Post on 19-Mar-2020
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Faculty of Bioscience Engineering
Academic year 2010 – 2011
A case study of health risk estimate for pesticide-users of
fruits and vegetable farmers in Cameroon
Christopher Ndi AMUOH
Promoters: Dr. ir. Liesbeth Jaxcsen
Dr. ir. Pieter Spanoghe
Tutor: Ir. Ilse Delcour
Master’s dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree of Master of Nutrition and Rural Development,
Main subject: Human Nutrition
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Copyright
“All rights are reserved. The author, the promoters and the tutor permit the use of this
Master’s Dissertation for consulting purposes and copying of parts for personal use. However,
any other use falls under the limitations of copyright regulations, particularly the stringent
obligation to explicitly mention the source when citing parts out of this Master’s dissertation”.
Ghent, June 2011
The Promoters
Dr. ir. Liesbeth Jaxcsen Dr. ir. Pieter Spanoghe
Email: Liesbeth.Jacxsens@UGent.be Email: Pieter.Spanoghe@UGent.be
The Tutor The Author
Ilse Delcour Christopher Ndi AMUOH
Email: Ilse.Delcour@UGent.be Email: chamuoh@yahoo.com
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Dedication
This piece of work is entirely dedicated to the Amuoh and Achu’s family
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Acknowledgement
This case study of Cameroon was carried out in five regions of Cameroon under the
project VEGI-TRADE within the Department of Food Safety and Food Quality of the Faculty
of Bioscience Engineering of the Ghent University.
My greatest thanks go to my promoters, Dr. ir. Liesbeth Jaxcsens, Dr. ir. Pieter Spanoghe
for accepting, encouraging, guiding me and for their constructive criticisms on which this
work is done.
I am also very grateful to my tutor Ir. Ilse Delcour for the encouragement and her
constructive criticism to this piece of work.
My thanks also go to the coordinators and staff of the Department of Nutrition and Rural
Development for guiding me through this study programme.
I equally wish to extend my sincere thanks and gratitude to the staff and friends of Global
Initiative for Sustainable development Programmes for their assistance in data collection and
throughout my study period.
I wish also to sincerely thank Mrs. Ndikontar Alice of the Ministry of Agriculture and
Rural Development Cameroon, for her moral and material assistance.
I will not forget my friends; Fonbah Cletus Chick, Atanga Wilson Nebafor, Tancho John
Siabze and Fru Alfred Ngufor for their assistance in developing and administering the
questions
I am equally thankful to Mr. Njoh Wanduku Tembong of World Vegetable Centre
Cameroon for providing me with documentation and necessary information about vegetable
cultivation in Cameroon
My warmest gratitude goes to my dear family; my mother Mary Amundam, my brothers
and sisters; Amuoh Margeret N., Amuoh Juliana A., Amuoh Anthony S., Amuoh Florence A.,
Amuoh Pius N., Amuoh Fidelis T., Amuoh Martin F., Amuoh Patricia A., Amuoh Doris N.
for their concern, moral support and prayers to the success of my studies.
I am particularly very grateful to my beloved wife Anita Injoh Amuoh, my children;
Amuoh Velma-Wendi Amundam, Amuoh McRollins Ngoh for their patience and prayers
during this period spent in their absence. I will never forget the words of children “Dady, how
is studies? How is life over there? Have you eating? When are you coming?”
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Abstract
The present study was carried out under the project Vegi-Trade and was aimed to estimate the
health risk of vegetable farmers to pesticide users in Cameroon. The main objective of the
study was to investigate the health risk due to pesticide use by small scale independent
vegetable farmers and fruits farmers employed under multinational cooperation in Cameroon.
The main types of vegetables and fruits produced in Cameroon, the percentage of farmers
using chemical pesticides and the frequency and dosage of pesticides use were also
investigated. The types, source of pesticides used and method of application of the available
pesticides as compared to the recommended standard methods were equally analysed. Finally,
common illnesses in the area which may be related to the use of pesticides were also analysed.
Developing countries, Cameroon inclusive rely on pesticides for agricultural production. Due
to high temperatures coupled with high humidity of tropics, the pest and disease problems
increase. The use of pesticides in the tropics has been highly pronounced due to standards for
cosmetic quality in export markets for fresh fruits and vegetables. The use of pesticides in
Cameroon was 100% sudsidized in the the 80s and 90s and this caused farmers to depend on
chemical pesticides for agricultural production. A variety of fruits and vegetables are
cultivated in Cameroon, many of which are of economic and regional importance but data is
only available for few.
In Cameroon, the small scale farmers are most of the time left on their own. They rely on
neighbouring cities and local dealers for pesticides and farm inputs. These farmers lack the
necessary training to update their knowledge. It is easy to find farmers spraying without body
covering, smoking, eating and drinking during spraying or using fake, adulterated and expired
pesticides, using pesticides meant for cocoa or cotton on fruits and vegetables, and sometimes
the equipment they use leak. Although the multinational companies use technological inputs,
the workers are still exposed to pesticides during mixing and also when airplanes are used to
spray the fields during working hours. A recent study conducted in Cameroon points out side
usage of pesticides banned in other countries (chlordecone in the Caribbean). Common
illnesses with small scale farmers include body itches, cough, stomach ulcer (diarrhoea), eye
problems, and respiratory problem. The same problems are recorded in the area where the
multinational companies are located but higher and including frequent deaths which they
attribute to witchcraft.
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Abrreviations
ADI: Acceptable Daily Intake
AFSSA: Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments
AGRODEC CAM: Agricultural development Company Cameroon
AU-ICC: Inter-African Phytosanitary Council of the African Union
AVRDC World Vegetable Centre
CARBAP: African Regional Centre for Research on Banana and plantains
CCAP: Committee on Pesticides in Central Africa
CCHD: Catholic Committee against Hunger and Development
CDA: Controlled Drop Application
CDC: Cameroon Development Cooperation
CEMAC: Economic and Monetary Committee of Central African States
CFR: Code of Federal Regulation
CIA: Central Intelligence Agency
DDT: Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
FAO: Food and Agricultural Organisation
FFV: Fresh fruits and vegetables
GAP: Good Agricultural Practices
GDP: Gross Domestic Product
ICPM: Integrated Crop and Pests Management
IFSS: International Food Safety Standards
IMF: International Monetary Fund
IRAD: Institute for Agronomic Research
ISO: International Organisation for Standardisation
IUPAC: International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry
MAC: Maximum Allowable Concentration
MINADER: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
MINEF: Ministry of Environment and Forestry
MRLs: Maximum Residue Limits
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NGOs: Non-Governmental Organisations
PHP: Penja Haut Plantation
POPs: Persistent Organic Pollutants
SAILD: Support Services to Grassroot Initiative of Development
SOWEDA: South West Development Authority
SPNP: Société des plantations nouvelles de Penja
SPS: Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary
SPSS: Statistical programme for Social Sciences
UK: United Kingdom
UN: United Nation
US-EPA's: United State Environmental Protection Agency
WHO: World Health Organisation
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Table of Contents
Copyright ............................................................................................................................... i
Dedication ............................................................................................................................ ii
Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................... iii
Abstract ............................................................................................................................... iv
Abrreviations ........................................................................................................................ v
Tables ................................................................................................................................... x
Figures ................................................................................................................................. xi
Chapter1. General Introduction ............................................................................................ 1
1.1 Advantages of the use of pesticides ....................................................................................... 3
1.2 Disadvantages of Pesticides .................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Problem Statement ................................................................................................................. 4
1.4 Objective of the study ............................................................................................................. 5
1.4.1 Overall Objective .............................................................................................................. 5
1.4.2 Specific objectives ............................................................................................................ 5
Chapter 2: Literature Review ............................................................................................... 6
2.1 Overview of Vegetable Production and Pesticide Usage ........................................................ 6
2.1.1 Major crops ...................................................................................................................... 7
2.1.2 Total vegetable production .............................................................................................. 8
2.2 Major vegetable diseases and pests ..................................................................................... 10
2.3 Differences in farming between the small scale vegetable Farmers and Multinational
Cooperation ......................................................................................................................... 12
2.4 Pesticides usage and effects ................................................................................................. 13
2.4.1Pesticide pollution .......................................................................................................... 15
2.5 Exposure to pesticides .......................................................................................................... 15
2.6 Application Techniques ......................................................................................................... 17
2.7 Toxicological aspect of pesticides ......................................................................................... 18
2.7.1 Pesticides and pesticide residues .................................................................................. 18
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2.7.2 Toxicity of pesticides ...................................................................................................... 19
2.7.3 Acute toxicity ................................................................................................................. 19
2.7.4 Chronic effect of pesticides ........................................................................................... 19
2.7.5 Health effects (see table 2.4) ......................................................................................... 20
2.7.6 Other problems .............................................................................................................. 21
Chapter 3: Materials and Methods ..................................................................................... 23
3.1 Development of questionnaire ............................................................................................. 23
3.2 Selection of regions............................................................................................................... 23
3.3 Data Collection ...................................................................................................................... 24
3.4 Administration of the questionnaires ................................................................................... 25
3.5 Data Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 26
Chapter 4: Results, Discussion and Observations .............................................................. 28
4.1 Results and Discussion .......................................................................................................... 28
4.1.1 Farm size ........................................................................................................................ 28
4.1.2 Quantity Produced ......................................................................................................... 29
4.1.3 Pesticides used by farmers on fruits and vegetables in Cameroon ............................... 31
4.1.4 Knowledge on pesticides and harm caused by certain pesticides ................................. 35
4.1.5 Pesticide problems ......................................................................................................... 37
4.1.6 Measuring of pesticides ................................................................................................. 38
4.1.7 Pesticide residue ............................................................................................................ 39
4.1.8 Illegal use of pesticides .................................................................................................. 39
4.1.9 Pest and disease impact ................................................................................................. 39
4.1.10 Food Consumption ....................................................................................................... 40
4.1.11 Food Preparation ......................................................................................................... 40
4.1.12 Climate change ............................................................................................................ 41
4.2 Observations ......................................................................................................................... 41
4.2.1 Infrastructure for pesticide use in Cameroon ................................................................ 44
4.2.2 Legal and institutional infrastructure ............................................................................ 45
4.2.3 Pesticide management and registration system ........................................................... 45
4.2.4 Challenges for the Cameroonian Government .............................................................. 45
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation .................................................................... 47
5.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 47
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5.2 Recommendation .................................................................................................................. 48
5.2.1 Rational control methods against plant diseases .......................................................... 48
5.2.2 Awareness / Training ..................................................................................................... 48
5.2.3 Use of pesticide application equipment ........................................................................ 49
5.2.4 Food Safety .................................................................................................................... 50
References .......................................................................................................................... 51
Annexes
Annex 1: Sample questions to the farmers (users of pesticides)
Annexe 2: Sample questionnaire Pesticide Control body/Ministry of Agriculture
Annexe 3: List of homologated Pesticides
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Tables
Table 2.2: Some main cultivated Fruits and Vegetables in Cameroon ..................................... 9
Table 3.2: Cultivated Surface Area (Ha) and production (tonnes) of some major Vegetable
crops ...................................................................................................................... 10
Table 2.4: A review of some major vegetable pests and diseases ............................................ 11
Table 2. 5: Toxicity categories for active ingredients. ............................................................. 22
Table 3.1: Distribution of respondents per region ................................................................... 26
Table 4.1: Preference for certain crops with respect to regions of the respondent ................. 28
Table 4.2: Pesticide used by farmers on fruits and vegetales in Cameroon ............................. 32
Table 4.3: Variation in application frequency .......................................................................... 34
4.1.5.1 Small scale farms ......................................................................................................... 37
4.1.5 .2 Banana and multinational cooperation ........................................................................ 38
Table 4.4: Measuring of pesticide dosage to be sprayed .......................................................... 38
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Figures
Figure 3. 1: Map of Cameroon showing Regions and ecological zones .................................. 24
Figure 4.1: Production of some major fruits and vegetables in the five regions of Cameroon 29
Figure 4.2: Carrots produced per unit surface area in Santa Mbei ........................................... 30
Figure 4.3: Tomatoes produced per unit surface area in Santa Mbei ....................................... 30
Figure 4. 4: Some vegetables and fruits cultivated in Cameroon ............................................. 31
Figure4. 5: Farmers' knowledge on pesticide ........................................................................... 35
Figure 4.6: Problems common to pesticide users .................................................................... 37
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Chapter1. General Introduction
According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF, 2010) report , Cameroon is an economic
paradox with an incredible amount of natural resources including petroleum, timber,
extremely favourable conditions for agriculture and mineral resources. Due to a lack of
structural economic reforms, widespread corruption and lack of a clear vision and
development strategy for the country, approximately 39.9% of Cameroonians live below the
poverty line with less than 1$ per day. Approximately 41% of Cameroonians have access to
drinking water, 40% of households have access to electricity and only 31.5% have access to a
decent toilet. The country has a GDP per capital – Purchasing Power Parity of $2,300 (CIA,
2010)
Cameroon is situated in Central West Africa from latitude 3° to 13° north of the Equator.
Geographically it is a West African country but politically it belongs to Central Africa (Neba
and Aaron, 1999). The country shares its borders with Chad, Central African Republic,
Congo, Gabon, Equatoria Guinea and Nigeria. It has a range of agro-ecological zones, from
dry desert areas in the north to equatorial rain forest in the south. These zones are namely: the
Soudano-Sahelian zone (Maroua, Garoua), the High Guinea Savannah zone (Wakwa –
Ngaoundéré), the Western High plateau zone (Bambui – Mankon), the Humid Forest
Monomodal zone (Ekona) and the Humid Forest Bimodal zone (Nkol bisson – Yaoundé)
which all account for the cultivation of varied crop types (see figure 3.1). The country has a
surface area of 475,440 km², with a population of 19,521,645(WB, 2009). Cameroon is
subdivided into 10 regions, two of them are English speaking and 8 are French speaking. The
official languages are English and French
(http://fita.org/countries/cameroon.html?ma_rubrique=panorama). There are more than 260
local African languages spoken in Cameroon.
Climatically, Cameroon is hot and dry (November to February), rainy in October with
temperatures ranging from 22°C to 29°C in the South. In the North, there are varying
temperatures which sometimes exceed 40°C. The Adamawa plateau experiences a sharp drop
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in temperatures at night with rainy season from May-Oct while the Grassland inland areas are
much cooler than the Coast with regular rainfall (country ref. December, 2009).
The rainfall varies from area to area from 380-600mm annually in the semi-arid north regions,
1500mm in Adamaoua highland, 2500-4000mm along the coast and reaching 10000mm of
rain along the western slopes of Mount Cameroon, where abundant rain falls almost
throughout the year (Neba A., 2010).
The economy of Cameroon relies principally on agriculture with about 75% of the active
population involved in agricultural production which accounts for approximately 50% of total
exports (Wolfgang G., 1997). The country has a great agricultural potential with the climate
ranging from humid to semi-arid. In 1972, through the Cameroon Green Revolution that was
launched in Buea, the government encouraged mono-cropping with the use of chemical
inputs, subsidizing up to 65% and 100% of the cost of fertilizer and pesticides respectively.
With the government subsidies and credit, many farmers shifted towards export crop
production and agriculture became heavily dependent on external inputs like fertilizers and
pesticides. (Wolfgang G., 1997).
Cameroon is the bread basket for the West and Central African regions in terms of food
production. Significant proportions of the population depend on the production of fruits and
vegetables for their livelihood. Majority of the fruits and vegetables produced in Cameroon
are exported to neighbouring countries of Central and West Africa, Europe and America,
Bananas, cabbages, lettuces for example are exported to Europe fresh. Top vegetables
cultivated include: onion, tomatoes, cabbages, carrots, Irish potatoes, leeks, celery, parsley,
green beans, pepper, water melon, okra, lettuce and cucumbers. Top fruits cultivated in
Cameroon include: bananas, oranges, papaw (papaya), pineapples, plums, mangoes, pears,
sugarcanes. Though the country has fertile soils, the agricultural sector still face some major
constrains like; inappropriate farming techniques, poor availability of pesticides/equipment,
lack of safety precautions, absence of effective control measures on Maximum Residue Limits
(MRLs), and absence of government regulatory role on pesticide control. The use of
pesticides for effective pest control is generating a lot of public health and environmental
concern.
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1.1 Advantages of the use of pesticides
The use of agrochemicals is both beneficial and harmful. Beneficial effects are associated
with increased plant yields, an increase in animal crops and less spoilage during storage.
Agrochemicals combined with genetically improved varieties of crop species have
contributed positively to the successes of the “green revolution” that has helped to increase
food supply to the rapidly increasing world population. As an example, rice is the main staple
food for millions of people worldwide. Negatively, agrochemicals (pesticides) have produced
contamination which involves the widespread presence of pesticide residues in virtually all
wildlife, well water, and food and even in humans. Some people believe that residues of some
of the chemicals used in animal husbandry ends up as a problem, for example traces of
antibiotics and bovine growth hormones in consumer products like meat or milk (Fernando P.
and Carvalho, 2005)
According to Wiki Answers,: pesticides are an economical way of controlling pests. The use
of pesticides requires low labour input and large areas can be effectively treated within the
shortest possible time. In 2004, Dini et al. pointed out that there is four-fold return on every
dollar a farmer spends on pesticides. A suitable pesticide is available for almost all pest
problems with variation in type, activity and persistence.
Using pesticides will reduce diseases and increase food production with a higher supply and
variety of high quality products at reasonable prices (Wiki Answers). Nutritious free food,
that is foods that are free of pesticides or disease causing agents, and flowers that have not
been damaged by pests cannot be obtained without the use of pesticides. Pesticides are often
used to stop the spread of pests in imports and exports, preventing weeds in gardens and
protecting house and furniture from destruction (Wiki Answers).
1.2 Disadvantages of Pesticides
The above website equally indicates the following disadvantages: the use of some pesticides
will lead to reduction of beneficial species such as bees, birds, soil and aquatic organisms,
applying chemicals on fields can affect animals which interact with the targeted pests. The
reduction in these other organisms can result in changes in the biodiversity of an area and
affect natural biological balances.
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Pesticides can affect other areas during application and can cause severe problems in different
crops, livestock, waterways and the general environment, wildlife and fish are the most
affected. Taking special note of weather conditions can reduce drift.
The use of pesticides may lead to residues in human food. This can either be by direct
application onto the food, or by bio-magnification along the food line. Not all levels are
undesirable but unnecessary and dangerous levels must be avoided through good agricultural
practice.
Persistent use of products in agricultural areas can lead to chemicals reaching the underground
aquifers causing ground water contamination. When the same pesticides are overused, the
targeted pest can develop resistance to the pesticide. Excessive exposure to pesticides without
safe handling procedures and wearing of protective clothing can lead to poisoning. Poisoning
risks depend on dose, toxicity, duration of exposure and sensitivity.
Farmers and farm-workers can get exposed to pesticides through four primary routes namely
ingestion, inhalation, dermal absorption, and absorption through the eyes. Individuals in a
farm situation can get exposed to pesticides in various ways (Okello J.J. and Swinton S.M.,
2010). These include entry into freshly sprayed fields, eating while spraying pesticides, skin
contact with liquid, powder or aerosol forms of pesticides, eating contaminated foods, eating
unwashed products. Exposure to toxic pesticides can result in health hazards in the form of
acute or chronic illnesses (Maumbe B.M. and Swinton S.M., 2003).
1.3 Problem Statement
The use of pesticides for effective pest control is regulated in a way that the safety limits are
not reached when applying according to the good agricultural practices (GAP). Environmental
contamination, water contamination, air pollution, aquatic habitat as well as human health are
endangered due to sources of the pesticides, poor equipment, lack of safety measures, and
wrong dosage of pesticides, pesticide misuse, poor extension services and the absence of
strong policies regulation of the pesticide.
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1.4 Objective of the study
1.4.1 Overall Objective
The overall objective of the study is to investigate the health risk due to pesticide use by small
scale independent vegetable farmers and fruits farmers employed under multinational
cooperation in Cameroon.
1.4.2 Specific objectives
• To determine the main types of vegetables and fruits produced in Cameroon, the
percentage of farmers using chemical pesticides and the frequency and dosage of
pesticides use;
• To determine the types, the source of pesticides used and method of application of the
available pesticides compared to the recommended standard methods;
• To determine the common illnesses in the area which maybe related to the use of
pesticides;
• To assess the policies in place with regards to pesticides application and make
comparison between the existing policies with the recommended standard policies and
then possibly make some recommendations.
