Post on 18-Dec-2015
A high resolution emission inventory of particulate EC and OC for EuropeHugo Denier van der Gon, Antoon Visschedijk, Rianne Dröge, Maarten Mulder,Jeroen Kuenen (TNO)
Christer Johansson (Stockholm University)
Zbigniew Klimont (IIASA)
Why?
Climate relevant
Health relevant
Carbonaceous aerosols important fraction of PM10
Not available for a recent base year
Not available on a desired (high) resolution
What about coarse EC and OC?
Still mismatch between modelled – measured = not properly
understood….
Menu – Just to get the flavour…
Quick guide through methodologyResults – aggregatedCountry differencesFraction Organic Matter in PM2.5Spatial distributionWood combustion adjustmentsMaps!Conclusions
BC, EC, OC, what is what?
Black carbon (BC) and elemental carbon (EC) are operationally
defined by measurement method
BC = optical term (highly light-absorbing carbon)
EC = chemical term (refractory carbon measured by thermal/optical
carbon analyzers
BC and (submicron) EC represent often roughly the same particles
OC = non-carbonate carbonaceous particles other than EC
TC = EC + OC (C-mass basis)
OM = EC + OC (full molecular mass basis)
METHODOLOGY (SHORT VERSION)
Start from IIASA’s GAINS PM10/2.5/1 emission inventory
Deriving representative size-differentiated EC and OC fractions for over
200 source categories using e.g., Kupiainen et al. 2004, Bond et al. 2004; Streets et
al. 2001, Schauer et al. 2006 and more….
EC and OC calculated as a share of PM10/PM2.5/PM1 emissions.
Constrains EC / OC and
[size-fractionated EC and OC emission factors for all relevant sources /
technologies are not available & and/or can vary widely due to different
measurement protocols and analytical techniques]
Use new TNO spatial distribution proxy maps
Study area: well beyond EU boundaries
Anthropogenic primary Carbonaceous emissions
in Europe 2005 (kt C)
SNAP1 EC_1 EC_1-2.5 EC_2.5-10 OC_2.5 OC_2.5-10 TC_PM10 1 2 18 29 11 3 63 2 143 43 50 395 4 635 3 2 4 5 9 1 21 4 32 4 19 81 29 165 5 1 3 55 1 6 67 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 184 17 8 104 25 338 8 90 5 5 71 0 172 9 35 2 2 63 0 102
10 35 1 2 112 145 295 Total Land based 525 96 176 847 214 1858 International shipping 79 45 7 84 0 215 Europe 604 140 183 931 214 2073
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
450000
Combustion inenergy
industries1
Non-industrialcombustion
plants2
Combustion inmanufacturing
industry3
Productionprocesses
4
Extraction anddistributionfossil fuels
5
Solvent use6
Roadtransport
7
Other mobilesources andmachinery
8
Wastetreatment and
disposal9
Agriculture10
OC in PM2.5, 2005 (850 kt)
EC 2005 (525 kt)
Netherlands
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
Passe
nger
cars
, die
sel
Truck
s an
d bu
sses
, die
sel
Land
-bas
ed of
f-roa
d m
obile
, die
sel
Tradi
tiona
l wood
stov
es a
nd fi
replac
es
Farm
anim
als
Wat
erway
s, d
iese
l
Indu
stry
Mea
t roa
sting
Tobacc
o sm
okin
g
Househ
old
waste
bur
ning
Coal sto
ves
Woo
d-fir
ed b
oiler
s
Land
-bas
ed of
f-roa
d m
obile
, gas
oline
Oth
er s
ourc
es
Em
issi
on (
tonn
es C
) Organic carbon < 2.5 µm
Elemental carbon 1 - 2.5 µm
Elemental carbon < 1 µm
Turkey
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
Tradi
tiona
l wood
stov
es a
nd fi
replac
es
Truck
s an
d bu
sses
, die
sel
Indu
stry
Woo
d-fir
ed b
oiler
s
Coal sto
ves
Mea
t roa
sting
Land
-bas
ed of
f-roa
d m
obile
, die
sel
Farm
anim
als
Passe
nger
cars
, die
sel
Tobacc
o sm
okin
g
Wat
erway
s, d
iese
l
Land
-bas
ed of
f-roa
d m
obile
, gas
oline
Oth
er s
ourc
es
Em
issi
on (
tonn
es C
)
Organic carbon < 2.5 µm
Elemental carbon 1 - 2.5 µm
Elemental carbon < 1 µm
Poland
0
10000
20000
30000
Tradi
tiona
l wood
stov
es a
nd fi
replac
es
Coal sto
ves
Truck
s an
d bu
sses
, die
sel
Woo
d-fir
ed b
oiler
s
Land
-bas
ed of
f-roa
d m
obile
, die
sel
Indu
stry
Passe
