Geometric Dimensioning

and Tolerancing

A

FORM TOLERANCESLOCATION TOLERANCE

GDT PROBLEMS

Are all of these auto parts made in the same factory by the same company?

What is the purpose of GDT?

It is used on mating parts in order to assure that they are ‘interchangeable’.

Where did GDT come from?

THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS (ASME) CREATED A GLOBAL STANDARD TITLED ASME Y14.5-2009 FOR DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING.

SPEED LIMIT

6540

MINIMUM

What does this sign mean?

Any speed in between the limits is within the acceptable range or zone.

What are the LIMITS?

SPEED LIMIT

6540

MINIMUM

UPPER LIMIT

LOWER LIMIT

MAX.

MIN.

What happens if you go out of that zone?

SPEED LIMIT

6540

MINIMUM

25

The difference between the upper and lower limit equals the Tolerance zone. 65 UPPER LIMIT

-40 LOWER LIMIT

25 = TOLERANCE ZONE

What is the TOLERANCE?

Tolerance = is the total amount that a dimension is permitted to vary.

TOLERANCE

12.75

12.25

12.50 + 0.25

LIMITS

SPECIFIED DIMENSION

What are the LIMITS?

MMC & LMC MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION

AND LEAST MATERIAL CONDITION

What is the difference between these two glazed doughnuts? Both of these doughnuts cost 90 cents. Which one is the best buy? Why?

Which one was made with the most or maximum amount of dough?

MMC = Maximum Material Condition

LMC = Least Material Condition

M L

MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION (MMC) = IS WHERE A FEATURE CONTAINS THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF MATERIAL PERMITTED WITHIN THE STATED LIMITS. (SEE BOOK EXAMPLE 1-8 & 1-9)

MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION (MMC) = IS WHERE A FEATURE CONTAINS THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF MATERIAL PERMITTED WITHIN THE STATED LIMITS. (SEE BOOK EXAMPLE 1-8 & 1-9)

1.75

1.73

0.75

0.73

n

n

M

Look at the limits of the O.D. and the I.D. of the washer. Which ones represent the washer at MMC?

1.75

1.73

0.75

0.73

MMC OF THE O.D.n

nMMC OF THE I.D.

M MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION (MMC) = IS WHERE A FEATURE CONTAINS THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF MATERIAL PERMITTED WITHIN THE STATED LIMITS. (SEE BOOK EXAMPLE 1-8 & 1-9)

MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION (MMC) = IS WHERE A FEATURE CONTAINS THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF MATERIAL PERMITTED WITHIN THE STATED LIMITS. (SEE BOOK EXAMPLE 1-8 & 1-9)

1.75

1.73

0.75

0.73

n

n

Look at the limits of the O.D. and the I.D. of the washer. Which ones represent the washer at LMC?

L LEAST MATERIAL CONDITION (LMC) = IS WHERE A FEATURE CONTAINS THE LEAST AMOUNT OF MATERIAL PERMITTED WITHIN THE STATED LIMITS. (SEE EXAMPLE 1-10, 1-11)

LEAST MATERIAL CONDITION (LMC) = IS WHERE A FEATURE CONTAINS THE LEAST AMOUNT OF MATERIAL PERMITTED WITHIN THE STATED LIMITS. (SEE EXAMPLE 1-10, 1-11)

1.75

1.73

0.75

0.73

LMC OF THE O.D.

n

nLMC OF THE I.D.

L LEAST MATERIAL CONDITION (LMC) = IS WHERE A FEATURE CONTAINS THE LEAST AMOUNT OF MATERIAL PERMITTED WITHIN THE STATED LIMITS. (SEE EXAMPLE 1-10, 1-11)

LEAST MATERIAL CONDITION (LMC) = IS WHERE A FEATURE CONTAINS THE LEAST AMOUNT OF MATERIAL PERMITTED WITHIN THE STATED LIMITS. (SEE EXAMPLE 1-10, 1-11)

1.75

1.73

0.75

0.73

MMC OF THE O.D.n

nMMC OF THE I.D.

M MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION (MMC) = IS WHERE A FEATURE CONTAINS THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF MATERIAL PERMITTED WITHIN THE STATED LIMITS. (SEE BOOK EXAMPLE 1-8 & 1-9)

MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION (MMC) = IS WHERE A FEATURE CONTAINS THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF MATERIAL PERMITTED WITHIN THE STATED LIMITS. (SEE BOOK EXAMPLE 1-8 & 1-9)

Sometimes a geometric tolerance will be applied to a dimension at its MMC or it LMC.

However………..

REGARDLESS OF FEATURE SIZE (RFS) = IS THE TERM USED WHEN A GEOMETRIC TOLERANCE OR DATUM APPLIES AT ANY INCREMENT OF SIZE WITHIN ITS UPPER OR LOWER LIMIT. (SEE EXAMPLE 4-7)

REGARDLESS OF FEATURE SIZE (RFS) = IS THE TERM USED WHEN A GEOMETRIC TOLERANCE OR DATUM APPLIES AT ANY INCREMENT OF SIZE WITHIN ITS UPPER OR LOWER LIMIT. (SEE EXAMPLE 4-7)

RFS

Review1. What does ASME Y14.5-2009 stand for?