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Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.1 Overview of Vegetable Production and Pesticide Usage
In order to produce for international markets, developing country farmers rely on pesticides
for agricultural production (Maumbe B. M. & Swinton S.M., 2003). High temperatures
coupled with high humidity of tropical climates exacerbate the pest and disease problems
(Okello J.J., 2005). The use of pesticides in the tropics has been highly pronounced due to
standards for cosmetic quality in export markets for fresh fruits and vegetables. Many
developing countries seeking to diversify their production from staples to high value
commodities have made improvements in production and export of fresh produce. Growth has
especially been greatest in the fresh fruits and vegetables (FFV) and in the flower subsectors.
In the 1980s and 1990s due to fall in the prices of coffee and cocoa, most African country
farmers embarked on the cultivation and exports of FFV with most of these destined to
Europe (with UK, Holland, Germany, and Italy being the leading importers) (Okello J.J. et al.,
2010). As is the case with the Kenyan Green bean sector, the strong expansion in green bean
exports is largely targeted at European consumers who demand aesthetic quality attributes
such as spotlessness that generally encourage increased use of pesticides (Farina. E and
Reardon T, 2000). The demand for cosmetic quality attributes (color, shape, spotlessness) has
been held responsible for increasing pesticide use in the production of fresh exports from
developing countries. Ohayo- Mitoko, 1997 documents cases of widespread use of pesticides
in Asia and Kenya respectively. Excessive use of pesticides in Kenyan horticultural industry
has also been reported (Mwanthi M. and Kimani V., 1990; Okado M., 2001 and Jaffee S.,
2003). These studies suggest that many Kenyan fresh export vegetable farmers used pesticides
indiscriminately, in some cases, applying pesticides meant for other crops (such as coffee) on
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fresh vegetables. As a result of the abusive use of pesticides and its effect on human health
and the environment, developing countries governments have revised their pesticide residue
standards. This standard is aimed at introducing a new order in the use of pesticides for the
production of fruits and vegetables destined for developed countries. According to standards
by International Food Safety Standards (IFSS), only pesticides that are safe to farmers and
farm-workers, other non-target species and the consumers should be used in production of
vegetables for exports. However, the safer pesticides are often either more expensive or less
efficacious (Jaffee S., 2003). The same standards points to the fact that farmers and pesticide
users are required, under International Food Safety Standards (IFSS), to handle, apply and
discard leftover pesticides safely in order to reduce the hazards they pose to non-target
animals, themselves and plant species. These requirements are reinforced by farmer training
on safe use, storage and disposal of pesticides and enforced via close monitoring for
compliance. According to African analysts “the expected benefits to European consumers
would impose unacceptable costs on African producers, especially smallholders and hence,
the welfare effects of African producers” (Mungai N., 2004). The compliance with European
IFSS has been a subject of intense debate.
2.1.1 Major crops
A non exhaustive literature review (Tankou C., 1996; SAILD, 1998; SAILD, 2001) showed
that the main categories of vegetables cultivated in Cameroon comprise of root, bulb, leafy
and fruit vegetables. Root vegetables include carrot, beet root and potato. Onion and garlic are
the major bulb vegetables whereas major leafy vegetables include huckleberry, amaranth,
cabbage, bush okra, lettuce, parsley, celery, leeks. Other major vegetables grown in
Cameroon include pepper (sweet and hot), green beans, tomatoes, garden egg, okra, and sweet
melon, cucurbits, cucumber and water melon.
8
2.1.2 Total vegetable production
Out of the list in table 2.1, 20 vegetables and fruits are of economic and regional importance
as reported by Kouamé C., (2007), for the humid zone of West and Central Africa: These are
illustrated in table 2.4. According to the same source, literature of their total production and
cultivated surface area was available only for five, namely, egusi, okra, onion, hot pepper and
tomato.
9
Table 2.1: Some main cultivated Fruits and Vegetables in Cameroon
Count Scientific Name English French
1 Allium cepa onion oignon 2 Allium porrum leeks poireaux 3 Allium sativum garlic ail 4 Amaranthus hybridus amaranthus amaranthe 5 Apium graveolens celery celeri 6 Brassica oleracea cabbage choux 7 Capsicum annuum sweet pepper poivron 8 Capsicum frutescens hot pepper piment 9 Citrullus vulgaris water melon pastèque 10 Corchorus olitorius bush okra corette portagère 11 Cucumis mani egusi, gourd pistache 12 Cucumis sativus cucumber concombre 13 Cucumis melo sweet melon melon 14 Curcurbita moschata pumpkin citrouille 15 Daucus carota carrot carotte 16 Hibiscus esculentus okra gombo 17 Lactuca sativa lettuce Laitue 18 Lycopersicon esculenttum tomato tomate 19 Petroselinum sativum parsley Persil 20 Phaseolus vulgaris green bean haricot vert 21 Solanum melongena garden egg aubergine 22 Solanum nigrum huckleberry morelle 23 Solanum tuberosum irish potato pomme de terre 24 Musa spp banana banane 25 Carica papaya L pawpaw papaye 26 Ananas comosus L. pineapple ananas 27 Persea americana Miller Avocado Avocat 28 Citrus sinensis orange orange 29 Mangifera indica mango mangue
Source: (Kouamé C., 2007; Fontem D., 1991)
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Table 2.2: Cultivated Surface Area (Ha) and production (tonnes) of some major
Vegetable crops
Vegetable
Year
Egusi/Concombre Okra/
Gombo
Onion/
Oignon
Hot pepper/
Piment
Tomatoes
2001
SA (ha) 101412 28230 6420 4968 23597
PROD(t) 124686 33320 68655 6685 380039
2002
SA (ha) 98095 32990 7383 5507 28788
PROD(t) 127429 34120 70303 7287 389160
2003
SA (ha) 121887 38553 8491 6104 35122
PROD(t) 122306 34938 71990 7942 398500
2004
SA (ha) 115214 45054 9764 6765 42849
PROD(t) 124997 35777 73718 8657 408064
2005
SA (ha) 108541 51555 11037 7426 50576
PROD(t) 12774 3663 7548 943 41785
Source: (IRAD, 2007)
The review showed that at each year from 2001 to 2005, tomatoes recorded the highest
production, followed by egusi then onion, okra and lastly by pepper. However, the tendency
was different for the cultivated area, with egusi occupying the widest area for each subsequent
year from 2001, followed by okra, then tomatoes, onions and lastly by pepper.
2.2 Major vegetable diseases and pests
A study conducted on some of the major fruits and vegetales (Fontem D., 1991; Tankou C.,
1996; SAILD, 1998; SAILD, 2001; Nounamo et al., 2005; Djiéto-Lordon and Aléné C.,
2006,) reveals the following diseases and pests shown in table 3.
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Table 2.3: A review of some major vegetable pests and diseases
No. Vegetable Major diseases Major pest 1 Tomato Bacteria wilt, early blight, late blight,
damping off, mosaic virus Leaf miners, mites, corn earthworm, root-knot nematode
2 Onion Pink root, downy mildew, neck root, soft rot, yellow dwarf, smut
Red spider, onion thrips, pea leaf miner larvae, cutworms, nematodes, wireworms, onion maggots
3 Cabbage Stemphylium, diverse rots, damping-off Cutworms, aphids, cabbage moth (Mamestra (Barathra) brassicae), slugs, caterpillars
4 Sweet pepper
Mildew, cercospora leaf spot, phytopthora blight, fusarium wilt, anthracnose, ripe rot, tobacco mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, gal formations
Flee beetles, cutworms, aphids, vegetable weevil, caterpillars, grasshoppers, pepper maggots, leaf miners
5 Hot pepper Anthracnose, die-back, mosaic virus Ants, cératite (Mediterranean fly) 6 Bush okra Wilt Sweet potato butterfly, root-knot nematode,
cotton leafworm 7 Egusi,
gourd Oidium (Erysiphe cichoracearum), sclerotinia (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp), cercospora, virus, mildew
Nematode, mites, aphids, thrips
8 Okra Leaf spot, powdery mildew, dry rot Melon aphids, cotton stainer, corn earworm, root-knot nematode, flea beetle, jassides
9 Green Wet rot of leaves, damping of seedlings Leaf miner, cutworms, nematodes 10 Garden egg Bacterial wilt Flea beetles 11 Huckleberry Late blight, yellow vein clearing, viral
disease Cutworms, ants
12 leeks Leaf miners, mites, corn earthworm,, root-knot nematode
13 banana Antracnose, Crown rot, Sigatoka disease Colletotrichum musae, Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Botryodiplodia theobromae), Ceratocystis paradoxa, Colletotrichum musae, Fusarium pallidoroseum, Verticillium theobromae, Mycosphaerella musicola and Mycosphaerella fijiensis
14 pawpaw Antracnose, Phytophthora rot, Stem end rots
Glomerella cingulata, Phytophthora palmivora, Mycosphaerella caricae
15 avocados Anthracnose/black spot, Stem end rots,
Glomerella cingulata ,Lasiodiplodia (Botriodiplodia) theobromae, Phomopsis perseae, Dothiorella
16 pineapple black rot (soft rot/stem-end rot/water rot), Fruitlet core rot (brown rot/black rot/eye rot/black spot)
Ceratocystis paradoxa, Gibberella fujikuroi, Fusarium moniliforme, Penicillium funiculosum, Pseudomonas ananas.
Source: Kouame C, 2007
12
2.3 Differences in farming between the small scale vegetable Farmers and
Multinational Cooperation
Small scale farmers cultivate smaller farm sizes e.g. 2-5ha depending on the available
incomes. They rely in family labour for work in the farmers. They equally rely on
neighbouring cities, countries and local dealers (resellers) for pesticides and other farm inputs.
They do not undertake frequent trainings to update their knowledge on new farming
techniques but depend on trials and friends for advice on pesticides.
For a multinational cooperation, there is high investment in capital, employed labour force
and high technological input in terms of pesticide application and farm management. These
companies include Delmonte Banana, Dole, SPNP, PHP, CDC and many others involve with
banana production and export. Others such as Camfarmers group, Dole Food inc, SOWEDA
Farmers, AGRODEC CAM, Pago Group, Export Commifas, Afro investment plc, Salvation
Food company, CDC Belmonte, Delmonte Younga Dedacus, Cameroon Development
Cooperation (CDC) and many others export fresh fruits and vegetables from Cameroon to
other parts of the world more specifically to west and central Africa, Europe and parts of
Asia.
With regards to banana production, Cameroon and Ivory Coast have the same production with
both countries producing about 250 - 300 x 103 tons of bananas yearly and exporting it to the
European Union (EU). In Ivory Coast, most bananas are produced on 65 small farms
occupying 5500 hectares of land while in Cameroon, banana is produced by multinationals
who are established as important producers and who control the export trade (Arias et al,
2004).
The Catholic Committee for the fight against Hunger and under development (CCHD) and
Oxfam- Agirici, in a recent report, classifies the Penja Haute Plantation (PHP) among the
most “unscrupulous” companies that exist. The accusations are expropriation of land to the
detriment of local farmers through dubious if not illegal means, poor working conditions for
its 600 employees some of who work for as much as 15 hours a day without compensation,
lack of freedom to form unions and wrongful dismissals (Pigeaud F., 2009).
13
The same report equally points out the fact that the inhabitants complain of pollution caused
by fungicides and pesticides (chlordecone) used by the banana companies, some of which
have recently been banned by the EU because they pose a health hazard. As indicated by the
report, the inhabitants complained of water pollution “Our river, our only source of water is
polluted” says the inhabitant of a hamlet located near Njombe. Most of the pesticides are
sprayed by airplanes which are easily inhaled by the inhabitants. From a report confirmed by
health officials, the most common diseases after malaria are respiratory diseases and skin
disorders, two health problems associated with the use of chemical substances. Many
witnesses also refer to the high number of cancers as proof of that.
2.4 Pesticides usage and effects
Pesticides are used to reduce the abundance of pest species and diseases in agriculture.
Unfortunately during application, the exposure of non-target organisms, including humans is
not well controlled. This is especially the case when fields are sprayed, for example when
using application equipment drawn by a tractor or mounted on airplanes. This occurs on the
treated site and also on nearby off-sites as a result of "drift", volitalization, contacts, and
runoffs or washed off by rain of the sprayed agrochemical. The non-target exposures result in
many unnecessary poisonings and deaths of organisms that are not agricultural pests.
Persistent pesticides such as DDT, dieldrin and aldrin cause a widespread environmental
contamination (Spearks et al. 2002).
In the 1960s, DDT was used for preventing many fish-eating birds from reproducing, which
was a serious threat to biodiversity. The agricultural use of DDT is now banned under the
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, but it is still used in some developing
nations including Cameroon to prevent malaria and other tropical diseases by spraying on
interior walls to kill or repel mosquitoes. DDT was used in 1960 for household uses in public
health. Build up of resistance to it has been noted in the southern area of Cameroon (Gimou
M. et al, 1997).
Massive doses of DDT were used in anti-vector control in the Sanaga basin. This has resulted
in insects acquiring resistance to the pesticide (DDT) (Publication, 1985). At the present time
only pyrethrum is used for larvae control.
14
According to the same report, in 1989, an anti-mosquito insecticide distributed in Cameroon
was banned as it contained DDT. The report also stated that Dieldrin has been used in
agriculture for cotton in the north of Cameroon up to 1978. This use has given rise to
resistance on the part of the insects, in particular the Anopheles mosquito. This is a difficult
resistance to overcome since it also gives the insect resistance to other pesticides such as
pyrethroids. Effective pyrethroids are currently in use.
A more recent study: ”Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on the Cameroon Estuary
Mangrove Ecosystem” (MINEF, 1991) in the middle of the Gulf of Guinea, shows a
significant pollution by pesticides classified as persistent organic pollutants. This pollution is
of municipal origin (towns that are heavily populated and industrialized), and from agriculture
(mechanized agriculture) and petroleum refineries, and it affects marine products in that they
end up in rivers, lakes and streams.
As a very broad field, pesticide exposure assessment is very complex and challenging. There
are many but highly variable routes through which exposures occur. Professional training in
the field of hygiene and exposure assessment can improve the scientific capabilities of
researchers and public health officials responsible for evaluating and controlling pesticide
exposures (Franklin & Worgan, 2005).
Reynolds J., 1997, pointed outed out that pesticide use can have unintended effects on the
environment, air, water, soil, plants, animals, birds, amphibians, aquatic life and humans.
Approximately 98% of all insecticides and 95% of herbicides that are sprayed do not reach
the target destination (Nathalie van H, December 2007). They reach non-target specie by
pesticide drift which occurs when pesticides suspended in air as particles are carried by wind
to other areas potentially polluting them, water pollution, bottom sediments, and food.
Pesticides contaminate land and water when it escapes from production sites and storage
tanks, when it runs off from fields, when it is discarded, when it is sprayed aerially and when
it is sprayed into water to kill algae. Some pesticides are persistent organic pollutants and
contribute to soil contamination. Example is vinyl chloride that can cause cancer. Some
pesticides contribute to global warming and the depletion of the ozone layer (Globalshiksha,
2010).
15
2.4.1Pesticide pollution
Pesticide use reduces biodiversity and nitrogen fixation, contributes to decrease in pollinators,
destroys habitats (especially for birds) and threatens endangered species. Pests can develop
resistance to the pesticide (pesticide resistance), necessitating a new pesticide. Alternatively, a
greater dose of the pesticide can be used to counteract the resistance, although this will cause
a worsening of the ambient pollution problem.
Appelgren (FAO, 1994b) reports for Lithuania that while pesticide pollution has diminished
due to economic factors, water pollution by pesticides is often caused by inadequate storage
and distribution of agrochemicals. In the United States, the US-EPA's National Pesticide
Survey found out that the 10.4% of community wells and 4.2% of rural wells contained
detectable levels of one or more pesticides (US-EPA, 1992). In a study of groundwater wells
in agricultural south western Ontario (Canada), 35% of the wells tested positive for pesticides
on at least one occasion (Lampman W., 1995).
Use of pesticides in developing countries is extremely variable, from nil in large in parts of
Africa, to extremely heavy dosage in intensive agricultural areas of Brazil and plantations of
Central America. In their review of the limited research literature on pesticide use and impacts
in Africa, (Calamari and Naeve, 1994) conclude that, "The concentrations found in various
aquatic compartments, with few exceptions are lower than in other parts of the world, in
particular in developed countries which have a longer history of high pesticide consumption
and intense use. Generally, the coastal waters, sediments and biota are less contaminated than
inland water environmental compartments, with the exception of a few hot spots."
2.5 Exposure to pesticides
According to a publication titled “impact of pesticide use on health in developing countries
(IDRC, 1993)”, the World Health Organisation (WHO, 1986), estimated that millions of
people were being poisoned annually with about 20,000 cases resulting in death. Much of the
problem came from the toxicity of the pesticides used by many small-scale farmers, without
adequate knowledge and failing to adequately protect themselves during pesticide
applications. Pesticide application causes serious health problems but blames are usually laid
on pesticides without considering the way the pesticides are applied.
16
According to the Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO, 22 September 2004), in a report
titled “pest control in cut flowers" many problems related to pesticide usage including
environmental, air, water, soil and health.
A survey of pesticide application in Cameroon conducted by Matthews G., 2003, raises
growing concern about various reports of illnesses associated with pesticide users
(linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve).
In 1993, Mamat et al. a expressed concern about the design of a lever-operated sprayer and
listed specific features, which increase the risk of direct physical harm as well as the health
hazards due to exposure to the pesticide sprays. The following factors needed serious
attention: leakages, design of the spray lance, tank weight, and sharp edges on the size of filler
opening due to wornout, sprayer tank, and narrow straps of unsuitable material. During the
preparation of the spray and also by holding the trigger valve on the lance, the hands are
particularly exposed to the spray.
According to Oerke and Dehne, 2004, the average use of pesticides by arable land is
estimated at $ 10/ha. Farmers also fight against diseases affecting crops by using multiple
products indiscriminately to the extent without sufficiently being aware and trained on the
correct choice of pesticides use (Matthews G., 2003). This is the case in Njombe where
growers are particularly obliged to use pesticides to protect their crops. This could eventually
have an impact on health if they remain ignorant of its risk and adequate measures are not
taken to prevent or limit contamination.
Meijden, 1998, conducted a study on pesticide applications in cocoa farms and found out that
“generally, farmers do not wear any protective materials at all, no matter what pesticide is
being applied. Farmers scarcely follow precautionary measures as they are found eating,
smoking or drinking in-between spraying activities. The left over pesticides and empty
containers are not properly disposed as the containers are sometimes washed and used for
domestic purposes”.
According to a World Bank report, 1996 on Cameroon, industrial wastes in general are not
treated before disposal. Concentrations of other Pops (such as Lindane, Aldrin and Dieldrin)
have been identified in coastal aquatic environments. Fore example, 209 mg/kg of Lidane has
17
been detected in some fish species. In addition to environmental pollution, occupational
health safety problems such as cuts, sprains and strains, or amputations, vision problems and
even blindness, illness caused by breathing, touching or ingestion of unsafe substances
Illnesses caused by breathing, touching or ingesting unsafe substance have been recorded with
the use of DDT. In the case of DDT, three farmers are known to have been poisoned to death
by DDT in 1985 (consulted from the internet 2011).
2.6 Application Techniques
A survey conducted in the three northern regions of Cameroon on pesticide use (Matthews
G. Wiles et al, 2003), indicated that the “lever-operated knapsack sprayers are the most
widely used type of equipment, while the CDA rotary atomiser sprayers are mostly used in
the drier areas especially on cotton where water availability is less. Other types of sprayers
used, include the hand carried thermal foggers and motorised knapsack mist-blowers on
vegetables and other crops. Various problems with the equipment caused leakage on operators
who generally did not wear protective clothing”.
The use of fertilizers and pesticides to protect crops against pests and diseases has become
more massive, especially in industrial plantations of dessert bananas since diseases like Black
Sigatoka have become resistant to some pesticides. Mathews, 2003, confirmed that the
increased damage caused by plant diseases has led to a more intensive use (7 sprays per
month to 40 monthly demonstrating) of pesticides by companies producing, cocoa, coffee,
cotton, oil palm, plantains and vegetable crops
It is very essential to calibrate sprayers even when they are in perfect working conditions.
Calibration of sprayers is a major topic proposed and taught in research and training
institutions, but is hardly done practically, resulting in the use of wrong dosaged pesticides.
The spraying of cocoa farms with an overdose of pesticides will result in farmers incurring
huge financial losses due to wastage and phyto-toxicity, which will decrease the yield.
However, the major risk of overdose or under-dose is the increased likelihood for the pests to
develop resistance against pesticides, which can have devastating large-scale effects on cocoa
production (Meijden, 1998).