nger
cars
, die
sel
Farm
anim
als
Mea
t roa
sting
Househ
old
waste
bur
ning
Land
-bas
ed of
f-roa
d m
obile
, gas
oline
Agricu
ltura
l was
te b
urning
Tobacc
o sm
okin
g
Wat
erway
s, d
iese
l
Oth
er s
ourc
es
Em
issi
on (
tonn
es C
)
Organic carbon < 2.5 µm
Elemental carbon 1 - 2.5 µm
Elemental carbon < 1 µm
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
Combustion inenergy
industries1
Non-industrialcombustion
plants2
Combustion inmanufacturing
industry3
Productionprocesses
4
Extraction anddistributionfossil fuels
5
Solvent use6
Road transport7
Other mobilesources andmachinery
8
Wastetreatment and
disposal9
Agriculture10
PM2.5 (3400 kt)
Total organic matter (OM) in PM2.5 (1700 kt)
Emission of OM vs PM2.5 for Europe in 2005 by source sector
Difference is due to mineral component (ashes)
Difference is due to “product” aerosols (e.g. fertilizer, iron, etc.)
Results: Carbonaceous aerosol < 10 μm (as TC) by
compound and size class
Sure, smaller particles are much more relevant for health / climate / transport
But…coarser EC and OC is not negligible
Sources coarse EC (“char”) : domestic combustion and utility combustion of coal, the
storage & handling of coal and coal products, combustion of HFO,
coarse OC from animal husbandry
EC_128%
EC_1-2.55%
EC_2.5-109%
OC_2.546%
OC_2.5-1012%
Updated and improved spatial distribution maps for emission sources (e.g., point
sources, road transport, wood combustion)
Road map for Europe based on EU Transtools project
to be used for non-urban traffic
Focus on wood combustion
Domestic use of fuel wood is an extremely important source Wood is a non-commercial fuel - falls outside administration Wood consumption in the past often underestimated
Activity data: In Europe 3 sources (Eurostat, IEA, RAINS/GAINS) Grouped in 5 socio-economic/regional clusters (cluster averages 1.6 – 8.6
MJ/inhabitant) with Scandinavia and Baltic > Continental Europe > Mediterranean > Former Soviet Union > North Sea
Technologies following RAINS (IIASA) Gapfilled missing countries, or unrealistic values Compared to the raw GAINS activity data the reported domestic fuel wood
usage per appliance is modified for 18 countries.
Distribution: Urban vs rural population based on data from SWE, NL, DEU Wood availability (forest in the vicinity)
Note: Transport dominates
Note: coal combustion, shipping (HFO gives rel. large particles), some diesel
Note: coal combustion, coke ovens & storage and handling of coal
Note: wood combustion & transport
Note: agriculture contribution
Conclusions
A European EC and OC emission inventory is compiled for the year
2005 that is consistent with particulate matter inventories.
Total PM2.5 for UNECE Europe (excl. shipping) = 3400 kt and about
half of this is carbonaceous aerosol (organic matter).
EC emission < 1 um = 525 kt, OC in PM2.5 is estimated to be and
847 kt, International shipping adds 79 kt EC and 84 kt OC.
Coarse EC and OC is not negligible in terms of PM10 fraction
Conclusions (2)
Diesel use in transport and fuel wood by households are responsible
for 70% EC_1 and 56% of OC in PM2.5.
A significant adjustment has been made for the emissions and
distribution from residential wood combustion.
The high resolution inventory of EC and OC is “passed on” to
Modelers within the EUCAARI project…..The feedback should help in
further improvements
Fire emissions for 2005 should be added…..
TNO – SU – IIASAThank you for your
attention
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work has been partly funded by EUCAARI
(European Integrated project on Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air
Quality interactions) No 036833-2.
European workshop: “The policy relevance of wear emissions from road
transport, now and in the future”
will take place on June 22nd in Amsterdam
for more information contact:magdalena.jozwicka@tno.nl