ancillary gas boilers to future-proof capture-ready gas plants

against solvent technology developments

RETROFIT WITH SEPARATE GAS CHP POWER CYCLE FOR HEAT MATCHED RETROFIT

Retrofitting existing coal power plants with additional Gas CHP plant

Fuel

Coal / Air

Turbine Gas Air

Open cycle gas turbine Pulverised coal boiler CO2 capture plant Steam Generator

Hot windbox retrofit: Turbine gas replaces combustion air entering the boiler windbox Increase/Maintain site output Increased CO2 concentration facilitates capture and reduces equivalent capital costs

Conclusions China flagship CCS projects: Huaneng Beijing (2008 with CSIRO), 3000tCO2/yr, no storage Hechuan Shanghai Power Plant in Chongqing, 10000 tCO2/yr, no storage Shenhua Coal-to-Liquid Plant, 100000tCO2/yr, storage in aquifer GreenGen Other projects in planning

Name Stage Capture type

Transport details (Pipeline) Storage details Industry

Daqing Evaluate Oxyfuel 100 km Onshore Onshore Deep Saline Formations Power

Dongguan Taiyangzhou IGCC+CCS Identify Pre

101 – 150 km Onshore to offshore

Offshore Depleted Oil and Gas Reservoirs

Power

Dongying Identify EOR/EGR

Power

GreenGen IGCC Evaluate Pre 151 – 200 km Onshore Various Power

Jilin Oil Field EOR Phase 2 Identify Industrial EOR/EGR NG

Processing

Lianyungang IGCC +CCS Identify Pre 201 – 250 km Onshore

Enhanced Oil Recovery Power

Shanxi International Energy Group CCUS Identify Oxyfuel Not specific Power

Shenhua/Dow Chemicals CTL Identify Pre Onshore to

onshore Onshore Deep Saline Formations CTL

Sinopec Shengli Oil Field EOR Evaluate Post ≤50 km

Unspecified EOR Power

Current Lare Scale Integrated Projects in China (GCCSI 2011 list)

Conclusions China flagship CCS projects: Huaneng Beijing (2008 with CSIRO), 3000tCO2/yr, no storage Hechuan Shanghai Power Plant in Chongqing, 10000 tCO2/yr, no storage Shenhua Coal-to-Liquid Plant, 100000tCO2/yr, storage in aquifer GreenGen Other projects in planning

China is turning into a global laboratory for CCS pilot projects, attracting foreign governments, multilateral institutions, non-governmental organizations, and business partners. China’s leadership in developing CCS technology could ultimately help drastically lower its costs, if the example of FGD technologies can be replicated

The UK CCS Research Centre

Focal point and driving force for UK CCS fundamental research and academic analysis

Supporting long-term strategic research programmes and national facilities

Working with range of stakeholders to establish pathways to deliver research results to the end users

£10M funding over 5 years from EPSRC + £3M from DECC + £2.5M from member institutions

ACTTROM: Advanced Capture Testing in a Transportable, Remotely-Operated Mini-lab UKCCSRC Project with DECC and EPSRC funding

The UKCCSRC-Pilot Scale Advanced Capture Technology (PACT) facilities are supported by DECC and the EPSRC as part of the RCUK Energy

Programme

UKCCSRC-PACT Office The Gateway, Broad Street, Sheffield, S2 5TF Email: M.Pourkashanian@leeds.ac.uk Mob: +44 (0)7946471417 Office: +44(0)1133439010 PA: Miss Lisa Holt Email: Lisa.Holt@leeds.ac.uk Web: www.ukccsrc-pact.ac.uk

Director: M Pourkashanian

PACT - Pilot Scale Advanced Capture Technology & Biomass/Bioenergy

Combustion Test Facilities Available For Industry & Academia

Pilot scale Shared Facilities for CCUS Innovation (Capture technologies) & Biomass, Biofuel Combustion

• DECC funding on establishing facilities to support CCUS innovation and technology development

• The facilities will become part of the broader UK Centre for CCUS umbrella. • Pilot-Scale Advanced Capture Technology (PACT Facilities)

to support CCUS innovation. • PACT Consortium: Edinburgh, Cranfield, Imperial,

Nottingham, Sheffield and LEEDS • PACT present a strong, multidisciplinary partnership of

leading CCUS researchers with an international profile in the field

UKCCSRC-PACT Facilities

The following categories of users are identified: – UK/EU academics – including those from Research

institutes, The RS and RAE fellowships and UK Postdoctoral Researchers

– UK/EU Academics with EU Projects – The level of access in accordance with agreed EU funding levels.