18
There is a very strong evidence of poor pesticide education and misuse in Nigeria, for
instance a situation where over dosage for the purpose of effecting rapid kill of crop pests is
common among government trained, or agency trained and assisted small-scale farmers
(Ivbijaro, 1998). Similar trends can be seen with farmers in Cameroon. In another report, it is
also noticed that farmers sometimes use the pesticides for purposes different from what the
pesticides were intended for (Ivbijaro, 1977; Youdeowei, 1989; Ivbijaro, 1990, 1998)
example:
i) Lindane formerly used for the control of cocoa mirids is poured into rivers, lakes and
streams to kill fish, which is then sold for human consumption,
ii) In the absence of insect pest occurrence, there is mixing of fungicides and insecticides
together during fungicide application period to reduce workload of spraying each
differently,
iii) Spraying Gamalin 20EC on drying cocoa beans to prevent moulds and maggot
development,
iv) Careless disposal of expired pesticides and use of pesticide containers for domestic
purposes.
2.7 Toxicological aspect of pesticides
2.7.1 Pesticides and pesticide residues
A Pesticide is defined as strictly a substance intended to kill pests: in common usage, any
substance used for controlling, preventing, or destroying animal, microbiological or plant
pests (fungicide, herbicide, insecticide) (IUPAC, 1993).
Residues are substances which are not deliberately added to a foodstuff but are present in it as
a direct consequence of treatments during production (including primary production), due to
migration from materials and products coming into contact with foods for example residues of
veterinary drugs, pesticides, disinfection agents, migration residues). The term "residues"
signifies the amount of active ingredient or any toxic substance or its derivative thereof
19
contained in food, or existing on its surface during harvesting or consumption ( De Meulenaer
B., 2009 course notes Food chemistry, unpublished)
A pesticide residue is any substance or mixture of substances in food or feed resulting from
the use of a pesticide and including any specified derivatives, such as degradation and
conversion products, metabolites, reaction products and impurities considered to be of
toxicological significance (IUPAC, 1993).
2.7.2 Toxicity of pesticides
A toxic substance is any substance that is able to cause injury to living organisms as a result
of physicochemical interaction (IUPAC, 1993).
The IUPAC, 1993 defines toxic dose as the amount of a substance that may be expected to
produce a toxic effect.
Toxicity is defined as the capacity to cause injury to a living organism defined with reference
to the quantity of substance administered or absorbed, the way in which the substance is
administered (inhalation, ingestion, topical application, injection) and distributed in time
(single or repeated doses), the type and severity of injury, the time needed to produce the
injury, the nature of the organism(s) affected and other relevant conditions (IUPAC, 1993).
2.7.3 Acute toxicity
Adverse effects occurring within a short time (usually up to 14 days) after administration of a
single dose (or exposure to a given concentration) of a test substance or after multiple doses
(exposures), usually within 24 h. It can also be defined as the ability of a substance to cause
adverse effects within a short time of exposure (IUPAC, 1993).
2.7.4 Chronic effect of pesticides
This occurs after long-term absorption of repeated small doses of product after months or
even after several years of accumulation of poison. In order to protect consumers against the
risk of poisoning from product residues present in food, toxicology studies have been
designed. Pesticide tolerance is calculated according to the acceptable daily intake (ADI) by
dividing by 100 the doses of each product without effect estimated from the toxicological
20
experiments. In diets, we refer to ADI and at workplaces we refer to maximum allowable
concentration in the atmosphere (MAC) calculated for a maximum of 40 hours (IUPAC,
1997).
2.7.5 Health effects (see table 2.4)
The WHO defines health as the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and
not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1948) consulted in 2011.
In another definition by WHO, 1978b, health is the state of dynamic balance in which an
individual's or a group's capacity to cope with the circumstances of living is at an optimal
level.
According to Wayne Sinclair, 1988, there are strong suspicions about the role of pesticides in
the development of chronic diseases (cancer, neurological disorders, and reproductive
disorders). Pesticides may cause acute and delayed health effects to those exposed to it. There
are a variety of adverse health effects with regards to pesticide exposure which can range
from simple irritation of the skin and eyes to much more severe effects on the nervous system,
mimicking hormones causing reproductive problems, and also causing cancer.
Exposure to high levels of many pesticides has both acute and long-term neurologic
consequences, but little is known about the neurotoxicity of chronic exposure to moderate
levels of pesticides. (Kamel et al, 1997).
Other negative consequences from pesticide exposure include: birth defects, foetal death, and
neuro-developmental disorder (Alarcon et al, 2005).
Long-term effects of low-dose pesticide exposure create a problem of uncertainty, especially
with children (Alavanja et al, 2005)
Estimates from the World Health Organization and the UN Environment Programme indicate
that yearly a total of three million workers in agriculture in the developing world experience
severe poisoning from pesticides and about 18,000 of them die. In a study conducted by
WHO, as many as 25 million workers in developing countries may suffer mild pesticide
poisoning yearly (FAO and UN, 2002).
21
Childhood leukaemia defined as a biologically diverse disease, can be contracted by many
different pathways. In 2003–2010 a recent study by Winston C., 2010, showed that there is a
link between heavy pesticide use in rural areas and incidence of childhood leukaemia.
A study conducted WHO, Gunnell D. et al, (2007), reports that approximately 300,000 people
die from self-harm each year in the Asia-Pacific region alone. It is considered one of the most
common forms of self-injury in the Global South. Most cases of intentional pesticide
poisoning appear to be impulsive acts undertaken during stressful events and the availability
of pesticides strongly influences the incidence of self poisoning. Pesticide self-poisoning
according to the report, was found to be the method of choice in one third of suicides
worldwide, and the study recommended, among other things, more restrictions on the types of
pesticides that are most harmful to humans.
Adverse effects of pesticides on the health of farm workers has been reported in other tropical
countries (Aguilar et al., 1993; Lum et al., 1993; Mwanthi and Kimani, 1993, Harris, 2000)
emphasizing the role of the Inter-African Phyto-Sanitary Council in disseminating the
knowledge gained in Cameroon to other African countries.
A recent report on the use of pesticides in banana plantations in Cameroon (Fanny PIGEAUD,
May 2009; AFSSA, 2007)) showed that a powerful insecticide (chlordecone), has been used
most especially in Njombe. This insecticide may have possible effects on food crops grown in
the area and sold as far as Yaounde, the capital, the central African regions and to Europe
This very toxic substance, had been banned in the Caribbean because it was not approved for
use by France, but has been sprayed in Njombe recently and this may result in disastrous
consequences to the most consumed mineral water source located in the area.
2.7.6 Other problems
Extension services in Cameroon are limited in terms of poor staffing and mobility and. As
pointed out by Meijden, 1998, extension staff in Nigeria generally lack support, they are
poorly trained in pesticide management, they lack motivation, and there is hardly any follow-
up. The same scenario in Cameroon... .
22
The Cameroon government does not control the regulation of pesticides well. The effective
control of pesticides in the West-African sub-region remains poor and seriously hampered by
several factors including lack of proper legislative authority, shortage of personnel in
pesticide regulatory procedures, lack of infrastructure, transportation, equipment and
materials, very low budgetary allocation of operating funds, lack of formulation control and
pesticide residue analysis facilities and capabilities (Youdeowei, 1989).
As pesticides used now have been through rigorous testing, most health problems come from
misuse, abuse or overuse. The pesticides are poorly available and come from variable sources.
It is easy to find cases of fake, adulterated and banned pesticides (obsolete stocks) still being
sold on the local markets (Auwal-Ahmad et al, 2008).
Table 2. 4: Toxicity categories for active ingredients.
Toxicity Category Routes of Exposure I II III IV Oral LD50 Up to and Including
50 mg/kg 50–500mg/kg 500–5,00 mg/kg > 5,000 mg/kg
Inhalation LC50
Up to and including 0.2mg/l
0.2–2mg/l 2–20 mg/l > 20 mg/l
Dermal LD50 Up to and including 200mg/kg
200–2,000 mg/kg
2,000–20,000mg/kg > 20,000 mg/kg
Eye Effects Corrosive corneal opacity not reversible within 7 days
Corneal opacity reversible within 7 days; irritation persisting for 7 days
No corneal opacity; irritation reversible within 7 days
No irritation
Skin Effects Corrosive Severe irritation at 72 hours
Moderate irritation at 72 hours
Mild or slight irritation at 72 hours
Signal Word DANGER/ POISON WARNING CAUTION CAUTION
Source: Adapted from 40 CFR Part 156
23
Chapter 3: Materials and Methods
3.1 Development of questionnaire
Two separate but similar questionnaires comprising 8 major questions each and many
variables (annexes 1 and 2) were developed based on literature study and expert dissertation.
One of the questionnaires was designed for the users of pesticides (farmers) and the other for
the authorities (Pesticide control bodies) like the ministry of agriculture, resellers of
pesticides, pesticide manufacturing agencies and NGOs. The questionnaires were in-depth,
structured and semi-structured and were used to ensure consistency and to allow every
informant to expand his or her thinking, explore and generate ideas on pesticide use by fruits
and vegetable farmers in four regions in Cameroon. Interview questions were developed and
pilot-tested by using participant observation and 2 focus group discussions among a group of
farmers of different sexes and ages from a rural area in Buea Cameroon.
3.2 Selection of regions
Generally, Cameroon has five ecological zones namely: the (soudano-sahelian zone Maroua -
Garoua), the high guinea savannah zone (Wakwa – Ngaoundéré), the western high plateau
zone (Bambui – Mankon), the humid forest Unimodal zone (Ekona) and the humid forest
bimodal zone (Nkol bisson – Yaoundé) as shown in figure 3.1. Based on the economic and
regional importance of fruits and vegetables, and the major pests, five regions of Cameroon
namely: the North West, West, South West, Littoral and Centre regions belonging to three
ecological zones (the western high plateau, the humid forest Unimodal zone and the humid
forest bimodal zone) were selected. Each region was visited based on the productivity,
accessibility to the production sites, convenience for easy collection of data and time factor,
availability of the farmer and the willingness of the farmer to provide the needed information.
This assessment was focused on the major areas of fruits and vegetable activities of which
previous studies on some selected fruits and vegetables based on the economic and regional
importance and their major pests and diseases (Kouamé C., 2007), indicated that the regions
of North-West, West, South-West, Littoral, Centre and North were the major areas of
activities.
(Source: www.vriendenvankameroen.nl/downlo
Figure 3. 1: Map of Cameroon showing Regions and ecological zones
3.3 Data Collection
Two focus group discussions
to pilot-test the questionnaires using farmer’s observations. This was followed by a formal
survey of 145 individual farmers in four of the five selected regions of Cameroon. These four
regions represent two eco-systems (warm humid and cool highland agro
being where the bulk of Cameroon’s vegetable production is currently carried out. This was
supplemented by interviews, discussions with key stakeholders in the fruit and v
sector.
Data was collected on general farming activit
hectare, knowledge of pesticide laws, knowledge of risks and harm associated to pesticide
usage, consumption data through the administration of ques
and field observations were equally held with farmers to assess the activities, competences
and their potential contribution to the vegetable industry in Cameroon. A total of 250
www.vriendenvankameroen.nl/downloads/agroinvestments.ppt)
: Map of Cameroon showing Regions and ecological zones
among groups of farmers of different sexes and ages were held
test the questionnaires using farmer’s observations. This was followed by a formal
survey of 145 individual farmers in four of the five selected regions of Cameroon. These four
systems (warm humid and cool highland agro-ecosystem), the latter
being where the bulk of Cameroon’s vegetable production is currently carried out. This was
supplemented by interviews, discussions with key stakeholders in the fruit and v
general farming activities most especially o quantity produced per
hectare, knowledge of pesticide laws, knowledge of risks and harm associated to pesticide
usage, consumption data through the administration of questionnaires. Informal discussions
and field observations were equally held with farmers to assess the activities, competences
and their potential contribution to the vegetable industry in Cameroon. A total of 250
24
among groups of farmers of different sexes and ages were held
test the questionnaires using farmer’s observations. This was followed by a formal
survey of 145 individual farmers in four of the five selected regions of Cameroon. These four
ecosystem), the latter
being where the bulk of Cameroon’s vegetable production is currently carried out. This was
supplemented by interviews, discussions with key stakeholders in the fruit and vegetable
quantity produced per
hectare, knowledge of pesticide laws, knowledge of risks and harm associated to pesticide
tionnaires. Informal discussions
and field observations were equally held with farmers to assess the activities, competences
and their potential contribution to the vegetable industry in Cameroon. A total of 250
25
questionnaires were envisaged for five regions but only 152 out of the 250 questionnaires
were effectively realized in 26 villages of the five regions. This was due to financial
constrain, inaccessibility to some areas and time constrain. Structured and semi-structured
interviews was used to ensure consistency and to allow every informant to expand his or her
thinking, explore and generate ideas on pesticide use by fruits and vegetable farmers in the
five regions.
3.4 Administration of the questionnaires
Staff from the Global Initiative for Sustainable Development Programmes (NGO based in
Buea) were acquainted with the questionnaires and trained on data collection. The
questionnaires were Pilot-tested by using farmer’s observation with two focus group
discussions among a group of farmers 18 to 60 years old of both sexes who are fruit and
vegetable farmers. During the assessment, 145 farmers who use pesticides to combat pests on
fruits and vegetables were interviewed. Discussions were also held with seven institutions on
related pesticide law, policies and health related problems. The institutions included pesticide
sellers and resellers, , hospitals to collect data on frequent cases of illnesses in the different
regions, the African Regional Centre for Research on Banana and Plantains better known by
its French acronym CARBAP for data on type of pesticides used on Banana, the Ministry of
Agriculture for information related to pesticide laws and regulated list of pesticide and also
the World Vegetable Centre (AVRDC) which is an international non-profit research and
development institution committed to alleviating poverty and malnutrition in the developing
world through the increased production and consumption of nutritious and health-promoting
vegetables. While administering the questionnaires for the authorities, a list of homologated
pesticides (annex 3) approved for use by the Cameroon government was consulted and a
comparison was made with the pesticides used in the fields by farmers.
In each region, an interviewer visited and administered the questionnaires to users of
pesticides depending on the farmer’s availability and his/her willingness to provide the
needed information. Also depending on the accessibility, some farms were visited to appraise
pesticide application practices taking place at that period in time. The aim was to interview
those who were most likely to present the real situation in the field.
26
Table 3.1: Distribution of respondents per region
Count sex of respondent * region of the respondent Cross tabulation
region of the respondent
Northwest Southwest West Littoral Centre Total
male 33 32 22 14 0 101
female 19 13 7 5 0 44
Institution 1 1 0 2 3 7
Total 53 46 29 21 3
152
The table shows that fewer interviews were conducted in certain areas such as is the case of
the centre region where only authorities (institutions) were contacted for information. In the
Littoral, mostly fruits are cultivated and this is mostly done by multinational companies. In
the West region, due to the distances between farms, the availability of the farmers and
language constraints, only 29 farmers were interviewed. In the North West and South West
regions most of the farmers were available and access to the farms was much easier.
The pesticide users (farmers) were asked to name their preferred crops cultivated, give the
approximate quantity they cultivate. They were equally asked to name the type of pesticide
they use and on which crop. They were also asked to name the type of measuring equipment
they use to measure the quantity of pesticide sprayed, how they mix the pesticides they use.
We equally wanted to know through the questionnaire if the pesticide users work in
collaboration with extension workers and the type of information they receive from the
extension staff, In addition, we also wanted to know if the users of pesticides know of any
pesticide laws, to if they can identify problems encountered as a result of pesticide use. and
the solutions undertaken in case of strange diseases or crop damage on their farms. The
majority of the people interviewed were either those who applied pesticides themselves on
their own farms or were spray operators for a farm association, large farm or plantation.
3.5 Data Analysis
Data collected was put into a database in the statistical programme for social science (SPSS)
software from where frequency tables and cross tables were used to analyse the preference for
27
certain fruits and vegetables and distribution of the questionnaires within the regions
respectively. Comparison of means was equally used to analyse if the presence of the
extension staff on the farm has any effect on the knowledge of the farmer on pesticide laws,
restriction of treatment before harvest and the illegal use of pesticides. Also the Kendall’s
tau_b And the Spearman’s rho bivariate correlation were used to analyse the relationship
between certain variables. The spreadsheet was also used for a better presentation of parts of
the data.
28
Chapter 4: Results, Discussion and Observations
4.1 Results and Discussion
4.1.1 Farm size
The analysis shows that the overall size of farms owned by most respondents is less than 2 ha
for vegetable farmers and for large plantations the average farm size range from 150–250 ha.
The importance of individual crops varied in relation to the different regions of the country
and between individuals. As indicated in table 4.1, carrots, cabbages, leeks, huckleberry,
tomatoes, Irish potatoes, celery persil and green beans are highly cultivated in the northwest
and west regions of the country as compared to bananas, papaws, oranges, pineapples in the
southwest and littoral regions of Cameroon.
Table 4.1: Preference for certain crops with respect to regions of the respondent
Counts region of the respondent Major crops North west Southwest West Littoral Total Percentage Carrot 29 3 14 0 46 31.7 Cabbages 36 10 19 0 65 44.8 Leeks 34 5 11 0 50 34.5 Onion 19 0 3 0 22 15.2 huckleberry 30 38 8 0 76 52.4 Tomatoes 48 40 24 0 112 77.2 Irish Potatoes 40 2 12 0 54 37.2 Celery 43 6 20 0 69 47.6 Okra 17 23 12 0 52 35.9 Persil 36 2 29 0 67 46.2 Pepper 15 31 17 9 72 49.7 green beans 33 11 23 0 67 46.2 Lettuce 30 13 4 0 47 32.4
garden egg 11 15 0 0 26 17.9 Banana 0 14 1 8 23 15.9 Orange 0 37 0 4 41 28.3 Mango 18 28 2 0 48 33.1 Pawpaw 0 29 0 10 39 26.9 water melon 8 22 15 8 53 36.6 Pears 4 11 12 8 35 24.1 Plums 28 25 15 0 68 46.9 Pineapple 7 29 10 19 65 44.8 Tangerine 0 43 0 19 62 42.8 Apples 0 9 0 0 9 6.2
29
Figure 4.1: Production of some major fruits and vegetables in the five regions of
Cameroon
Figure 4.1, shows that vegetables are highly cultivated in the Northwest, South west and West
regions of Cameroon. The south west and littoral regions cultivates the bulk of fruits
especially banana, pineapples, mangoes, oranges to mention just a few. Fruits such as banana,
pineapples and pawpaw are cultivated by multinational companies who export to Europe.
Other fruits like oranges and mangoes are cultivated on smaller scale by individual
smallholders for both the market and home consumption.
4.1.2 Quantity Produced
With respect to the quantity produced, variationexist between individuals and types of crops
cultivated. Majority of the farmers produced less than 200 buckets of carrots amounting to
approximately 5000kg with very few reaching more than 1000 buckets of carrots produced.
The different crops produced are marketed in different measuring containers. A typical
example is the case of carrots measured in buckets with each bucket weighing up to 50
kilograms. Other examples include tomatoes measured in baskets of different sizes 15kg,
25kg, green beans measured in bundles, Irish potatoes measured in bags of 75kg.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Ca
rro
ts
cab
ba
ge
s
lee
ks
on
ion
hu
ckle
be
rry
tom
ato
es
Irri
sh p
ota
toe
s
cele
ry
ok
ra
pe
rsil
pe
pp
er
gre
en
be
an
s
lett
uce
ga
rde
n e
gg
ba
na
na
ora
ng
e
ma
ng
o
pa
wp
aw
wa
ter
me
lon
pe
ars
plu
ms
pin
ea
pp
le
tan
ge
rin
e
ap
ple
s
pe
rce
nta
ge
of
resp
on
de
nts
types of crops
North west
South west
West
Littoral
30
Figure 4.2: Carrots produced per unit surface area in Santa Mbei
Figure 2.3: Tomatoes produced per unit surface area in Santa Mbei
Quantity of carrots produced in bags (50kg) per unit area
< 20057%
200 - 4008%
400 - 6006%
600 - 80018%
800 - 100010%
> 10001%
< 200
200 - 400
400 - 600
600 - 800
800 - 1000
> 1000
Quantity of tomatoes produced in baskets (25kg) per unit area
< 10019%
100-2003%
200-30021%
300-40040%
>40017%
< 100
100-200
200-300
300-400
>400
31
Figure 4. 4: Some vegetables and fruits cultivated in Cameroon
4.1.3 Pesticides used by farmers on fruits and vegetables in Cameroon
Table 4.2 shows the different pesticides used on fruits and vegetables by farmers in
Cameroon. From the table, it can be noticed that although some of the pesticides are found on
the homologated list of pesticides published by the Cameroon ministry of agriculture and rural
development, some are either outdated (not found in the list), obsolete or have expired but are
Water melon
cabbage
okra
celery
amaranth Celery garden
32
still being used by the farmers. Pesticides are applied once to twelve times monthly (three
times a week) on their crops depending on the type of crop and the weather conditions. This is
mostly in situations whereby there is heavy rainfall after application.