IT IS A GLOBAL STANDARD FOR DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING.2. What is tolerance?

IT IS THE TOTAL AMOUNT THAT A DIMENSION IS PERMITTED TO VARY. 3. What are limits?

ARE THE LARGEST AND SMALLEST (THE MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM) NUMERICAL VALUE THAT A FEATURES DIMENSIONS CAN BE. 4. How do they differ?

TOLERANCE IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A DIMENSIONS UPPER AND LOWER LIMITS.5. What is meant by Maximum Material Condition?

IS WHERE A FEATURE CONTAINS THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF MATERIAL PERMITTED WITHIN THE STATED LIMITS. 6. What is meant by Least Material Condition?IS WHERE A FEATURE CONTAINS THE LEAST AMOUNT OF MATERIAL PERMITTED WITHIN THE STATED LIMITS. 7. What is meant by RFS?REGARDLESS OF FEATURE SIZE

Symbols

Geometric Chacteristic Symbols

Feature Control FrameA SYMBOL MADE UP OF COMPARTMENTS CONTAINING THE GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTIC SYMBOL AND THE TOLERANCE. (SEE PAGE 44, EXAMPLE 2-10)

DATUMSA

Locate the projector

AProjectorSc

reen

Plan View

If we wanted to mount our projector from the ceiling what three dimensions would we need……. and in what order?

Locate the projector

ProjectorScre

en

B

Plan View

Locate the projector

ProjectorScre

en

C

Floor

Elevation View

A B C

Mounting Bracket

DATUMSA

DATUMS = ARE PLANES, SURFACES, POINTS, LINES OR AXES FROM WHICH MEASUREMENTS ARE MADE. THEY IDENTIFY SURFACES OR AXES THAT ARE IMPORTANT TO THE FUNCTION OF THE DESIGN.

DATUMS = ARE PLANES, SURFACES, POINTS, LINES OR AXES FROM WHICH MEASUREMENTS ARE MADE. THEY IDENTIFY SURFACES OR AXES THAT ARE IMPORTANT TO THE FUNCTION OF THE DESIGN.

A Datum Planes

A Datum Planes

A

A Datum Planes

A

B

A

A

B C

A Datum Placement on Drawings

A

B C

DATUM FEATURE SYMBOLS ARE PLACED ON THE EDGE VIEW OR ON EXTENSION LINES.

THE ORDER IN WHICH THE DATUM REFERENCE LETTERS ARE PLACED IN THE FEATURE CONTROL FRAME SIGNIFY THEIR IMPORTANCE. THIS IS CALLED THE ORDER OF PRECEDENCE.

.25

B

Datum Axis Placement on Drawings

DATUM AXIS

A

Datum Axis Placement on DrawingsA

ON THE OUTSIDE SURFACE (THE EDGE) OF A CYLINDRICAL FEATURE.

ON THE LEADER LINE SHOULDER

THE SYMBOL CAN ALSO BE PLACED ON THE EXTENSION LINE.

Datum Axis Placement on DrawingsA

THE DATUM SYMBOL CAN ALSO BE ATTACHED TO THE FEATURE CONTROL FRAME.

Datum Target Placement on DrawingsA

At times only a small area on a surface will be used as a datum. To identify these areas a Datum Target Symbol is used.

12

X

DATUM TARGET SYMBOL = ARE USED TO DESIGNATE POINTS OR A SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA. THEY ARE USED WHEN IT MAY NOT BE POSSIBLE TO ESTABLISH AN ENTIRE SURFACE AS A DATUM. (SEE EXAMPLE 3-12 PAGE 71)

12X

Review1. Define Datum?

Are planes, surfaces, points, lines or axes from which measurements are made. They identify surfaces or axes that are important to the function of the design.2. Describe the Datum Feature symbol?

3. List three areas where datum symbols should be placed?

• Edge view• Extension lines• Leader line shoulder• Feature control frame

A

Review (cont.)4. When are Datum Target Symbols used?

They are used to designate points or a specific surface area. They are used when it may not be possible to establish an entire surface as a datum. 5. Describe the Datum Target symbol?

GDT Problems

Problem 1 Solution

L

L

M

Problem 2 Solution

FORM TOLERANCES

ObjectivesIdentify form tolerance symbols, explain their purpose, and apply them to a drawing.

• Straightness

• Flatness

• Cylindricity

• Circularity

What are Form Tolerances?

• Form Tolerances are applied to single features and, therefore, are not related to a datum.

• They specify a zone in which the dimensioned feature must be controlled.

STRAIGHTNESS

Straightness a Form Tolerance

A condition where an element of a surface or an axis is in a straight line.

HOLE DIA.

By requiring a .04 tolerance zone allowance is made for the imperfection of the rod while stating an acceptable range for it use in the assembly.

What does this mean?

FLATNESS

A condition of a surface where all of the elements are in one plane.

Flatness a Form Tolerance

The problem is….

….can any surface be made perfectly flat?