– International Agreements –(contractual access agreements ).

– Other International Users – (world class RD&D). – Commercial and Contractual Users – (SMEs). – Private Sector Access – in collaboration with UK

academic partner (open literature publications).

• EOR-CCS • Oxy-Combustion + CCS RD&D • Post-combustion + CCS research and

demonstration • IGCC+CCS research and demonstration • CO2-Microalgea-bio diesel conversion key

technology research • CO2 mineralization research

Location for PACT Core Facilities

2 miles from M1, junction 31 Leeds airport = 30 miles

Manchester International Airport = 45 miles

Gas Turbine APU/Micro Turbine 250 kW/15 kW EGR/HATGT

IGCC 250 kW Oxy-fuel CTF 250KW

Coal-Biomass FB 250kW

Combustion Test Facilities 250kW Coal/biomass

UK CCS Research Pilot-Scale Advanced Capture

Technology (PACT) Facilities

Gas Mixing System 200kW

Amine Capture Plant 150kW

RWE facilities

UK CCS Research Pilot-Scale Advanced Capture Technology (PACT) Facilities

Amine Post Combustion

Capture Plant (150 KW)

Coal

S

B

C

G

Control Units & System

Integration

Oxygen

Coal

Biomass

AIR

Natural Gas

Gas Turbine APU & Turbec 150Kw

Oxy/air-Solid

Fuels CTF with EGR 250KW

Coal – Biomass

blend Fuels 50KW

Coal – Biomass Air/Oxy

FB Reactor 150KW

Gas Mixer Facilities

Up to 250 KW

O

L

Planned IGCC

Reactor (200 KW)

R

Gas Cleaning

and Shift

System Monitoring

Via Internet

R

E

E

M

A E

E

UK CCS Research PACT Facilities Pilot-Scale Advanced Capture Technology

Amine Post Combustion

Capture Plant (150 KW)

Coal

S

B

C

G

Control Units & System

Integration

Oxygen

Coal

Biomass

AIR

Natural Gas

Gas Turbine APU & Turbec 150Kw

Oxy/air-Solid

Fuels CTF with EGR 250KW

Coal – Biomass

blend Fuels 50KW

Coal – Biomass Air/Oxy

FB Reactor 150KW

Gas Mixer Facilities

Up to 250 KW

O

L

Planned IGCC

Reactor (200 KW)

R

Gas Cleaning

and Shift

System Monitoring

Via Internet

R

E

E

M

A E

E

• Oxy-Coal/Biomass Combustion Test Facilities

• Air-Coal/Biomass Combustion Test Facilities

• FGR (Wet and Dry) + Gas Mixing Facilities

Gas Turbine Facilities with EGR + HAT Fuel Flexibility: NG, Biogas, Biofuel & H2 Enriched Gas

Gas Turbine Facilities with EGR + HAT Fuel Flexibility: NG, Biogas, Liquid Fuel, Biofuel & H2 Enriched Gas

Exhaust gas recycle (EGR & EGSR) Non-Selective Recycle in CCGT for

CO2 Capture (EGR) • Exhaust gas recycle (EGR) is an

established concept for increasing the CO2 concentration in the flue gas

Selective Recycle in CCGT for CO2 Capture (EGSR)

• Substantial improvements can be achieved when selective CO2 recycle from flue gas to the gas turbine is used

PACT Office for Visitors & Collaborators • Availability of all commercial CFD, Process, Techno-economic, Visualization Soft wares • Easy access to PACT experimental facilities • Excellent environment for visiting researchers

The UKCCSRC-Pilot Scale Advanced Capture Technology (PACT) facilities are supported by DECC and the EPSRC as part of the RCUK Energy

Programme

UKCCSRC-PACT Office The Gateway, Broad Street, Sheffield, S2 5TF Email: M.Pourkashanian@leeds.ac.uk Mob: +44 (0)7946471417 Office: +44(0)1133439010 PA: Miss Lisa Holt Email: Lisa.Holt@leeds.ac.uk Web: www.ukccsrc-pact.ac.uk

Prof. M Pourkashanian Director of PACT Facilities

& UKCCSRC Coordination Group Member