Table 4.2: Pesticide used by farmers on fruits and vegetales in Cameroon
Pesticide Product name Active ingredient Crop
Fungicide
Ivory 80 WP Mancozebe 800 g/kg tomato
Ivory 75 WG Mancozebe 750g/kg banana
Metro star 500WP Thiophanate-methyl 150
g/kg + Oxychlorure de
cuivre 200 g/kg + Soufre
150 g/kg
tomato
Plantinep 80 WP Manèbe 80% fruits and garden crop
Penncozep 80 Mancozèbe 80% Fruits and garden crop
Balear 720 Sc SL Chlorothalonil 720g/l banana
Rodomil plus Metalaxy/-M 6%+
Oxyde de Cuivre 60%
Cocoa but used by most farmers
for garden crops and fruits
Herbicide Action 80 DF (Duiron) Diuron 800g/kg Garden crops
Duiron WP Diuron 800g/kg Cotton but used for garden
crops and fruits
Herbistar 360 SL Glyphosate 360 g/l Surgar cane but used for garden
crops
Glyphader 360 SL Glyphosate Diverse crops
Plantop 360 Glyphosate 360g/l Sugar cane but used for garden
crops
Plantop ultra 75,7% wg Glyphosate ammonium
75%
Cotton but equally used for
garden crops
Gramozone Royal Not in list
Round up 360 SL Obsolate stock not withdrawn
from market
33
Pesticide Product name Active ingredient Crop
Insecticide Cypercal 50 EC Cypermethrine 50 g/l Garden crops, fruits and
vegetables
Cyperdim 260 EC not found in list but used
extensively
Callidium 400 EC Dimethoate 400 g/l Rubber, garden crops and food
crops
Dimex 400 EC Dimetheonate 400g/l tomato
Decis 25 Ec Delthamethrine 25g/l coffee but used for garden
crops
PACHA 25 EC Lambdacyhalothrine
15g/l + Acetamipride
10g/l
tomatoes
CiGOGNE 12 EC Cypermethrine 12g/l tomatoes
CIGOGNE 12 EC Cypermethrine 200g/l Cotton but many farmers use
what is available
Cyper plant 30 Ec
Glycel 360 SL
Tronsil WP
Source: (field survey)
Table 4.2 shows the different pesticides used by vegetable farmers. Comparing it to the
recommended list from Cameroon, many pesticides used by the farmers are not found on the
homologated list of pesticides from in Cameroon or exist but used for different crops as
indicated in bold. When this list is compared to the list from Cordex Alimentarius, one notices
that some pesticides like Mancozebe 800g/kg, Thiophanate-methyl 150g/kg + Oxychlorure de
cuivre 200g/kg + Soufre 150g/kg, Manèbe 80%, Diuron 800g/kg don’t future on the Cordex
list. Also, comparing the list from Cameroon (annex 3) in general to that of Cordex
Alimentarius, there are many pesticides used in Cameroon for both fruits and vegetables
which do not appear on the Cordex list. These include pesticides like: Fosetyl Aluminium
34
80%, Cyproconazol 100g/l, Oxyde de cuivre 40% Cymoxanil 9.6%, Alkydimethyl benzyl-
amonium chloride 494.6g/kg, 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbonate 23.7g/kg., Bisodium
actaborate tetrahydrate 74.2g/kg, Bacillus thuringiensis, Emamectine-benzoate ,
Epoxyconazole 75 g/l,, Soufre 60,8% + Oxychlorure de Cuivre 12,7%, Lozynil 100g/kg + 2,4
D 500g/kg, Quizalofop-Ethyl, Oxadiargyl 400g/l, Triclopyr, Tridemorphe 750g/l.
Farmers do not follow recommended dosage as prescribed on the label. The dosage used by
most farmers is 50-75g/15 litres of water which is different from the recommended dosage
mentioned on the homologated list. There is total variation in dosage used and in application
frequency among the farmers. The dosage and frequency of application varies from once a
month to as many as applications (three times a week) per month depending on weather
conditions and on the severity of infection as shown in table 8.
Table 4.3: Variation in application frequency
Spraying frequency Respondents Percent
Once a month 9 6,2
Twice amonth 9 6,2
Three times a month 1 0,7
Four times a month 51 35,2
Eight times a month 58 40,0
Twelve times a month 15 10,3
Missing 2 1,4
Total 145 100,0
Table 4.3, shows that more than 50% of the farmers apply pesticides more than four times on
their crops per month. Over aoolication of pesticides may lead high levels of concentrations
on the plants which may be dangerous to the farmers themselves or to the consumers of the
final product.
35
4.1.4 Knowledge on pesticides and harm caused by certain pesticides
Out of the 145 persons interviewed, 62 of them (42.8%) acknowledged they are aware of
pesticide laws like age limit for handling pesticides, avoid contact with the skin, pesticides
should be kept out of the reach of children, no smoking, eating and drinking during spraying
and protect the environment during spraying while the remaining 83(57.2%) said they have no
idea on pesticide laws. Figure 4.6 shows that the highest percentage is recorded by farmers
who have knowledge on the age limit for handling pesticides, followed by those with
knowledge in environmental protection and slightly more than 13% of the respondents are
that aware smoking, eating and drinking during spraying is dangerous. Knowledge of the
pesticide law involves age limit for handling pesticides/keeping the pesticides out of the reach
of children, protecting themselves which includes; protecting their bodies, avoiding smoking,
eating and drinking during spraying.
Figure4. 5: Farmers' knowledge on pesticide
18,3
35,4
15,8
13,4
17,1
,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
40,0
should be kept
out of reach of
children
Age limit for
handling
pesticides
Avoid contact
with the skin
No
smoking, eating
and drinking
Protect the
environment
kn
ow
led
ge
on
pe
stic
ide
s
Percent
36
During the survey, a higher number of the farmers who were interviewed indicated that the
age limit for pesticide application is 15 years and above while a significant 10.3% still use
children below 15years to spray pesticides on their farms. The use of children to spray
pesticides in Cameroon is a common practice. In addition to exposing them to highly toxic
pesticides; they also work with dangerous equipment, carry or transport heavy loads, work for
very long hours daily etc.
113 out of the 145 farmers wait for a restricted time of treatment before harvest while 32
farmers harvest sometimes immediately after harvest. The duration observed ranged from less
than a week to one month with the majority (34.5%) harvesting within less than a week after
spraying and 28.2% waiting for up to two weeks before they harvest after spraying.
72.4% of the respondents are aware of the harm caused by pesticides while 27.6% are not.
According to the pesticide users skin irritation, respiratory problems and crop damage were
the most frequent problems they face with regards to pesticide usage. Catarrh, dizzleness,
damage to the eyes and damage to the skin were also high while problems such as cough,
stomach ulcer, nosea were amongst the lowest cases of harm that occurred. According to the
testimony of a planter, an employee of one of the company (banana) who is in charge of
mixing pesticides sprayed from airplanes has recently been poisoned. It's after eight years that
the first symptoms were reported. Some users exposed themselves by storing toxic pesticides
in their houses. The Mocap is particularly suspected by all. Some have had to store the
product under their beds or in living rooms, and it has resulted in poisoning. Hospital sources
also confirm common illnesses in the banana production areas like skin irritation, respiratory
problems and damage to the eyes.
37
Figure 4.6: Problems common to pesticide users in Cameroon
4.1.5 Pesticide problems
4.1.5.1 Small scale farms
With respect to the problems caused by pesticides, 40% of the interviewed admitted that they
have recorded problems in the use of pesticides. These problems include: body damage,
contaminated environment, air pollution, water pollution, crop damage and soil damage. A
least 4 cases of death were reported. This confirms earlier findings by Reynolds (1997) who
emphasized on the unintended effects on the environment, air, water, soil, plants, animals,
birds, amphibians, aquatic life and humans.
Pesticide application on the farm is either supervised by the farmer him/herself or by
extension staff. According to the survey more than 85% of the application is done and
monitored by the farmer him/herself. Only 15% of the farmers admitted that they were visited
atleast once to twice a year by extension staff. During the meeting with extension staff, the
farmer is more enlightened on how to spray, adjusting the spray nozzles and on mixing of
pesticides. The fact that the extension workers are hardly available to advise the farmers,
leads to the farmers relying on pesticide vendors for information on application techniques
and safety precautions. The retailers lack the general knowledge and training to assist the
users with precautionary measures.
11%
23%
18%9%3%
12%
8%
8%
8%
crop damage
skin irritation
nosea
stomach ulcer
cough
respiratory problems
dizzleness
damage eyes
damage skin
38
4.1.5 .2 Banana and multinational cooperation
In the banana production areas, some houses are very close to banana plantations. The people
living there can easily breathe in popular products from airplanes. Besides that, children often
play carelessly in these plantations and ingest newly sprayed pesticides. However, a survey
on the field has noted that the banana companies have eliminated most of their plantations
located near houses. This is in response to the International Organisation for Standardization
(ISO). They are now separated from the houses more than 300 meters. In addition, hedges to
form fences have been planted to block wind from blowing pesticides into homes in order to
protect the inhabitants. However, some villages are still surrounded by banana plantations: the
few known cases are Mbom in Njombe, Mpouli Mbanga, Tiko, Mondoni and some houses in
Idisse. Although the above steps have been taken to redress the situation, the population still
relies on some foodstuffs like snails gotten from the banana plantations...
4.1.6 Measuring of pesticides To spray, the farmers measure pesticide doses using tomato tins, in table spoons, measuring
cups and beer corks depending on the type of pesticide and the means available. This is shown
clearly in table 9.
Table 4.4: Measuring of pesticide dosage to be sprayed
.
Measuring method Frequency Percentage
tomato tin 25 17,4 in table spoon full 28 19,4 measuring cup 23 16,0 beer corks 12 8,3 all of the above 34 23,6 Tomato tin and table spoons 11 7,6 Tomato tin and measuring cups
11 7,6
Total 144 100,0
Missing System 1
Total 145
39
4.1.7 Pesticide residue
All the farmers interviewed admitted having no data on pesticide residues. In Cameroon, data
on pesticide residues can only be obtained from the pesticide control authorities but due to the
fact that this body lack the appropriate equipment and finances and is not adequately trained
and there is a shortage of personnel in pesticide control, very little is done in that domain. The
laboratory in charge of pesticide control is centralized in Yaounde (the capital city) and does
not have the adequate financial means and equipment for residue. The absence of strong
policies with regard to the pesticide usage is also big problem although efforts are underway
to revamp the sector.
4.1.8 Illegal use of pesticides
Some farmers (20% of the interviewed), claim they know of illegal use of pesticides. This
includes the use of expired, banned, fake and adulterated pesticides. Most of the farmers
obtain their pesticides clandestinely from neighbouring cities or countries and from the local
markets. Very few farmers get their pesticides from registered centres that import under strict
regulations. There are reported cases of theft and smuggling of pesticides from companies that
export dessert bananas. These products are distributed clandestinely to persons who are not
always notified when to and how to handle them and their degree of toxicity, let alone how to
store them. This may constitute a danger primarily to those who use these smuggled products
and to the entire population. Out of the 145 farmers interviewed, 48.3% reported problems
related to pesticide usage ranging from spraying on crops not ready, wrong usage and the use
of expired and banned pesticides while 51.7% had no problems.
4.1.9 Pest and disease impact
While some farmers abandoned their farm for some years after the farm is infested with a new
kind of disease hoping that the farm will fallow and during the process this will naturally
break the lifecycle of the pest, others increase the dosage of pesticide application to tackle the
disease or pest. Some farmers dig a drainage canal to reduce the floods, which act like
40
breeding grounds for some pests. In very few cases some farmers use nematicide to treat the
soil. To some, it is a climatic reason and therefore the solution is not at their reach.
4.1.10 Food Consumption
There is no consumption data available. Most of the crops cultivated are either eaten at home,
in the village or consumed as an important staple diet for the community. Commonly eaten
foods vary with the community. In the North West region for example, the people eat more
Achu, which is pounded coco-yams and source commonly called yellow soup made from
limestone and palm oil. All the fruit and vegetable types grown and imported from other parts
of the country are common foods eaten in this region. The villagers equally eat starchy foods,
roots and tuber crops. The same scenario can be observed in all the other regions of the
country. There is a high consumption of products with high levels of pesticide residues
especially in the banana production areas. The populations of Njombe, Penja, Mbanga and
Tiko which are high banana production areas consume snails known in French as escargots,
which are most often sold in the form of kebabs commonly called Kongo Meat. Some, if not
most, of these snails are collected in banana plantations, though not allowed by the banana
company. Although snails are rich sources of proteins and iron, they are in themselves a
source of food poisoning that can, over time, lead to serious health problems. If a test should
performed on some samples of snails inorder to find out the extend to which consumers are
exposed to pesticide from that meat.
4.1.11 Food Preparation
While some foods are washed before eating, others are just peeled and eaten without washing,
others still are only boiled and eaten without peeling and washing, and some farmers peel,
wash and boil before eating. In some homes, water for washing and preparation of food is
collected in used containers of pesticides. Though these containers have been thoroughly
cleaned according to them, there is always the possibility of left over particles of pesticides.
41
4.1.12 Climate change
35% of the respondents admitted they record a new kind of crop or animal diseases in their
farms while 65% did not record any. Some farmers pointed to climate change as the cause of
new kinds of diseases, others said heavy rains are the cause, others still complained about the
overuse of pesticides, weeds, crop damage, fungi to their crops to be the cause of new kind of
diseases and still some said these diseases are the result of insect damage on crops and
infected soils. To some, a combination of all of the above was the cause. More than 96% of
the farmers use pesticides to fight or control the diseases.
The majority of the farmers (88.3%) are aware of climate change and according to them
climate change is a change in weather, presence of wet and dry weather, drought and too
much heat or a change in the planting season. Only 11.7 % of the farmers said they had no
idea on what climate change is all about.
To fight climate change, they plant more trees, stop the cutting down of trees and avoid
environmental pollution such as water and air pollution. They are equally adapting to the
climate change through seed multiplication, avoiding bush fires and farming across the slopes
to avoid soil and water erosion. Most of the farmers have been involved in tree planting. The
source of planting materials is either from old stems in their farms, from friends, from agric
staff or research centres. It should be noted here that most of the planting materials comes
from old stems. Tree planting is either organised by the farmer him/herself, by Local NGOs,
by foresters or by the local council in collaboration with local NGOs or by the Government.
4.2 Observations
Reliable sources talk of the Plantation du Haute Plateau (PHP), a major banana plantation in
Njombe Cameroon having the political, administrative and judicial leaders in its pocket, the
traditional chief, is paid monthly; the local administrator is also paid. A worried entrepreneur
stressed that “It is very risky to talk about the banana sector, a lot of personalities have an
interest in it” Many sources confirm that the president of the republic is a shareholder though
refuted by the company’s General Manager. In any case PHP’s employees are sent on
assignment to the president’s pineapple plantation inaugurated in 2000 in the presence of
Chief Executive Officer of the fruit company. PHP is a member of the Cameroonian Banana
Association a lobby group led by another MP of the ruling party and brother-in-law of the
42
Minister of Trade and who is no less a person than the Chairman of PHP’s board of directors.
As a minister, he negotiated with the EU the Economic Partnership Agreement signed in
January by Cameroon. Considered as a catastrophe by both NGOs and employers association.
Irrespective of all these problems and the free trade agreement the EU is silent but for how
long will it remain silent in the face of another potential health scandal? As was the case in
the Caribbean where it has polluted the water and soil for centuries and could be the source of
serious health problems. Chlordecone, a powerful insecticide has been used in plantations in
Cameroon with possible effects on food crops grown in the area and sold as far as Yaounde.
Generally, in Cameroon as in many other developing countries, growers, employees and users
of pesticides in the agro-industrial sector in particular, are actually exposed to numerous risks
related to the use of chemicals. Furthermore, many people are not sufficiently aware of the
potential dangers associated with pesticide use. There is always a lack of appropriate pesticide
approval/registration procedures and/or inadequate resources to implement and enforce
existing schemes, a lack of legislation on working conditions and lack of post-registration
monitoring of pesticides. Access to acutely toxic (cheaper) pesticides is easy. Faulty
equipment, poor-quality products and adulteration makes products more hazardous or
ineffective and contributes to overdosing. Many problems faced by developing countries
include:
• Shortage of manpower and financial resources to advice on and enforce national laws
and approved codes of conduct;
• Inadequate management and storage of obsolete stocks and used packaging materials,
• Lack of facilities for proper waste management;
• Spray equipment in poor condition, including leaks and blocked nozzles; common use
of "informal" application techniques (bucket and brush);
• Lack of washing facilities to shower after spraying and for regular washing of clothes;
clothes are usually washed in the sources of drinking water;
• Reuse of containers of pesticides for food and drink storage, no facilities for safe
disposal;
• Supply problems caused by: repackaging in small containers without labels and
instructions; limited range of products and quality of pesticide products;
43
• Lack of pesticide resistance monitoring data and resistance strategies to prevent
overdosing;
• Overlapping mandates and coordination of the necessary technical resources.
As a result of the above mentioned problems, the following contributing factors arise:
• Poor information flow leading to a lack of knowledge about pests and pesticides
hazards (scientists, analysts, extension workers, decision makers and applicators);
• Complex label instructions and sometimes misunderstanding of pesticide hazards;
• Lack of information on record keeping at the small farm holdings on storage;
handling, use of pesticides and disposal of waste pesticides and empty containers;
• Even if protecting covering are available, harsh weather sometimes makes it difficult
for the farmers to put on protecting;
• No training in application procedures or hazard awareness leading to: mixing with
bare hands; combining different products; applying on crops for which a product is not
intended (cocoa pesticides on vegetables);
• Houses near fields, and non-target crops and biodiversity affected by spray drift,
Inability to recognize pests, predators and to measure economic losses, thus leading to
a "pesticide treadmill" effect when no alternatives are available.
The victims are mostly permanent employees who store or use regularly in smallholders’
vegetable farms or are assigned to guard or condition chemicals in multinational companies.
After prolonged exposure, which lasts for years, poisoning by cumulative effects eventually
causes a disease whose victims emerge in time. Testimonies from the respondents show that
employees assigned to guard the chemicals in multinational companies are particularly
vulnerable. Those who are responsible in mixing before spraying by aircraft still are. This is
very common with employees of industrial plantations of dessert bananas where diagnoses
show some discomfort after 8 to 10 years of prolonged contact with pesticides. As confirmed
by a farmer, this phenomenon has occurred in IRAD Njombé for more than a decade. “Two
people, who were assigned to the care and handling of pesticides, had been contaminated, one
died. The other, who took care of formalin for many years (and who is now retired), has
become very thin and is in very bad shape”. The same situation is common in companies that
grow and export dessert bananas.
44
The absence of appropriate control techniques of pesticide application leads to some farmers
poisoning themselves during spraying pesticides in their own fields. The farmers have very
limited purchasing power, they prefer to use what they call “the available means“. The
sprayer equipment, commonly called Matabi is generally used by farmers, but protective
equipment such as a scarf, goggles, nostril covers (mask) long sleeves, long trousers and
boots are usually neglected. Thus, during spraying, the farmer is breathing and inhaling the
products he/she pours on his/her own crops. Others smoke, eat and even drink while spraying
chemicals, which is very dangerous for their health. Inappropriate spraying, absence of
control has led to a suspicion of contamination of water sources and rivers. The inhabitants
fear the water sources and rivers on which the lower classes (most vulnerable) rely has been
contaminated. Analyses of water and soil samples from the locality will provide a satisfactory
solution to the problem. There are also cases of recurring eye problems, body itches,
breathing problems and diarrhoea in the area since they spray without protective glasses.
Some affected persons realize the damage to their eye late, others realize the effect
immediately after spraying while for others still, their vision has been significantly reduced,
and they cannot read. According to some accounts, 4/5ths of the Njombé growers have eye
problems. An epidemiological investigation is needed. Also cases of stomach ulcer are very
popular in Njombe, Mbanga, Penja and Tiko (plantation areas). There are also frequent deaths
reported in these areas; a cause some attribute to witchcraft and others to pesticide poisoning.
They highly suspect pesticides to be the cause but lack adequate financial means to do
thorough reviews. Such a problem, they say, is reminiscent
4.2.1 Infrastructure for pesticide use in Cameroon
Given the multi-faceted and multi-disciplinary issues of food safety, quality issues can only
be resolved through integrated efforts by agriculture, industry and health authorities.
Environmental, health and sanitary standards required by developed countries can be
perceived to be non-tariff barriers to trade by developing countries. These trade measures can
take various forms, such as technical standards and regulations, sanitary and phytosanitary
(SPS) measures, packaging regulations and labelling requirements.