So the designer must establish a range or zone of allowable variation. The form tolerance ‘Flatness’ is used to control the amount of variation on a flat surface.

Unlike straightness which controls the form of an object… flatness is used to control only a surface.

CIRCULARITY

Circularity a Form Tolerance

What kind of ride would you get if the wheels on you car were ‘out-of-round’?

Is it possible to make a wheel that is perfectly round?

How do you control the amount of allowable variation?

Circularity is established by two concentric circles created by a cross-section thru a rod or the center of a sphere.

Circularity a Form Tolerance

The problem is….

0.25

CYLINDRICITY

Cylindricity a Form Tolerance

The problem is….

0.25

Cylindricity is established by two concentric cylinders within which the entire surface of the cylinder must lie.

OUT OF TOLERANCE

Cylindricity a Form Tolerance

ORIENTATION TOLERANCES

ObjectivesIdentify orientation tolerance symbols, explain their purpose, and apply them to a drawing.

Parallelism

Perpendicularity

Angularity

What are Orientation Tolerances?

• Orientation Tolerances control the relationship of features to one another. One or more datum features shall be referenced.

• These Orientation Tolerances are total, meaning that all elements of a related surface or axis fall within the specified tolerance zone.

Parallelism an Orientation Tolerance

Parallelism is a condition of a surface or center plane equidistant from a datum plane or axis.

Parallelism an Orientation Tolerance

ANOTICE THAT A DATUM IS REFERENCED

Perpendicularity is a condition of a surface, center or axis at a right angle (90 degrees) to a datum plane or axis.

PERPENDICULARITY an Orientation Tolerance

A

.312 A

PERPENDICULARITY an Orientation Tolerance

A

.312 A

.312 WIDE TOLERANCE ZONE

ANGULARITY is a condition of a surface, center plane or axis at any specified angle from a datum plane or axis.

Angularity an Orientation Tolerance

A

LOCATION TOLERANCES

ObjectivesIdentify location tolerance symbols, explain their purpose, and apply them to a drawing.

Position

Concentricity

Symmetry

What are Location Tolerances?

• Location tolerances are used for the purpose of locating features from datums.

• They are also used for establishing coaxiality or symmetry.

Positional Tolerance is used to define a zone in which the center, axis, or center plane of a feature is permitted to vary.

THINK OF THE ARROW AS THE CENTER OR AXIS OF THE DRILL.

CONSIDER THE BULLSEYE ON THE TARGET AS THE ACCEPTABLE TOLERANCE ZONE.

ANY HIT WITHIN THAT ZONE IS CONSIDERED TO BE A BULLSEYE.

Positional a Location Tolerance

TRUE POSITION AXIS

WHAT IS THE MEANING OF THE FEATURE CONTROL FRAME SHOWN BELOW?

IT MEANS = THE IDENTIFIED HOLE IS TO BE POSITIONED WITHIN A 0.5 DIAMETER OF ITS TRUE (EXACT) POSITION, AT ITS MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION. THE HOLE WILL BE PERPENDICULAR TO DATUM-A, AND LOCATED FROM DATUM-B AND DATUM-C.

Positional Tolerance Application

A

B C

Concentricity Tolerance is used to establish a relationship between the axes of two or more cylindrical features of an object.When two or more cylindrical features share the same axis, they are said to be coaxial.

Concentricity a Location Tolerance

Symmetry Tolerance is a center plane relationship of the features of an object establishing a median point to center plane control.

Symmetry a Location Tolerance

GDT ProblemsA

M L

GDT Pin & Ring Problem

GDT Placement Problem 1

• Top surface is to be a primary datum

• Top surface to be smooth within .002

• Rear surface is to be a secondary datum

• Right-side surface is to be a tertiary datum

• .625 Dia hole in top to be positioned within .002

• .625 Dia hole in base to parallel to .625 Dia. at top within .002

Instructions: Ortho sketch, model and detail the Tool Post. Add the required GDT shown below.

GDT Placement Problem 2

• Bottom surface is to be a primary datum

• Right-side surface is to be a secondary datum

• Front surface is to be a tertiary datum

• The two 10 Dia holes in top to be positioned within .01, at maximum material condition

• The right-side surface is to be at right angles with the base within .02

Instructions: Ortho sketch model and detail the Frame Guide. Add the required GDT shown below.

GDT Placement Problem 3

• Axis of the 57.07 – 57.15 Dia is to be a primary datum

• The 44.37 – 44.45 Dia to be on the same center as the 57.07 – 57.15 Dia within .01

• The 28.52 – 28.58 Dia to be straight within .01, at maximum material condition

Instructions: Model and detail the Roller Stud and add the required GDT shown below.

GDT Placement Problem 4

• Axis of the 1.372 Dia hole is to be a primary datum

• Bottom surface is to be a secondary datum

• Bottom surface is to be flat within .002

• 1.372 Dia hole is to be 90 degrees to the bottom surface within .005 at LMC.

• Upper 4.750 Dia surface to be parallel to the bottom within .005.

• The three .375 Dia holes are to be positioned within .001 at MMC.

Instructions: Model and detail the Center Bushing and add the required GDT shown below.