45
4.2.2 Legal and institutional infrastructure
Monitoring of food quality and safety has become more important both in the domestic and
export market. Although food safety and quality control appears to be relatively new, the
Cameroon government is trying to make some efforts in prioritizing food safety and quality
measures as indicated by the director in charge of pesticide control in the ministry of
agriculture and rural development. This according to her, is in order to:
• prevent the adulteration of foodstuffs,
• safeguard the rights and well-being of the consumers by retaining the standard of quality for
food products during production, processing, import and export though not a lot still needs to
be done,
• provide minimal laboratory services for food quality control, import/export.
Cameroon faces a significant challenge concerning food adulteration and contamination from
primary production, processing, distribution, marketing and preparation. The Food Rules
contain provisions for food additives, contaminants, inspections, licensing and analysis of
food. The standards developed for food products by the EU are followed only on paper, their
implementation and enforcement remains a major concern.
4.2.3 Pesticide management and registration system
The Pesticide Act, 1991 and the Pesticide Rule, 1993 cover measures to regulate the
importation, manufacturing, sale, storage, transport, distribution and use of pesticides.
Mandatorily, any pesticide should be registered before importation and distribution, in
accordance with the registration procedure adopted by the Pesticide Board. According to the
regulations any pesticide, which is imported for scientific or research purposes is prohibited
from sale (Frank D., Jacxsen L., Mieke U., 2009. Course Notes: Food Safety, Quality
Assurance systems and Risk Analysis, Gent University). However these rules and laws are not
being put into practice in Cameroon due to political, technical and financial constraints
4.2.4 Challenges for the Cameroonian Government
There are many challenges associated with the use of pesticides, including those categorized
as Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) collectively with the non-POPs pesticides, many of
which also share similar problems. These challenges include: harmful side effects on non-
target organisms (water, air, humans…), resurgence of pest populations (because natural
46
control is disrupted), the development of resistance and the cost However, depending upon the
socio-economic situation, the levels of industrialization, literacy and geographical features,
these challenges would vary between countries.
47
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Conclusion
Approximately 98% of the insecticides and 95% of the herbicides reach destinations different
from the targeted once. There are many but highly variable routes through which pesticide
exposure occur.
The use of pesticides can have unintended effects on the environment, water, air, soil, plants,
animals, birds, amphibians, aquatic life and humans. There is a significant increase in the use
of pesticides in Cameroon after the Green revolution period when the government subsidized
pesticides by 100%.
The survey pointed out that there is a significant proportion of the small scale vegetable
farmers and workers of multinational companies and inhabitants within the neighbourhood of
these companies at risk of health problems resulting from the use of pesticides. Inappropriate
farming techniques, poor availability of pesticides/equipment, lack of safety precautions, poor
staffing and mobility of extension workers, the extension workers generally lack support, they
lack motivation, and there are hardly any follow-up, absence of well equiped laboratory for
control and analysis of MRLs, weak policies on pesticides , lack of coordination between
MINADER, NGO, the absence of effective control measures on maximum residue limits
(MRLs) and absence of government regulatory role on pesticide control has resulted to
farmers using what they call “what is available” to tackle pests in their farms. It is very
common to find situations where farmers use obsolete, expired, fake and banned pesticides to
spray their crops. Majority of the farmers don’t use body covering, eye protection, head
covers or nose masks to protect themselves when spraying pesticides. Some farmers even eat,
smoke or drink during spraying exposing themselves to hazards. Some farmers use pesticides
meant for cocoa, coffee or cotton to spray garden crops and others mix insecticides and
fungicides to spray against insects even in the absence of a fungi infection leading to loss in
money.
48
Snails are commonly consumed in Cameroon and neighbouring countries. Some if not most
of these snails are collected in banana plantations as confirmed by most inhabitants though
not authorized by the banana company. Although snails are rich sources of proteins and iron,
they are in themselves a source of food poisoning that can over time, lead to serious health
problems if collected from areas sprayed by pesticides.
5.2 Recommendation
5.2.1 Rational control methods against plant diseases
Faced with the harm caused by pesticides to humans, some farmers indicated their intension
to obtain knowledge on alternative methods to fight against plant diseases. In this regard,
there is an urgent need to educate them through good agricultural practices through Integrated
Crop and Pest Management (ICPM) practices which will include both cultural, physical or
mechanical, biological and chemical pests control methods. This can easily be obtained by
organising the farmers into small farming groups (farmer field schools) where the farmers are
trained and are able to exchange their knowledge and experiences with each other.
5.2.2 Awareness / Training
The small scale farmers and even the multinational companies do not understand the products
they use. In this light, organizing an awareness campaign and training to help them better
understand the products they use and to avoid possible dangers associated with misapplication
will be of paramount importance to their health and that of others. This is a major challenge
that needs attention through concrete actions. Training in safety standards which are primarily
aimed at promoting practices that encourage farmers and pesticide users to adopt simple
practices that protect them and the environment from hazards caused by pesticide exposure
will be beneficial to users and to the consumers. These include:
i) wearing of protective clothing, eye protection and nose mask,
ii) ensuring safety for themselves and other farm workers; pesticides should be handled
carefully,
iii) thorough cleaning up (bathing) immediately after spraying or when pesticides
accidentally come into contact with the skin,
49
iv) pesticides must be stored away from children and foodstuffs in fully secured pesticide
storage units with adequate ventilation,
v) pesticide containers and leftover pesticides, obsolete stocks must be disposed in ways
that do not threaten the health of humans or animals,
vi) no use of unapproved (usually more toxic) pesticides,
vii) pesticides should only be applied when needed (taking note of threshold level of
attack) and after judging if it is profitable to spray.
Clearly there is urgent need for more training so that farmers are able to calibrate their
equipment and improve the efficiency of application. The long-term aim is to introduce a
proficiency test scheme for applying pesticides applicators to receive a minimal training and
awareness of the need for safety of the operator and the environment.
5.2.3 Use of pesticide application equipment
The farmers lack the appropriate equipment and training. This implies that training/retraining.
The inappropriate use of pesticides can have an impact on public health. Pesticides have
become the subject of discussion at the international level because of their effects on the
environment and health. In developing countries, the poor are most vulnerable, especially in
agricultural areas. It should therefore be of concern that the use of measures to avoid
contamination that would reduce their life expectancy must be of prime importance.
Collaboration with agro-industrial plantations, the agricultural research institutes who
sometimes oversee testing activities of organic pesticidse in order to assess their efficacy prior
to use, government services like the ministry of Environment and nature protection, Forestry
and Agriculture, local authorities, firms, local dealers in pesticides, local leaders and experts
in plant protection products will be highly needed. Also strong collaboration is needed from
regional bodies such as the Committee on Pesticides in Central Africa (CCAP); a newly
created body under the auspices of CEMAC responsible to inform countries of the sub region
on pesticides and the Inter-African Phytosanitary Council of the African Union (AU-ICC) to
raise awareness among people against the harmful effects of heavy use or misuse of
pesticides, especially the most toxic, namely Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs).
50
5.2.4 Food Safety
Generally in developing countries, food safety problems encountered for fruits and vegetables
are primarily: residues of pesticides, phytosanitary issues, the quantity available, the
reliability of supply, a decent price; quality and packaging problems, social and ethical issues
including labor and political conditions.
Qualitatively, there are unavoidably direct costs to comply with food safety standards. This
mainly involves heavy investments and higher operating costs. A crucial parameter in the
economic decision making for private companies, producing for European markets, is risk
assessment. The lack of information, innovation, and learning are other areas where cost is
involved.
Collective action by the World Bank and other donor agencies is needed to assist companies
in developing countries. These companies are often left on their own. They lack information
on performance indicators, rules and regulations; poorly performing national authorities; lack
of infrastructure for transport of goods; and lack of knowledge on changing demand patterns
of European consumers. An urgent action through the improvement of technology;
implementation of tracking and tracing systems; standardization of registration and
documentation; organizing small-scale farmers in developing countries; training small-scale
producers; making available accredited auditing agencies; local offices specialized in private
standards; creating enabling export environments by national governments in developing
countries, and investment in health and social care of employees in the agricultural sector.
The donor agencies should play a leading role in supporting the public sector in developing
countries by strengthening the public institutions, specifically, the competent authority and
inspection agencies. Assistance to the private sector can be under form of investments and
organizational support. Major support should also be extended to the small-scale enterprises,
which are at risk of being cut off from the supply chain due to their lack of knowledge of the
food safety and quality requirements of the buyers and/or the lack of capacity to comply with
these requirements. Assistance should focus on their inclusion in coordinated supply chains.
51
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1
Annexes
Annex 1: Sample questions to the farmers (users of pesticides)
Annexe 2: Sample questionnaire Pesticide Control body/Ministry of Agriculture
Annexe 3: List of homologated Pesticides
2
Annex 1: Sample questions to the farmers (users of pesticides)
Region_____________Divivsion____________Subdivision______________Village______ Name of farmer_______________________________ Sex__________ Age_____________
Q1. Types of vegetables cultivated
a) Name the 10 top important vegetables /fruits that you grow i) Leafy vegetables --------------------------------------------------------------------- ii) Fruits -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
b) Name in order of importance the quantity in tonnage produce per hectare for the different vegetables
No. Name of Vegetable Quantity produce Economic importance
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
viii
ix
x
Xi
Xii
Xiii
Xiv
Xv
Q2 Pesticide residue control programme a) Do you know of any laws for the use of pesticide? 1 = yes, 2 = No ----------- If yes, specify: 1 = Age limit for handling pesticides 2 = avoid contact with skin
3
3 = should be kept out of the reach of children 4 =no smoking eating and drinking during spraying
5 = protect the environment 6 = body protection 7 = protect the environment, age limit for handling pesticides. Q3. Pesticide authorization List 10 important crops for which you use pesticides.
No. Crops (Vegetables/Fruits
Pesticides used
Dosage (kg/ha)
Concentration Application time (when)
Application frequency
Application method
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
a) Is there a restriction between time of treatment and time of harvest?
1 = Yes, 2 = No ---------------- If yes, for how long. 1= < “a week”, 2=“two weeks”, 3=“three weeks”, 4 = “four
weeks” b) Do you know of any harm caused by pesticides? 1 = Yes, 2 = No -------------
If yes, specify. 1 = crop damage, 2 = skin damage, 3 = nosea, 4 = catarrh, 5 = stomach ulcer, 6 = cough, 7 = respiratory problems, 8 = dizzleness, 9 = damage to eyes, 10 = damage to skin, 11 = 1+2+3, 12 = 1+2+3+4+5+6, 13 = 1+3 -----------------
c) What is the age limit for handling of pesticides? 1 = above 15 years 2 = from 8 years old
d) What is the frequency of application? 1 = Once a week, 2 = twice a week, 3 = three times a week, 4 = four times a week, 5 = eight times a week, 6 = twelve times a week
e) Have you recorded any accident caused by pesticides? 1 = Yes, 2 = No ------------
4
If yes, name them: 1 = child death 6 = soil damage 2 = body damage 7 = crop damage 3 = contaminate environment 8 = 1+3 4 = air pollution 9 = 1$+5+6+7 5 = water contamination 10 = all of the above
f) Who monitors the application of pesticides on your farm? 1= Farmers 2 = extension staff
g) Do you have some visits from extension staff? 1 = Yes, 2 = No -----------------
If yes how often? 1 = once a year, 2 = twice a year, 3 = thrice a year, 4 = four times yearly h) What information do you receive if visited by extension staff
1= how to spray, 2 = type of equipment to use, 3 = how to adjust the spray nozzle, 4 = mixing of pesticides, 5 = protective covering, 6 = all of the above
I In what do you measure the dosage to be sprayed? 1= tomato tin, 2 = in table spoon full, 3 = in measuring cup, 4 = beer cork, 5 = all of the above, 6 = 1+2, 7 = 1+3.
Q4. Pesticide residue data a) Are there any available data on pesticide residues on crops?
1 = Yes, 2 = No ----------------------- If yes, details in mg pesticides/ kg of 1 = < 0.1 ppm, 2 = > 0.1 ppm ------------------------
b) Do you know about illegal pesticides used in your village? 1 = Yes, 2 = No ------------- If yes, which ones? 1 = expired pesticides, 2 = banned pesticides, 3 = fake
pesticides, 4 = adulterated pesticides, 5 = all of the above ------------------- Q5. Pesticide problems a) Is there any pesticide problems reported? 1 = yes, 2 = No If yes, what? 1 = sprayed on crops not ready, 2 = wrong dosage, 3 = use of expired
and abandoned pesticides, 4 = all of the above, 5 = others. ------------------- b) From where do you buy pesticides for your crops? 1 = imported under strict
regulations, 2 = clandestinely from neighbouring cities 3 = clandestinely from neighbouring countries, 4 = from local manufacturers or resellers, 5 = 2+3, 6 = 2+4
5
c) Any available data on pesticide problems--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Year Type of pesticide Problem caused No of affected
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
d) Have you recorded any new kind of crop/ animal disease in your village? 1 = Yes 2 = No
e) If yes, what do you think is the cause of the disease? 1 = climate change, 2 = heavy rains, 3 = over use of pesticides, 4 = insect damage on crops, 5 = infected soils, 6 = 2+5, 7 = all of the above.
f) How have you been controlling the disease? 1 = abandon farm, 2 = increase dosage of pesticide, 3 = digging of trench, 4 = climatic reasons, 5 = treat soil with nematicide after tilling
Q6. Consumption data i) Is there any record on what people eat in your village? 1 = Yes, 2 = No ii) How important is the food? 1 = eaten at home, 2 = eaten in the village, 3 =
eaten in the community iii) Name the commonly eaten foods in your locality. ------------------------------ iv) How are foods prepared before consumption? 1= peeling and eating, 2 =
washing and eating, 3 = boiling and eating, 4 = peeling, washing then eating, 5 = peeling, boiling then eating without washing, 6 = peeling, washing and then boiling before eating
Q7. Information on climate change with respect to climate a) Have you heard about climate change? 1 = Yes, 2 = No b) What does it mean to you? (Specify) 1 = change in weather, 2 = wet and dry weather, 3 =
drought and too much rain, 4 = change in planting season.
c) What are you doing to fight climate change? (Specify)1 = planting of trees, 2 = follow programme, = pollution stop cutting of trees, 4 = avoid environmental
6
d) How are you adapting to the changing climate? (Specify) 1 = making more seeds, 2 = planting trees, 3 = avoiding environmental pollution, 4 = avoid bush fires, 5 = farming across the slopes, 6 = no knowledge.
e) Have you been involved in tree planting? 1 = Yes, 2 = No f) Who organizes it? (Specify) 1 = local NGO, 2 = forester, 3 = local council and NGO, 4 =
self, 5 = government g) Where did you get the trees from? 1 = old stems, 2 = research centre, 3 = from agric staff,
4 = none of the above (specify)
Q8. Warming system a) Have you noticed the appearance of certain diseases under specific weather
conditions (wet and dry weather) on your farm? 1 = Yes, 2 = no b) If yes what are the most prevailing causes? 1 = insects, 2 = fungi, 3 = weeds, 4
= crop damage, 5 = 1+ 2+3 c) What are you doing to control this? 1 = use pesticide, 2 = others (specify)
THANKS
7
Annexe 2: Sample questionnaire Pesticide Control body/Ministry of
Agriculture
Q1. Types of vegetables cultivated c) Which are the 10 top important vegetables /fruits grown in this area (Cameroon).
National statistics on the following: i) Vegetables ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ii) Fruits -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ d) Name in order of importance the quantity in tonnage produce per hectare the different
vegetables No. Name of Vegetable Quantity produce Economic Value (most
important – least important)
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
viii
ix
x
Q2 Pesticide residue control programme b) Is there any pesticide residue control programme,
i) At the local market? yes No If yes, specify --------------------------------------------------------------------- Who is responsible for this------------------------------------------------------
ii) At Import? yes No If yes, specify ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Responsible:---------------------------------------------------------------------------
8
iii) At Export? yes No If yes, specify-------------------------------------------------------------------------- Responsible:---------------------------------------------------------------------------
c) What sampling-methodology is used (how are samples taken and how much)? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ d) How is the pesticide-residue analysis conducted (method description)?--------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- i) How accurate is this (credit-worthy lab, expertise)--------------------------------------- ii) What’s the margin of error?------------------------------------------------------------------- iii) What’s the limit of detection (LOD)?-------------------------------------------------------
iv) On what base is the scope of the analysis decided (how does one decide what residues are looked for on a specific crop)------------------------------------------------------
Q3. Pesticide authorization List for 10 important crops which pesticides are authorized to be used on them
No. Vegetables/ Fruits
Pesticides authorized
Dosage (kg/hectare)
Concentration When are they applied
Frequency of application
Application method
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
i) Who is in charge of the authorization of pesticides? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ j) When are the specific crops sown/planted and harvested?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Is there a restriction between time of treatment and time of harvest?
Yes No If yes, for how long -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
k) What is the age limit for handling of pesticides? i) above 15 years ii) from 8 years old
l) Who monitors the application of pesticides? i) Farmers ii) extension staff
m) Do you have some visits from extension staff?
9
Yes No If yes how often?
n) During visits from extension staff, what information do you receive? i) how to spray yes No
If yes, specify ii) type of equipment to use yes No
If yes, list types -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iii) How to adjust the spray nozzle Yes No iv) Spraying techniques. Yes No
If yes (specify) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- v) Mixing of chemicals. Yes No
If yes, specify----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- vi) Protective covering. Yes No
If yes, which and how are they carried out------------------------------------------------- vii) Others (Specify) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ o) In what do you measure the dosage to be sprayed?
2 tomato tins 3 in table spoon full 4 in measuring cup 5 other (specify) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q4. Pesticide residue data a) Are there any pesticide residue data on crops available? Yes No
If yes, details in mg pesticides/ kg of crop ------------------------------------------Pesticides yearly data for the past 5 years
Year Type of crop Pesticide used Residues on crop (mg of pesticides/kg of crop)
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
b) What upper limit is used to categorize a residue as ‘acceptable’ (MRL…) and who defines those limits? ----------------------------------------------------------------
10
Q5. Pesticide problems a) Are there any pesticide problems reported? Yes No
If yes, which ones? (Adulteration, illegal use, fake, expired or banned pesticides)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
b) Do you know about any obsolete stocks? Yes No
If yes, in what state are they? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
c) Where are the pesticides bought? (imported under strict regulations, clandestinely from neighboring cities or countries, from local manufacturers, -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
d) Any available data on pesticide problems?
Year Type of pesticide Problem caused No of affected
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Q6. Consumption data Information on consumption data in Cameroon (what and how much of it is consumed
+ what part of the plants are consumed + are there any processing steps)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q7. Climate change Information on climate change with respect to climate------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q8. Warming system
a) Information on warming systems i.e under specific weather conditions certain pests will drop. Does this occur in Cameroon and how does it relate to the types of pests on vegetables and crops? --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
THANKS
11
Annexe 3: List of homologated Pesticides
Avicides
N° Nom Commercial Nom et teneur en matière
(s) active(s)
Formulation
Spéculation
Spécialité Date
Expiration
1 FENTHION 600UL Fenthion 600 g/l UL Oiseaux granivores
céréales 2011
2 QUELETOX Fenthion 640 g/l UL
Oiseaux granivores
céréales 2012
LISTE DES PRODUITS HOMOLOGUES
REPUBLIQUE DU CAMEROUN Paix-Travail-Patrie -------------
MINISTERE DE L’AGRICULTURE ET DU DEVELOPPEMENT RURAL
------------- SECRETARIAT GENERAL -------------
COMMISSION NATIONALE D’HOMOLOGATION DES PRODUITS PHYTOSANITAIRES ET DE CERTIFICATION DES APPAREILS DE TRAITEMENT
--------------- SECRETARIAT DE LA COMMISSION
REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON Peace-Work-Fatherland -----------
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
------------- GENERAL SECRETARIAT
------------- NATIONAL REGISTRATION COMMISSION OF PHYTOSANITARY PRODUCTS AND CERTIFICATION OF SPRAYERS
--------------- SECRETARIAT OF THE COMMISSION --------------
12
Fongicide
N°
Nom Commercial
N° Arrêté
Nom et teneur en matière
(s) active(s) Formulation Spécialité Spéculation
Date
Expiration
1. ALIETTE Fosetyl Aluminium 80% WG Fongicide Ananas 2016
2. ALMANEB 80 WP Manèbe 80% WP Fongicide Tomate 2010
3. ALTO 100 SL Cyproconazol 100g/l SL Fongicide Hévéa 2014
4. ANTEOR SUPPER 49
Oxyde de cuivre 40% Cymoxanil 9.6%
WP Fongicide Cacaoyer 2007
5. ANTIBLU SELECT
Alkydimethyl benzyl-amonium chloride 494.6g/kg 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbonate 23.7g/kg. -Bisodium actaborate tetrahydrate 74.2g/kg
EC Fongicide Bois 2014
6. ATHLETE
Fosetyl – Alluminium 800g/kg
WG Fongicide Bananier 2016
7. BALEAR 720 SC Chlorothalonil 720g/l SC Fongicide Bananier 2015
8. BANKIT 25 SC Azoxystrobine 250g/l SC Fongicide Bananier 2010
9. BANKO 720 EC Chlorothalonil 720g/l SC Fongicide Bananier 2010
10. BAOBAB 80 WP Mancozèbe 800 g/kg WP Mildiou Tomates 2018
11. BRAVO 720 SC Chlorothalonil 720 g/l FO mildiou Tomates
12. BRAVO 720 SC Chlorothalonil 720g/kg SC Fongicide Bananier 2010
13. CAIMAN 500 OL Mancozèbe 500g/l OL Fongicide Bananier 2013
14. CALIETTE 80 WP Fosetyl-Aluminium 80g/kg WP
Pouriture du coeur
Ananas 2011
15. CALIXINE Tridemorphe 750g/l EC Fongicide Bananier 2007
16. CALIXINE 86 OL Tridemorphe 860g/l OL Fongicide Bananier 2012
17. CALLIS 400 OL Methyl-thiophanate 400g/l OL Fongicide Bananier 2008
18. CALLOMIL SUPER 66 WP
Oxyde de cuivre 6% Méfénoxam (métalaxyl-m) 6%
WP Fongicide Cacaoyer 2010
19. CAOCOBRE Oxyde de cuivre 560g/l WP Fongicide Cacaoyer 2007
13
20. CAOCOBRE 50 WG Oxyde de Cuivre WG Fongicide Cacaoyer 2015
21. CHAMPION 50 WP
Hydroxide de cuivre 500g/kg
WP Fongicide Cacaoyer 2007
22. CHLOROPLANT 720 SC
Chlorothalonil SC Fongicide Bananier 2017
23. COBRA 75 WG Oxyde de cuivre 75 % WG
pourriture brune des cabosses
Cacaoyer 2020
24. COGA 80 WP Mancozèbe 800 g/kg WP Mildiou Tomates 2018
25. COMET PLUS
Fenpropimorph 375 g/l + Pyraclostrobin 100 g/l
FO Maladie des raies noires.
Bananiers. 2020
26. CURLYPLANT 730 WG
Soufre 60,8% + Oxychlorure de Cuivre 12,7%
WG Fongicide Tomates 2015
27. DITHANE DG NEO TEC
Mancozèbe 800g/kg WG Fongicide Bananier 2014
28. DITHANE F 448 SC Mancozèbe 430 g/l SC
cercosporiose
Bananiers. 2020
29. DITHANE M 45 Mancozèbe 80% WP Fongicide Tomates 2011
30. FOLICURE 250 EW Tebuconazole 200g/l EW Fongicide Bananier 2007
31. FONGEX TWP
Thiophanate-metyl 11% + Oxychlorure de cuivre 20% + soufre 12%
WP Fongicide Maraichère 2014
32. FONGICA Oxyde de cuivre WG Fongicide Cacaoyer 2017
33. FONGISTAR 72% WP Oxyde de cuivre WP Fongicide Tomates 2017
34. FORUM R 46 WP
Dimethomorph 6% + Oxychlorure de cuivre 40%
WP pourriture brune des cabosses
Cacaoyer 2020
35. FORUM* R
Dimethomorphe 60g/kg+ Oxychlorure de Cuivre 400g/kg
WP Fongicide Cacaoyer 2011
36. FOSTONIC 80 WP Fosetyl Aluminium WP ongicide Ananas 2017
37. FUNGURAN-OH 50 WP
Hydroxide du cuivre 77% WP Fongicide Cacaoyer 2014
38. GALBEN PLUS
Bénalaxy 18% + Cuivre Métal 60%
WP Fongicide Cacaoyer 2009
14
39. GOLDEN BLUE
Sulfate de Cuivre pentahydraté 98,5 %
SG pourriture brune
Cacaoyer 2018
40. HYDROX
Hydroxide de cuivre (eq. Cuivre métal)
WP Fongicide Cacaoyer 2017
41. HYDROX
Hydroxide de cuivre (eq. Cuivre métal)
WP Fongicide Cacaoyer 2017
42. HYDROX Oxyde de cuivre 770g/kg WP
Pouriture brune des cabosses
Cacaoyer 2007
43. HYDROX SUPER Hydroxide de cuivre WG Fongicide Cacaoyer 2017
44. IMPULSE 800 EC Spiroxamine 800g/kg EC Fongicide Bananier 2014
45. IVORY 75 WG Mancozèbe 750g/kg WG Fongicide Bananier 2011
46. IVORY 80 WP Mancozèbe 800g/kg WP Fongicide Tomates 2010
47. K. O. MIL
Oxyde cuivreux 600g/kg+ Metalaxyl 120g/kg
WP Fongicide Cacaoyer 2016
48. KENTAN 40 WG Hydroxide de cuivre WG Fongicide Cacaoyer 2017
49. KOCIDE 101 Hydroxide de cuivre 56% WP Fongicide
Cacaoyer caféier
2006
50. KOCIDE 2000 Hydroxyde de Cuivre 53.8% WG Fongicide Cacaoyer 2011
51. MAGNATE 75 SG Imazalil 75% SG
Traitement post récolte
Bananier 2014
52. MANCO 80 WP Mancozèbe 800g/kg WP Fongicide Tomates 2016
53. MANCOBEX 80 WP Mancozébe 800 g/kg WP mildiou Tomate 2019
54. MANCOSTAR 80 WP Mancozèbe 800 g/kg WP Mildiou Tomates 2018
55. MANCOZAN Mancozèbe 750g/kg WG Fongicide Bananier 2016
56. MANCOZAN SUPER
Mancozèbe 640 g/kg + Metalaxy 80 g/kg
WG mildiou tomate 2019
57. MANZATE 75 WG Mancozèbe 750 g/kg WG
Cercosporioses
Bananier 2018
58. MANZATE R 75 WG (DF)
Mancoz7be WG Fongicide Bananier 2017
59. METACHAMP
Metalaxyl 12 % +Hydroxyde de cuivre 40 %
WP Pourriture brune
Cacaoyer 2019
15
60. METALM 72 WP
Métalaxyl 120g/kg + Oxyde du cuivre 600g/kg
WP Fongicide Cacaoyer 2010
61. METROSTAR 500 WP
Thiophanate-methyl 150 g/kg + Oxychlorure de cuivre 200 g/kg + Soufre 150 g/kg
WP Mildiou Tomates
2018
62. MORFUS 720 SC Chlorothalonil 720 g/l SC
la maladie des raies noires
Bananiers. 2020
63. NORDOX 50 Oxyde de cuivre 58% PM Fongicide Cacaoyer 2006
64. NORDOX 75 WG Oxyde du Cuivre 86% WG Fongicide Cacaoyer 2006
65. NORDOX SUPER 75 WP
Oxyde cuivreux 86,2% WP pourriture brune
Cacaoyer 2018
66. NORDOX SUPPER 75 Oxyde de cuivre 86% PM Fongicide Cacaoyer 2006
67. O.K.MIL
Oxyde cuivreux 600 g/kg + Metalaxyl 120 g/kg
FO pourriture brune des cabosses
Cacaoyer 2020
68. ODEON 82,5 WDG Chorothalonil WDG Fongicide Bananier 2017
69. OPAL 7,5 EC Epoxyconazole 75 g/l EC
cercosporiose
Bananiers. 2020
70. ORPHEE PLUS
Tridémorphe 450g/l Triadiméfon 100g/l
OL Fongicide Bananier 2008
71. PARASOL Hydroxide de cuivre 50% WP Fongicide Cacaoyer 2010
72. PENNCOZEB 75 DG Mancozèbe 750g/kg DG Fongicide Bananier 2014
73. PENNCOZEB 80 WP Mancozèbe 80% WP Fongicide - Vivrière
- Maraîchère - Fruitière
2010
74. PENNCOZEB 80 WP Mancozèbe 800 g/kg WP
Champiognons parasites
Maraîchères et fruitières
2018
75. PLANTIETTE 80 WG Fosetyl-Aluminium 800 g/kg WG
Pourriture du coeur
Ananas 2018
76. PLANTINEB 80 WP Manèbe 80% WP Fongicide - Maraîchère
- Vivrièr- Fruitière
2010
77. PLANTINEB 80 WP Manèbe 80% WP mildiou Tomates 2018
78. PLANTIZEB 80 WP Mancozèbe 80% WP Insecticide Tomates 2014
79. PLANTOCOBRE 50 WG
Oxyde de Cuivre 60% WG Fongicide Cacaoyer 2015
16
80. PLANTOMIL 72 WP
Oxyde de vuivre 600g/kg+ Metalaxyl 120g/kg
WP Fongicide Cacaoyer 2016
81. PUNCH 40 EC Flusilazol 400g/l EC Fongicide Bananier 2014
82. PYRUS 400 SC Pyrimethanil 400g/l SC Fongicide Bananier 2016
83. REVUS 250 SC Mandipropamid 250 g/l SC
Pourriture des cabosses
Cacaoyer 2018
84. REVUS 250 SC Mandipropamid 250 g/l mildiou Tomate 2019
85. RIDOMIL GOLD 65WP
Mefenoxam 5% (metalaxyl) + Hydroxyde de Cuivre 60%
WP Fongicide Cacaoyer 2009
86. RIDOMIL GOLD PLUS 66 WP
Metalaxy/-M 6%+ Oxyde de Cuivre 60%
WP Fongicide Cacaoyer 2011
87. SICO 250 EC Difenoconazole 250 g/l EC
Cercosporioses
Bananier 2018
88. SICO 250EC Defenoconazole 250g/l EC Fongicide Bannanier 2008
89. SIGANEX 60 SC Pyriméthanil 600g/l SC Fongicide Bananier 2014
90. STAROMIL 72 WP
Dimethomorph 12 % + Oxyde de cuivre 60 %
WP pourriture brune des cabosses
Cacaoyer 2020
91. SULIMA 75 SP Imazalil 75% SP Fongicide Bananier 2008
92. SUPRAMIL GOLD
Mefenoxam (Metalaxyl- M) + Oxyde de Cuivre
WP Fongicide Cacaoyer 2017
93. TILT 250 EC Propiconazole 250 g/l EC
cercosporiose
Bananiers. 2020
94. TILT 250 EC Propiconazole 250g/l EC Fongicide Bananier 2007
95. TOLONYL Chlorothalonil 750g/l WG Fongicide Bananier 2015
96. TRICAL 250 OL Triadimefon 250 g/l OL
cercosporiose
Bananiers. 2020
97. TRICAL 250 OL Triadiméfon 250g/l OL Fongicide Bananier 2008
98. TRIMANEB Manèbe WP Fongicide Maraichères 2015
99. TRIMANGOL 80 WP Manèbe 800 g/kg WP
Champiognons parasites
Maraîchères et fruitières
2018
100. UNILAX 72 WP
Mancozèbe 64% + Metalaxyl 8%
WP Mildiou Tomates 2018
17
Herbicides
N°
Nom Commercial
N° Arrêté
Nom et teneur en matière (s) active(s)
Formulation Spécialité Spéculation Date
Expiration
1. ACTION 80 DF Diuron 800g/kg WG Pré-levée culture et adventices
Cotonnier 2018
2. ACTRIL DS Lozynil 100g/kg + 2,4 D 500g/kg
EC Herbicide Cane-à-sucre 2013
3. AGRAX 500 Amétryne 500g/l SC Pré-levée cultures et adventices
Diverses cultures
2010
4. AGRAZINE 90 DF Atrazine 900g/kg DF Herbicide Maïs 2011
5. AGRAZINE 90 DF Atrazine 900g/kg WG Pré-levée culture et adventices
Cotonnier 2018
6. ALLIGATOR Pendimethaline 400g/l EC Adventices en post levée
Canne à sucre 2015
7. ALLY 20 DF Metsulfuron-Methyl DF Adventices en post levée
Palmier à huile
2017
8. ALMOXONE SUPER Paraquat 200g/l SL Adventices en post levée
Caféier 2011
9. ALMSMA 720 SL MSMA 720g/l SL Adventices en post levée
Canne à sucre 2011
10. AMETRA 500 SC Ametrène 250 g/l+ Atrazine 250g/l
SC Adventices en post levée
Canne à Sucre 2015
11. AMISTAR 720 SL 2,4 – D sel d’amine SL Adventices en post levée
Toute culture 2020
12. ARMADA Glyphosate 90g/l SL Adventices en post levée
Diverses cultures
2006
13. ATOLL Isoxaflutole 37,5g/l + Atrazine 500g/l
SC Adventices en post levee
Maïs 2015
14. ATRALM 80 WP Atrazine 900g/kg WP Adventices en post levée
Maïs 2010
15. ATRALM 90 WDG Atrazine 900g/l WDG Adventices en post levée
Maïs 2012
16. BASTA 6 SL Glufosinate ammonium 60g/l
SL Adventices en post levée
Diverses cultures
2007
17. BASTA F1 Glufosinate ammonium 200g/l
SL Adventices en post levée
Diverses cultures
2007
18. BASTA F1 Glufosinate ammonium 200g/l
SL Adventices en post levée
Diverses cultures
2019
19. CALLIHERBE 2,4 –D Sol d’Amide 720g/l
SL Adventices en post levée
Diverses cultures
2007
20. CALLOXONE SUPER Paraquat 200g/l SL Adventices en post levée
Diverses cultures
2010
101. VOLLEY 88 OL Fenpropimorphe OL Fongicide Bananier 2017
102. VONDOZEB 33 OF Mancozèbe 330g/l OF Fongicide Bananier 2010
103. VONDOZEB 42 SC Mancozèbe 420 g/l SC
Cercosporioses
Bananier 2018
104. VONDOZEB 42 SC Mancozèbe 420g/l SC Fongicide Bananier 2010
18
21. CASSE-TOUT Glyphosate 480 g/l SL Adventices en post levée
Toute culture 2020
22. CAVIAR 48 EC Tridopyr 480g/l EC Adventices en post levée
Palmier à huile
2015
23. CERTROL DS Loxinyl 100g/l + 2,4-D 600g/l
EC Adventices en post levée
Canne à Sucre 2014
24. CLEANFARM 360 SL Glyphosate 360 g/l SL Adventices en post levée
Toute culture 2020
25. CODAL GOLD 412,5 DC
Prometryne 25 % + S-Metolachlore 16,25 %
DC Pré-levée culture et adventices
Cotonnier 2018
26. CORTA 480 Triclopyr 480 g/l EC Adventices en post levée
Palmier à huile
2018
27. COTRAZINE Atrazine 80 % Adventices en prélevée
cotonnier 2019
28. CYCLONE 200 SL Glufosinate ammonium 200 g/l
SL Adventices en post levée
Palmier à huile 2019
29. DECAPLANT 720 2, D (Sel
d’Amine) 720g/l Sl
Adventices en post levée
Palmier à huile
2015
30. DINAMIC 700 WDG Amicarbazone 700g/kg
WDG Pré-levée culture et adventices
Canne à sucre 2018
31. DINO 800 SC Diuron 800g/l SC Adventices en post levée
Canne à sucre 2014
32. DINO 800 WG Diuron 800g/kg WG Adventices en post levée
Canne à sucre 2014
33. DIURALM 800 SC Diuron 80% SC Adventices en post levée
Canne à sucre 2012
34. DIURALM 8O WG Diuron 800g/kg WG Adventices en post levée
Cotonnier 2014
35. DIURON 80 WP Diuron 800g/kg WP Adventices en post levée
Cotonnier 2010
36. ERAWEED 20 WG Metsulfuron-methyle 20 %
WG Adventices en post levée
Hévéa 2019
37. EXTREME PLUS 750 WP
Metribuzinze 643+ Chlorimuron 107
WP Adventices en post levée
Canne à sucre 2015
38. FINISH 360 SL Glyphosate 360 g/l SL Adventices en post levée
Palmier à huile
2018
39. FINISH 68 SG Glyphosate 680 g/kg (sel d’isopropylamine)
SG Adventices en post levée
Palmier à huile
2018
40. FOLAR 525 SC Terbutylazine 345g/l + Glyphosate 180g/l
SC Adventices en post levée
Diverses cultures
2007
41. GALAXY 450 EC Clamazone 150g/l + Pendiméthaline 180g/l
EC Adventices en post levée
Riz 2013
42. GALLANT SUPER Haloxyfob-R (ester de Methyl) 108g/l
EC Adventices en post levée
Cotonier 2016
43. GARLON 4E Tridopyr 480g/l EC Adventices en post levée
Diverses cultures
2007
44. GARLON 4E Triclopyr EC
Adventices en post levée
Adventices des cultures
2017
45. GESAPRIM 90 WG Atrazine 900g/l WG Herbicide/ Pré-levée
Maïs 2011
46. GESAPRIM 90 WG Atrazine 900 g/kg WG Pré-levée cultures et adventices
Maïs
2011
47. GLYCEL 41 % SL Glyphosate 360 g/l (s/f de sel d’isopropylamine)
SL Adventices en post levée
Toute culture 2019
19
48. GLYCOT Glyphosate 480 g/l SL Adventices en post levée
cotonnier 2019
49. GLYPHADER Glyphosate 360g/l SL Adventices en post levée
Diverses cultures
2007
50. GLYPHADER 360 SL Glyphosate SL Adventices en post levée
Adventices des cultures
2017
51. GLYPHADER 750 Glyphosate 680g/kg (eq. Glyphosate acide)
SG Adventices en post levée
Cotonnier 2018
52. GLYPHALM 500 WSG Glyphosate 500g/l WSG Adventices en post levée
Cotonnier 2014
53. GLYPHALM 72 WG Glyphosate 720g/l WG Adventices en post levée
Cotonnier 2015
54. GLYPHASINE COMBI Glyphosate 180g/l + Terbuthylazine 345g/l
SL Adventices en post levée
Caféier 2011
55. GLYPHOGAN Glyphosate 360g/l (Sel d’isopophylamine)
SL Adventices en post levée
Caféier 2011
56. GLYPHOS 360 Glyphosate 360g/l SL Adventices en post levée
Palmier à huile
2013
57. GLYPHOSALM 360 SL Glyphosate 360g/l sous forme de sel d’isoprophylamine
SL Adventices en post levée
Palmier à huile
2011
58. GRAMAXONE SUPPER Paraquat 200g/l SL Adventices en post levée
Diverses cultures
2007
59. GRAMAXONE SUPPER Paraquat 200g/ SL Adventices en post levée
Diverses cultures
2007
60. HEBEXTRA 2,4-D sel d’Amine 720g/l
SL Adventices en post levée
Palmier à huile
2010
61. HELOSATE 360 SL AE Isopropylamine 360g/l
SL Adventices en post levée
Canne à sucre 2013
62. HERBALM 720 2,4-D 720g/l SL Adventices en post levée
Palmier à huile
2011
63. HERBAZUR Asulam-sodium 400 g/l
SL Post-levée des adventices
Canne à sucre 2018
64. HERBIMAIS Atrazine 750g/l + Nicosulfuron 40g/l
WG Post-levée des adventices et cultures
Mais 2016
65. HERBIMAIS SUPER Dicamba 24 % + Nicosulfuron 4 %
HE en postlevée cultures et adventices
maïs 2020
66. HERBISTAR 360 SL Glyphosate 360 g/l SL Post-levée des adventices
Canne à sucre 2018
67. HERBISTAR PLUS 757 WSG
Glyphosate 757 g/kg WSG Adventices en post levée
Toute culture 2020
68. HERBISTAR PRO 800 WSG
Glyphosate WSG Adventices en post levée
Cotonnier 2017
69. KALACH 120 SL Glyphosate 120g/l SL Adventices en post levée
Diverses cultures
2006
70. KALACH 360 SL Glyphosate 360g/l SL Adventices en post levée
Canne à sucre 2006
71. KALACH 360 SL Glyphosate 360 g/l SL Maïs Adventices des cultures
2018
72. KARLA 20 DF Metsulfuron-methyle 200 g/kg
DF Adventices en post levée
Palmier à Huile
2019
73. KRISMAT 75 WG Trifloxysulfuron 1,85% + Ametryne
WG Adventices en post levée
Canne à sucre 2013
20
73,15%
74. LASSO GD MICRO TECH
Alachlore 300g/l + Atrazine 180g/l
CS et SC Pré-levée cultures et adventices
Maïs 2011
75. LUMAX 537,5 SE
Mesotrione 3,75% + S-Méthalochlore 37,5%+ Terbutylazine 12,5%
SE Post-levée des adventices et cultures
Maïs
2015
76. MAIA 75 WG Nicosulfuron 750 g/l WG Adventice en post levée
Maïs 2019
77. MASTER 720 SL MSMA 720g/l SL Adventices en post levée
Canne à sucre 2014
78. NICOMAIS 40 SC Nicosulfuron SC post-levé culture et adventices
Maïs
79. NOMINEE 100 SC Bispyribac – Sodium SC Adventices en post levée
Riz 2015
80. PARAGON 500 EC Pendiméthaline 500g/l EC Adventices en post levée
Canne à sucre 2014
81. PENCAL 500 EC Pendimethaline 500g/l EC Adventices en post levée
Cotonnier 2010
82. PENDIMOST Pendiméthaline EC Adventices en post levée
Maïs 2010
83. PLANTOP 360 Glyphosate 360g/l SL Adventices en post levée
Canne à sucre 2015
84. PLANTOP ULTRA 75,7% WG
Glyphosate ammonium 75%
WG Adventices en post levee
Cotonnier 2015
85. PLANTOXONE SUPER Paraquat 200g/l EC Adventices en post levée
Palmier à Huile
2016
86. PLANTURON 80% WG Diuron 800g/kg WG Adventices en post levée
Cotonnier 2014
87. PREMISTAR 800 WG Diuron 800 g/kg WG Pré-levée adventices et cultures
Cotonnier
2018
88. PRIMAGRAM GOLD 660 SC
S-Metolachlore 290g/kg + Atrazine 370g/l
SC Pré-levée cultures et adventices
Mais 2011
89. PRIMEXTRA 500 FW Atrazine 170g/l + Metolachlore 330g/l
FW Pré-levée cultures et adventices
Maïs
2009
90. PRIMEXTRA GOLD 720 SC
Atrazine320g/l + S-Metolachlore 400g/l
SC Pré-levée cultures et adventices
Mais 2009
91. PRIMEXTRA GOLD 720 SC
Atrazine320g/l + S-Metolachlore 400g/l
SC Pré-levée cultures et adventices
Diverses cultures
2019
92. RISTAR TM Oxadiazon 250g/l EC Adventices en post levée
Riz 2016
93. ROUND UP 360 SL Glyphosate SL Adventices en post levée
Adventices des cultures
2017
94. ROUND UP BIOSEC Glyphosate 640g/l GR Adventices en post levée
Palmier à huile
2011
95. ROUNDUP 120 Glyphosate 120g/l SL Adventices en post levée
Diverses cultures
2007
96. ROUNDUP 360 Glyphosate 360g/l SL Adventices en post levée
Diverses cultures
2007
97. ROUNDUP 360 Glyphosate 360g/l SL Adventices en post levée
Diverses cultures
2019
98. ROUNDUP 450 TURBO Glyphosate 450g/l SL Adventices en post levée
Palmier à huile
2014
21
99. ROUNDUP 450 TURBO
Glyphosate 450 g/l sous forme d’équivalent acide (551 g/l de sel de potassium)
HE Adventices en post levée
Toute culture 2020
100. SIKOSTO 120 SL Glyphosate 120g/l SL Adventices en post levée
Diverses cultures
2010
101. SIKOSTO 360 SL Glyphosate 360g/l SL Adventices en post levée
Diverses cultures
2010
102. SIKOSTO 360 SL Glyphosate 360 g/l SL Adventices en post levée
Toute culture 2019
103. SPRINGBOK 360 SL Glyphosate 360g/l SL Adventices en post levée
Canne à sucre 2014
104. SPRINGBOK 500 WSG Glyphosate 500g/kg WG Adventices en post levée
Canne à sucre 2014
105. STOMP 500 EC Pendimethaline 500g/l EC Pré-levée cultures et adventices
Cotonnier 2009
106. STOMP CS Pendimethaline 455 g/l
CS Pré-levée cultures et adventices
Cotonnier 2019
107. SUPRAXONE ROYAL Paraquat 200g/l SL Adventices en post levée
Diverses cultures
2007
108. SUPRAXONE ROYAL Paraquat 200g/l SL Adventices en post levée
Diverses cultures
2007
109. SUPRAXONE ROYAL Paraquat SL Adventices en post levée
Diverses cultures
2017
110. TARGA SUPER 50 EC Quizalofop-Ethyl Ec Pré-levée cultures et adventices
Cotonnier 2014
111. TOPSTAR 400 SC Oxadiargyl 400g/l SC Adventices en post levée
Riz 2015
112. TOUCH DOWN Glyphosate-trimesium 480g/l
SL Adventices en post levée
Palmier à huile
2013
113. TOUCHDOWN FORTE HI TECH
Glyphosate 500g/l SL Adventices en post levée
Palmier à huile
2014
114. TREVESSIMO Glyphosate 720g/l SC Adventices en post levée
2007
115. TREVISSIMO Glyphosate 250 g/l + Diuron 250 g/l
SC Adventices en post levée
Diverses cultures
2018
116. TROMISSIL 50 WP Linuron WP Pré-levée culture et adventices
Carotte
2017
117. VELPAR 75 DF Hexazinone 750g/l DF Adventices en post levée
Diverses cultures
2010
118. VELPAR L 240 Hexazinone 240g/l DC Adventices en post levée
Diverses cultures
2010
119. VOLATRAZINE 500 SC Atrazine 500g/l SC Adventices en post levée
Canne à sucre 2014
120. VOLAZINONE 750 WG Hexazinon 750g/kg WG Adventices en post levée
Canne à sucre 2014
121. VOLCACET 900 EC Acétochlore 900g/l EC Adventices en post levée
Canne à sucre 2015
122. VOLTRIL 2, 4-D 600g/l+Loxynil 100g/l
EC Adventices en post levée
Canne à sucre 2014
123. WILDBEES 2.4-D 600g/l SL Adventices en post levée
Canne à sucre 2014
22
Insecticides
N°
Nom Commercial
N° Arrêté
Nom et teneur en
matière (s) active(s) Formulation Spécialité Spéculation
Date
Expiration
1. ACEPLANT 80 EC Acetamipride 80g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2016
2. ACTARA 25 WG Thiamethosam 250g/l WG Insecticide Bananier 2015
3. ACTELLIC 2% DUST Pirimiphose- méthyl 20g/kg
PP Insecticide Denrées stockées
2007
4. ACTELLIC 50 EC Pirimiphos Methyl 20g/l
EC Insecticide Maïs, Haricot 2008
5. AKITO 25 EC Béta-Cyperméthrine EC Insecticide Tomate 2014
6. ALADIN Phosphure d’Aluminium 56%
Fumigant Insecticide Denrées stockeés
2016
7. ALTERNAX Thiodicarb 800g/l WG Insecticide Cotonnier 2016 8. AMSAC 150 SC Indoxacarb SC Insecticide Cotonnier
9. ANNIBAL 500 EC Fenobucarb (BPMC) 500g/l
EC Insecticide Cacaoyer 2010
10. ATTAKAN 350 SC Imidaclopride 350g/l SC Insecticide Bananier 2014 11. AVAUNT 150 SC Indoxacarbe 150g/l SC Insecticide Cotonnier 2013 12. BASSA 500 EC Feobucarb 500g/l EC Insecticide Cacaoyer 2007 13. BASTION 10 G Carbofuran 100g/kg GR Insecticide Bananier 2010 14. BASUDINE 600 EW Diazinon 600/l EW Insecticide Cacaoyer 2008 15. BATIK Bacillus thuringiensis 2010 16. BAYTHROID 025 EC Cyfluthrine 25g/l EC Insecticide Tomate 2010 17. BAYTHROID 100 EC Cyfluthrine 100g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2009 18. BENJI 80 SL Acétamipride 80g/l SL Insecticide Cotonnier 2016
19. BORADYN 045 ZC Thiametoxam + Lambda Cyhalothrime
ZC Mélange de SC et CS
Insecticide Cacaoyer 2017
20. CATCH 10 G Cadusaphos 100 g/kg 2017
21. CAÏMAN B 50 WG Emamectine-benzoate 50 g/kg
WG Chenilles carpophages
cotonnier 2019
22. CALDOPHOS 600 SL Methamidophos 600g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2011 23. CALLISULFAN 50EC Endosulfan 500 g/l 2010 24. CALFOS 600 EC Profenofos 600g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2007 25. CALFOS 720 EC Profenofos 720g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2007 26. CALIFE 500 EC Profenofos 500g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2015
27. CALIFE B 400 EC Profenofos 400 g/l EC Chenilles carpophages
Cotonnier 2018
28. CALLIDIM 200 EC Diméthoate 200g/l EC Insecticide Tomate 2007
29. CALLIDIM 400 EC Dimethoate 400 g/l EC Insectes nuisibles
Cultures maraîchères, légumières et fruitières
2018
30. CALLIDIM 400 EC Diméthoate 400g/l EC Insecticide - Hévéa -Maraîchère - Vivrière
2010
31. CALLIFAN SUPER 40 EC
Acétamipride 20 g/l+Bifenthrine 20 g/l
EC mirides cacaoyer 2019
23
32. CALLISULFAN 330 CS Endosulfan 330g/l CS Cacaoyer 2010
33. CALLISULFAN 35EC Endosulfan 350g/l EC Insecticide Caféier 2007
34. CAOFORCE 600 EC Diazinon 600g/l EC Insecticide Cacaoyer 2014 35. CAPORAL 750 EC Profénofos 750g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2014
36. CAPT FORTE 184 WG Lambda-Cyhalothrine 120 g/kg + Acetamipride 64 g/kg
WG Mouches des fruits
Tomates 2018
37. CARBOFALM 35 DS Carbosufaln 35% DS Insecticide Cotonnier 2014
38. CARBOFAN 35 DS Carbosulfan 350 g/kg DS Traitement des semences
Cotonnier 2018
39. CHINMIX 10 EC Beta-Cypermétrine
100g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2012
40. CIGOGNE 12 EC Cyperméthrine 12g/l EC Insecticide Tomate 2012 41. CIGOGNE 200 EC Cypermethrine 200g/l SL Insecticide Cotonnier 2007 42. CIGOGNE 360 EC Cypermethrine EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2017
43. CIGOGNE 50 EC Cyperméthrine 50g/l EC Insecticide Cultures vivrière et maraîchères
2019
44. CONFIDOR 010 UL Imidachlopride 10 g/l 2011
45. CONFIDOR 200 SL Imidaclopride 200g/l SL Insecticide Bananiers et plantains
2012
46. CONFIDOR 350 SC Imidaclopride 368g/l SC Insecticide Bananier 2015
47. CRUISER 350 FS Thiaethoxane 350g/l FS Insecticide Semences cotonnières
2016
48. CURACRON 500 EC Profenofos 500g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2019 49. CYGA 250 EC Cyperméthrine 250g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2016 50. CYPALM 200 EC Cyperméthrine 200g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2012 51. CYPALM 360 EC Cyperméthrine 360g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2019 52. CYPALM 50 EC Cyperméthrine 50g/l EC Insecticide Tomate 2011 53. CYPERAX 12 EC Cyperméthrine 12 g/l 2010 54. CYPERAX 200 EC Cyperméthrine 200g/l 2010 55. CYPERAX 50 EC Cyperméthrine 50 g/l 2010
56. CYPERCAL 100 Cyperméthrine 100g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier fruitier maraîchère
2006
57. CYPERCAL 12 EC Cypermethrine 12 g/l EC Insectes nuisibles
Cultures maraîchères, légumières et fruitières
2018
58. CYPERCAL 50 EC Cypermethrine 50 g/l EC Insectes nuisibles
Cultures maraîchères, légumières et fruitières
2018
59. CYPERCOT Cypermethrine 10 % EC Chenilles carpophages
cotonnier 2019
60. CYPERDIM 220 EC
Cypermethrine 20 g/l + Dimethoate 200 g/l
EC Insectes nuisibles
Cultures maraîchères, légumières et fruitières
2018
61. CYPERDIM 220 EC Diméthoate 200g/l + Cypermethrine 20g/l
EC Insecticide Hévéa Maraîchères Fruitière
2007
62. CYPERPLANT 100 EC Cyperméthrine 100g/l EC Insecticide Tomate 2011 63. CYPERPLANT 12 EC Cyperméthrine 12g/l EC Insecticide Tomate 2013
24
64. CYPERPLANT 200 EC Cyperméthrine 200g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2014 65. CYPERPLANT 50 EC Cyperméthrine 50g/l EC Insecticide Tomate 2013
66. CYPLANDIM 260 EC Diméthoate 240g/l + Cyperméthrine 20g/l
EC Insecticide Tomate 2014
67. CYREN 480 EC Chlorpyrifos –ethyl 200g/l
EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2012
68. CYTHRINE 25 EC Cypermethrine 25 g/l EC Insectes ravageurs
maraîchères 2019
69. DECIS 12,5 ULV Delthaméthrine 12,5g/l ULV Antiacridienne Insecticide
2006
70. DECIS 25 EC Delthaméthrine 25g/l EC Insecticide Caféier 2006
71. DECISTAB Delthamethrine 25g/kg Tb Insecticide Maraîchères vivrières et fruitières
2010
72. DENIM 019 EC Emamectine-benzoate 19 g/l
EC Chenilles carpophages
cotonnier 2019
73. DIGRAIN 4 Dichlorvos 125g/l + Malathion 100g/l
CE Café et Cacao 2012
74. DIMEX 400 EC Diméthoate 400g/l EC Insecticide Tomate 2014 75. DIMEZYL 400EC Diméthoate 400 g/l 2010 76. DUREXA 3,5 DP Chlorpyriphos 3,5% DP Insecticide Caféier 2010
77. DURSBAN 4 EC Chlorpyriphos-ethyl 480 g/l
EC Scolytes des baies
Caféier 2018
78. EFORIA 045 ZC Thiamethoxam 30 g/l + Lambda-Cyhalothrine 15 g/l
ZC Mouches des fruits
Tomates 2018
79. ENDOSULFAN 50% EC Enfosulfan 500g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2011
80. ENGEO 247 SC Thiamethosam 146g/l + Lambda-cyhalothrine 106g/l
SC Insecticide Cacaoyer 2014
81. EPERVIER 220 EC Chlorpyriphos-ethyl 200 g/l + Cypermethrine 20 g/l
EC punaises nuisibles
caféier arabica.
2020
82. EVISECT S Thiocyclam 500g/l WP Insecticide Palmier à huile
2013
83. FENICAL 500 UL Fenitrothion 500g/l UL Acridiens Ravageur Insecticide
2012
84. FYFANON 880 EC Malathion 880 g/l EC Chenilles carpophages
Cotonnier 2018
85. GAWA 30 SC Imidaclopride 30g/l SC Insecticide Cacaoyer 2014
86. GENERAL 40 WS Carbosulfan 40% WS Traitement Semences
Haricot et Niébé
2012
87. GOLIATH GEL Fipronil 0,05% GEL Insecticide Denrées stockées
2010
88. GREFORCE 480 EC Chlorpyrifos 480 g/l EC punaises nuisibles
caféier arabica.
2020
89. GROSPLANT 480 EC Chlorpyriphos 480g/l EC Insecticide Caféier 2011 90. HOSTATHION 40 EC Triazophos 400g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2010
91. INDOCALM 150 SC Indoxacarb 1250 g/l SC Chenilles carpophages
cotonnier 2019
92. INSECTOR 350 SC Imidaclopride 350 g/l SC Charançons noirs
Bananiers 2018
93. IRON 70 WG Imidaclopride WG Insecticide Cacaoyer 2017 94. K’OBIOL DP 2 Delthamithrine 2g/kg DP Insecticide Maïs en 2011
25
conservation 95. K-OTAB Deltaméthrine 25% 2009 96. K'OTHRINE 25 EC Deltamethrine 25 g/l 2007
97. K’OTHRINE 25 WP Delthaméthrine 25g/l WP Insecticide
Locaux de logement et stockage des denrées
2010
98. KARATE 5 EC Lamda-Cyhalothrine 45g/l
EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2009
99. KARATE MAX 2,5 WG Lambda Cyhalothrine 2,5%
WG Insecticide Cultures Maraïchères
2012
100. KART 50 SP Cartap 500g/l SP Insecticide Cacaoyer 2016 101. KNOX-OUT Diazinon 240g/l 2008
102. KOMBAT CUTWORM BAIT
Sodium fluosilicate 100g/Kg
GR Insecticide Maïs 2009
103. K-OPTIMAL Lambdacyhalothrine 15g/l + Acetamipride 20g/l
EC Insecticide Tomate 2019
104. KRISS 100 SL Acétamipide 100g/l SL Insecticide Cotonnier 2013
105. KUNFU B 50 EC Imidaclopride 1% + Cyperméthrine 4%
EC Insecticide Cacaoyer 2015
106. LAMBDACAL 100 EC Lambda-Cyhalothrine 100g/l
EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2012
107. LAMBDALM 5% EC Lamda-Cyhalothrine 50 g/l
EC Mouches des fruits
Tomates 2018
108. LASER 480 SC Spinosad 480g/l SC Insecticide Cotonnier 2016 109. MALAGRAIN DP 5 Malathion 5% 2013 110. MALATHANE 50 EC Malathion 500g/l EC Insecticide Tomate 2010
111. MARSHAL 35 DS Carbosulfan 35% DS Traitement Semences
2009
112. MARSHAL 480 EC Carbusylfan 480g/l EC Insecticide Caféiers 2011 113. MATADOR 80 EC Acetamiprid 80g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2013 114. METEOR Dimethoate 400 g/l 2009 115. MITAC 20 EC Amitraz 200g/l EC Insecticide Cacaoyer 2007 116. MONOCALM 400 SL Monocrotophos 400g /l SL Insecticide Cotonnier 2012 117. MOSPILAN 200 EC Acétamiprid 200g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2013
118. NURELLE D 20/200 Chlopyrifos-ethyl 200 g/l + Cypermethrine 20 g/l
D punaises Caféiers Arabica
2019
119. ONCOL 35 DS Benfuracarb 350g/l DS Traitement Semences
coton 2011
120. ONEX Imidaclopride 30 g/l SL mirides cacaoyer 2019
121. OPTIMAL Acétamipride 200g/l SP Traitement des Semences
Cotonnier 2016
122. ORTHENE 50 SP Acéphate 500g/kg SP Insecticide Caféier 2007
123. PACHA 25 EC Lambdacyhalothrine 15g/l + Acetamipride 10g/l
EC Insecticide Tomate 2016
124. PARASTAR 40 EC Imidacloprid 20 g/l + Lambdacyhalothrine 20 g/l
EC mouches de fruits, les pucerons
Maraîchères 2020
125. PARASTAR 40 EC Imidaclopride 20 g/l + Lambda-Cyhalothrine 20 g/l
EC Mirides Cacaoyers 2018
126. PERMETHRINE 20 Ec Permethrine 200 g/l 2009
26
127. PEGASUS 250 SC Diafenthiuron 25 % SC Pucerons et Mouches des fruits
Tomates 2018
128. PENNCAP M Methyl Parathion 240g/l
Insecticides Cacaoyer Caféiers
2008
129. PENNCAP M Méthyl-Parathion 240g/l
Suspension de micro-capsules
Insecticide Maraïchère 2011
130. PERCAL M 2% DP Perméthrine 4g /l + Malathion 16g/l
DP Traitement des denrées
Grains stockés 2013
131. PERMETALM 200 EC Permethrine 200g/l EC Les Simulies 2015
132. PERMETIOL 25 EC Perméthrine 250g/l EC
- Locaux logement -Denrées stockées
2010
133. PHOSFINON Phosphure d’aluminium 57 %
Insectes ravageurs
Denrées stockées
2019
134. PHOSTOXIN Phosphure d’Aluminium 56%
Solide (plaquette, (comprimés)
Insectes ravageurs
Denrées stockées et entreprosées
2019
135. PILORI 15 EC Lambda cylaothine 15g/l
EC Tomate 2011
136. PLANTAC 60 Alphacypermé thrine 6%
WP Tomate 2015
137. PLANTHOATE 400 EC Diméthoate 400g/l EC Tomate 2011 138. PLANTIMA 30 SC Imidaclopride SC Insecticide Cacaoyer
139. PLANTIMA 700 WG Imidaclopride 700 g/kg WG Charançons noirs
Bananiers 2019
140. PLANTOFOS 75 EC Profenofos 750 g/l EC Chenilles carpophages
Cotonnier 2018
141. PLEXUS 60 EC Deltaméthrine 60g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2014 142. POUDROX Malathion 50g/Kg PP Insecticides Grains stockés 2009 143. POUDROX Malathion 50g/Kg PP Insecticides Grains stockés 2019
144. PROCLAIM 019 EC Emamectin benzoate 19,2 g/l
EC
mouches de fruits, les pucerons
Maraîchères 2020
145. PROFENALM 500 EC Profénofos 500g/l Cotonnier 2014 146. PROFENALM 720 EC Profenofos 720g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2015
147. PROFENOCOT Profenofos 50 % EC Chenilles carpophages
cotonnier 2019
148. PROTEUS 170 O-TEQ Thiaclopride 150 g/l + Deltamethrine 20 g/l
OD Mirides Cacaoyer 2018
149. PYCHLOREX 48 EC Chlopyrifos-ethyl 480 g/l
EC Scolytes Caféier 2019
150. PYCHLOREX 48 EC Chlorpyrifos 480g/l EC Insecticide Caféier 2009
151. REGENT 3 GR Fipronil 20g/l GR Insecticide Cultures maraiches
2012
152. REGENT 5 GR Fipronil 20g/kg GR Insecticide Bananier 2007 153. REGENT 5 GR Fipronil 20g/kg GR Insecticide Bananier 2019 154. REGENT 50 SC Fripronil 50g/l SC Insecticide Caféier 2012
155. SCOLYTALM 35 EC Endosulfan 350g/l EC Scolytes des Baie
Caféier 2010
156. SELECRON 720 EC Profenofos 72g/l EC Insecticide Tomate 2012 157. SEVIN 85 S Carbaryl 850g/Kg WP Cacaoyer Cacaoyer 2009
27
Insecticide 158. SHERPA 200 EC Cyperméthrine 200g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2012
159. SPRAYBAN N° 3 Huille de pétrole rafinée 830g/l
UL Insecticide Bananier 2007
160. STARGRAIN 2 DP Deltaméthrine 0.2 % DP Insectes ravageurs
Denrées stockées
2019
161. STEWARD 150 EC Indoxacarb 150 g/l EC Chenilles carpophages
Cotonnier 2018
162. SULTAN 500 EC Endosulfan 500g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2015 163. TAMARON 600 SL Methamidophos 600g/l SL Insecticide Cotonnier 2011 164.
165. TEKNAR HP – D Bacillus thuringionsis 2.6%
SC Contre les simulies Insecticide
2010
166. TENOR 500 EC Profenofos 500g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2014
167. THIODAN 25 ULV Endosulfan 250g/l ULV Contre les glossines Insecticides
2007
168. THIODAN 35 EC Endosulfan 350g/l EC Insecticide Caféier , cacaoyer cotonnier
2007
169. THIODAN 50 EC Endosulfan 500g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2010
170. THIODANULTRACAPS Endosulfan 330g/l CS Cacaoyer Mirides
Cacaoyer 2015
171. THIOFANEX 500 EC Endosulfan 500g/l Cotonnier 2010
172. THIONEX 35 EC Endosulfan 350g/l EC Insecticide Caféier Cacaoyer
2006
173. THIONEX 50 EC Endosulfan 500g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2009
174. THIOPLANT 50 WP Endosulfan 500g/kg WP Fongicide Cacaoyer 2014
175. TITAN 25 EC Acetamipride 250g/l EC Insecticide Tomate 2011
176. TRIALM 400 EC Triazophos 400g/l EC Insecticide Cotonnier
2015
177. TRIAZOFORCE 400 EC Triazophos 400 g/l EC Chenilles carpophages
Cotonnier 2018
178. TRITOPLANT 35 EC Endosulfan 350g/l EC Insecticide Cacaoyer 2016
179. TYSON 150 EC Lambda Cyhalothrine 150g/l
EC Insecticide Cotonnier 2013
180. UNDEN 75 WP Propoxur 750g/kg WP Insecticide Cacaoyer 2007
181. VYDATE 10 G Oxamyl 10 % G mouches de fruits, pucerons
Maraîchères 2019
182. ZIMOST 60 EC Diazinon 60% 2010
183. PYRIFORCE Chlorpyriphos-éthyl 600g/l
2010
28
Insecticides – Fongicides
N°
Nom Commercial
N° Arrêté
Matière Active Formulation
Spéculation
Spécialité Date
Expiration
1. ALMTHIO 20/25
Lindane + Thriame DS Insecticide/ Fongicide
Traitement de Semences
2011
2. APRON STAR 42 DS
20ù + Difénoconazole 2% + Métalaxyl-M 20%
DS Insecticide/Fongicide
Traitement de Semences
2010
3. CAIMAN ROUGE
Endosulfan 250g/kg + Thirame 2250g/kg
DS Insecticide/ Fongicide
Traitement de Semences
2014
4. CALLOXYL C Chlorpyrifos Ethyl 300g/l + TCMTB 100g/l
EC Insecticide/ Fongicide
Grumes 2012
5. CALLOXYL C Chlorpyriphos 300g/l + TCMTB 100g/l
EC Insecticide/ Fongicide
Bois 2012
6. CALTHIO C50 WS Thirame 250g/kg + Chlorpyriphos -Ethyl 250g/kg
WS Insecticide/ Fongicide
Semence Cotonnier
2010
7. CALTHIO DS Thriame 250g/l + Lindane
DS Insecticide/ Fongicide
Semences 2010
8. CALTHIO E Endosulfan + Thirame
WS Insecticide Semence Cotonnier
2012
9. CELCURE AC 450
Copper carbonate acid 15,5 % + Boric acid 4,9 % + DDA carbonate 5,3 %
INFO champignons et insectes xylophages
traitement préventif des poteaux électriques
2020
10. COUNTER 10G Terbufos 100g/kg GR Insecticide/Fongicide
Bananier 2007
11. CRYPTOGIL ASI
Carbendazime 8g/kg + propiconazole 30g/kg + IPIBC 30g/kg+ Cyperméthrine 3g/kg+ Bifenthrine1,5g/kg
diluer dans l’eau
Insecticide/ Fongicide
Bois 2014
12. CRYPTOGIL ASI ++ IPBC 12 g/l + Propiconazole 12 g/l + Bifenthrine 3 g/l
EC Champignons et insectes xylophages
Bois débités 2018
13. CRYPTOGIL ASI ++ PREMIUM
IPBC 12 g/l + Propiconazole 12 g/l + Xamox 5 g/l
EC Champignons et insectes xylophages
Bois débités
2018
14. CRYPTOGIL ASI ++ PREMIUM
IPBC 12 g/l + Propiconazole 12 g/l + Xamox 50 g/l
INFO
champignons et insectes xylophages
protection préventive des grumes fraîchement abattues
2020
15. CRYPTOGIL DC6 ++ PREMIUM
Xamox 0,8 g/l + D.C.O.I.T 1,5 g/l
EC Champignons et insectes xylophages
Grumes 2018
16. CRYPTOGIL DG 6 Bifenthrine 1,54g/l + Octilinone (DCOIT)
diluer dans le gas oil
Insecticide/ Fongicide
Grumes 2014
29
3,46g/l
17. IMIDALM 450 WS Imidaclopride 250 g/kg +Thiram 200 g/kg
WS Traitement de Semences
Cotonnier 2019
18. INSECTOR T Imidaclopride 350 g/kg +Thiram 100g/kg
WG Traitement de Semences
Cotonnier 2019
19. KOATGRUME Iodocarbamate (IPBC) 2% + Cyperméthrine 4,00%
Concentre liguide
Insectici
de/ Fongicide
Grumes 2014
20. KOATSCIAGE B2
IPBC 1,2 % + Bifenthrine 0,3 % + D.C.O.I.T. 0,75 % + Benzalkonium 0,7 %
EC
Champignons et insectes xylophages
Grumes et Bois débités
2018
21. MAXYL GIO + Bifenthrine 0,76g/l + Octhilinone 3,40g/l
diluer dans gas-oil
Insecticide/ Fongicide
Grumes 2014
22. MAXYL GIO +LABEL Xamox 5 g/l +DCOIT 1,5 g/l
diluer dans gas-oil
Insecticide/ Fongicide
Grumes 2019
23. MAXYL TSE + Bifenthrine 3 g/l + Propiconazde 12g/l + IPBC 12 g/l
diluer dans l’eau
Insecticide/ Fongicide
Bois 2019
24. MAXYL TSE +
Cyperméthrine 3g/l + Bifenthrine 1,5g/l + Propiconazde 30g/l + Carbendazine 8g/l + Iodocarbamate 30g/l
diluer dans l’eau
Insecticide/ Fongicide
Bois 2014
25. MAXYL TSE +LABEL Xamox 5 g/l + Propiconazde 12g/l + IPBC 12 g/l
diluer dans l’eau
Insecticide/ Fongicide
Bois 2019
26. MOMTAZ 45 TS Imidaclopride + Thiram
WS Semence Cotonnier 2017
27. PROCOT 40 WS
Carbosulfan 250g/kg+ Carbendazime 100g/kg+ Métalaxyl 50g/kg
WS Insecticide/ Fongicide
Cotonnier 2013
28. PROTEGRUME IF Bifenthrine 10g/l Octylisothiozolone
EC Insecticide/ Fongicide
Grumes 2015
29. RESISTOL 6213
Tebuconazole 0.44%, Propiconazole 0.44% 3-iodo – 2 – propynyl carbamate, 0.06% Cypermèthrine 1%
EC Insecticide/ Fongicide
Protection des Grumes
2014
30. SARPAGRUM Cyperméthrine 1,5% + Iodocarbamate (IPBC) 3%
Concentré liguide
Insecticide/ Fongicide
Bois 2013
31. SARPAGRUM AF 200 B
IPBC 12,9 g/l + Bifenthrine 1,5 g/l + Propiconazole 12,9 g/l
EC Champignons et insectes xylophages
Grumes
2018
32. SARPAGRUM AF 200 T
IPBC 12,9 g/l + Thiacloprid 1,5 g/l + Propiconazole 12,9 g/l
EC Champignons et insectes xylophages
Grumes
2019
33. SARPALO AF 200 B IPBC 6,5 g/l + Bifenthrine 1,5 g/l +
EC Champignons et insectes
Grumes 2018
30
Insecticides – Nématicides
Propiconazole 6,5 g/l + Tébuconazole 6,3 g/l
xylophages
34. SARPALO AF 200 T
IPBC 12,4 g/l + DCOIT 9,3 g/l + Propiconazole 6,2 g/l + Thiacloprid 1,5g/l
EC Champignons et insectes xylophages
Grumes 2019
35. SARPECO TB
Cyperméthrine 1,6% + Tebuconazole 0,63% + Propiconazole 0,65% + Iodocarbamate (IPBC) 0,65%
Micré mulsion concentré
Insecticide/ Fongicide
Bois 2013
36. XYLOR IFT TCMTB 18g/l + ChlorpyriphoséEthyl 552g/l
CE Insecticide/ Fongicide
Bois 2014
N° Nom Commercial
N° Arrêté
Matière Active Formulation
Spécialité Spéculation Date
Expiration
1. BASTION 10 G Carbofuran 100 g/kg
G charançons et nématodes
Bananiers. 2020
2. BASTION SUPER Oxamyl 50 g/kg G Insectes / Nematodes
Cultures maraîchères
2019
3. COSMOPOL 10G Terbufos 100g/kg GR charançons et nématodes
Bananier 2011
4. COUNTER 15 FC Terbufos 150g/kg FC charançons et nématodes
Bananier
5. EXTREME PLUS 750 WP
Carbosulfan 750g/kg
DS Traitements semences
Cotonnier 2015
6. FOOTBALL Cadusafos 10% GR charançons et nématodes
Bananier 2015
7. FURAPLANT 10G Carbofuran 100g/kg GR Insectes / Nematodes
Tomate 2014
8. GENERAL Carbosulfan 35% DS Traitement semences
cotonnier 2015
9. MOCAP 10G Ethoprophos 100g/kg
GR charançons et nématodes
Bananier 2007
10. RUGBY 10 G Cadusafos 10 % G charançons et nématodes
Bananiers. 2020
11. RUGBY 10 G Cadusafos 100g/kg GR charançons et nématodes
Bananier 2008
31
Molluscicides
Nematicides
N° Nom Commercial
N° Arrêté
Matière Active Formulation Spéculation Spécialité Date
Expiration
1. CALDEHYDE 5G Métaldehyde 5% GR
limaces et escargots
Bananier 2013
2. DEADLINE BULLETS Metaldehyde 40 g/kg GB/Pellets
limaces et escargots
Bananier 2018
3. LIMAC 5 G Métaldehyde 5% GB
limaces et escargots
Bananier 2015
4. LIMASTOP 5% GB Metaldehyde 50 g/kg GB
limaces et escargots
Bananier 2020
5. MOLLUCARB Thiodicarb 40 g/kg GB
limaces et escargots
Bananier 2019
N°
Nom Commercial
N° Arrêté
Matière Active Formulation Spécialité Spéculation Date
Expiration
1. AMACUR 10 G Fenamiphos 100g/kg
GR Nematicide Bananier 2016
2. CATCH 10 G Cadusaphos GR Nématicide Bananier 2017 3. FOOTBALL SUPER Fosthiazate 10 % NEM nématodes Bananiers. 2020 4. MOCAP 15G BIODAG Ethoprophos GR Nematicide Bananier 2014
5. NEMACUR 10 GR Phénamiphos 100g/kg
GR Nématicide Bananier 2007
6. NEMACUR 15 GR Fenamiphos 150 g/kg
NEM Nématodes Bananiers. 2019
7. OXAPLANT 240 SL Oxamyl 240g/l SL Intématicide Bananier 2015
8. PACOM Ethoprophos 20g/kg
GR Nematicide Bananier 2016
9. SESAME 5G Carbofuran 5% GR Nematicide Bananier 2011
10. TELONE 11 EC 1, 3 – Dichloropropène 110g/l
EC Nematicide Bananier 2014
11. TEMIK 10G Aldicarbe 100g/kg GR Nématicide Bananier 2007
32
Produits d’hygiHygiène publique
No
Nom Commercial
N° Arrêté
Matière Active Formulation Spécialité Spéculation
Date Expiration
1. ACTELLIC 50 EC Pyrimiphos-methyl 500 g/l
EC Insectes vecteurs Hygiène publique paludisme
2018
2. BAYGON BLUE FIK
Cylfuthrine 0,025%+ Transfluthrine 0,04%
Bombe aerosol
insectes volants Imprégnation des moustiquaires
2015
3. BAYGON GREEN CIK
Propoxur 0,75% + Cyfluthrine 0,025%
Bombe aerosol
Insecticide Insectes rempant
2015
4. BISTAR 10 WP Bifenthrine 10% WP Moustiques Insecticide
Hygiene public 2011
5. CAF X GEL Imidaclopride 21,5 g/kg
GEL Blattes Hygiene public 2018
6. FENDONA 6 SC Alpha-cypermethrine 60 g/l
IN HY moustiques et insectes volants
Hygiene public 2020
7. FICAM VC Bendiocarbe 80% moustiques Hygiene public
8. ICON 10 CS
Lamsda- Cyhalathrine 100g/l
CS Insectes Imprégnation des moustiquaires
2015
9. ICON 10 WP Lambda-Cyhalothrine 100 g/kg
WP Moustiques Hygiene public 2018
10. ICON® MAXX Lambda-cyhalothrine 100g/l
CS Moustiques (femelle d’anohèles)
Hygiene public 2018
11. ICONTET 25 CS Lambda 0 Cyhalothrine
CS Moustiquaire Hygiene public 2014
12. K-OTHRINE 250 WG Deltamethrine 250 g/kg
moustiques Hygiene public 2019
13. MOON TIGER D-trans-Allethrine 0,26 %
Spirales Moustiques Hygiene public 2018
14. PANTHERE NOIRE D-allethrine 0,30% Spirales Moustiques Hygiene public 2018
15. PERMETHRINE 20 EC
Perméthrine 200g/l EC Simulie ygiènePublic 2009
16. RAD D-allethrine 0,30 % moustiques Hygiene public 2019
17. RAID CAFARDS Tetraméthrine 0,25% Cyperméthrine 0,14%
moustiques
Hygiene public 2014
18. RAID LIQUIDE Allethrin 5-10% Di-tert-butyl-P-crésol 1-5%
moustiques
Hygiene public 2014
19. RAID PLAQUETTES Allethrine 0,3% moustiques
Hygiene public 2014
20. RAID SPIRALE Allethrin 0,3% moustiques Hygiene public 2014
21. RAID TOUS INSECTES
Tetraméthrine 0,15% Allesthrine 0,25% Deltaméthrine0,015%
moustiques Hygiene public 2014
22. SAFARI BRAND D-allethrine 0,35% Spirales Moustiques Hygiene public 2018
33
Regulateur de croissance
N°
Nom Commercial
N° Arrêté
Matière Active Formulation Spécialité Spéculation Date
Expiration
1. ALME PHON 50 LS DR
Ethéphon 50g/l PA Régulateur de croissance
Hévéa 2014
2. ALMEPHON 104 LS Ethéphon 104g/l PA Régulateur de croissance
Hévéa 2011
3. CALLEL 480 SL Ethéphon 480g/l SL Régulateur de croissance
Ananas
2011
4. CALLEL 5% PA
Ethéphon 50 g/kg PA Stimulation du latex
Hévéa 2018
5. HEVETEX 104 Ethéphon 104g/kg PA Régulateur de croissance
Hévéa 2015
6. HEVETEX 5% PA Ethéphon 5% PA Régulateur de croissance
Hévéa 2015
7. MAT Ethéphon 480g/l SL Régulateur de croissance
Ananas
2016
8. RYZUP 40 SG Acide gibberellique 40%
Retarde le mûrissement
Banane 2019
Rodenticides
N°
Nom Commercial
N° Arrêté
Matière Active Formulation
Spéculation
Spécialité Date
Expiration
1.
2. BROMA 2,5 BCR Bromadiolone 0,25% Concentré liquide
Rodenticide Rats et Souris 2018
3. BROMAPESCE Bromadiolone 0,005% Cubes et graulés
Rodenticide Rats et Souris 2014
4. FANGA B+ Brodifacoum 0,001% Pâte huileuse Rodenticide Rats et Souris 2018
5. KLERAT Brodifacoum 2,5g/l Blocs parafinés
Rodenticide Rats et Souris 2015
23. SPIRAL ANTIMOUSTIQUE TOTAL
D-Allethrine Spiral fumigène
Moustique Hygiene public 2017
24. TIMOR AEROSOL D- Phenothrine 0,1% + Imiprothrine 0,04%
Bombe aérosol
Insectes volants et rempants
Hygiene public 2015
25. TIMOR MORTEIN
D-phenothrin 0,03 % + Imiprothrin 0,02 % + D-trans-allethrin 0,10 %
IN HY moustiques et autres insectes volants
Hygiene public 2020
26. TOTAL INSECTICIDE
D-tetaméthrine 1,2% + Paralléthrine 0,035% + Delthhaméthrine 0,06% Cyphénothrine 0,050%
Bombe aérosol
Contre insectes domestiques
Hygiene public 2016
34
6. MUSAL Bromadiolone 2,5g/l CB Rodenticide Rats et Souris 2007 7. STORM Flocoumaféne 0,005 % Rodenticide Rats et Souris 2019 8. STORM * Flocoumafène 0,05g/kg BB Rodenticide Plantations 2007
9. VERTOX 0,25% CONCENTRATE
Brodifacoum 0,25% Rodenticide Rats et Souris 2019
10. VERTOX PELLETS
Brodifacoum 0,005% Rodenticide Rats et Souris 2019
HERBICIDES
N° Nom Commercial
N° Arrêté
Nom et teneur en matière (s) active(s)
Formulation
Spéculation
Spécialité
Représentant Local
Date Expiration
1 GRAMOXONE INTEON
Paraquat 200 g/l SL Désherbant total non selectif
Syngenta Services B.P. 2276 douala s/c ADER B.P.2368 Douala s/c JACO B.P. 224 Yaoundé
2018
2 GRAMOXONE SUPER
Paraquat 200 g/l SL Désherbant total non selectif
Syngenta Services B.P. 2276 douala s/c ADER B.P.2368 Douala s/c JACO B.P. 224 Yaoundé
2018
LISTE DES PRODUITS AYANT BENEFICIE D’UNE AUTORISATI ON SPECIALE DE MISE SUR LE
MARCHE (ASM)
1 - FONGICIDE
N° Nom Commercial
N° Arrêté
Nom et teneur en matière (s) active(s)
Formulation
Spéculation
Spécialité
Représentant Local
Date Expiration
1 O. K. MIL Oxyde cuivreux 600g/kg + Metalaxyl 120g/kg
WP
Cacaoyer
Fongicide
ADER Cameroun BP. 2368 Douala
2011