8

Lesson 8.1: Functions and Control of the Endocrine System

Lesson 8.2: Major Endocrine Organs

Lesson 8.3: Endocrine Disorders and Diseases

The Endocrine System

Lesson 8.1

Functions and Control of the

Endocrine System

Chapter 8: The Endocrine System

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• anatomy of the endocrine system• hormones• hormone secretion control

Functions and Control of the Endocrine System

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• endocrine glands– hormones– secrete directly into bloodstream

• exocrine glands– secrete through a duct

Anatomy of the Endocrine System

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• steroid hormones–lipid-based• amino acid hormones–protein-based• hormone receptors

– upregulated–increased– downregulated–decreased

Hormones

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• neural control– epinephrine

• hormonal control– hypothalamic-releasing hormone

• humoral control– glucagon

Hormone Secretion Control

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Hormone Secretion Control

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• negative feedback– mechanism that

reverses a condition that has exceeded the normal homeostatic range to restore homeostasis

Hormones and Homeostasis

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• helps regulates body temperature

The Hypothalamus

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True or False?

1. Endocrine glands secrete hormones.

2. Endocrine glands have ducts.

3. Steroid hormones are proteins.

4. Hormone receptors can only be upregulated.

5. Glucagon is under humoral control.

Review and Assessment

Lesson 8.2

Major Endocrine Organs

Chapter 8: The Endocrine System

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Major Endocrine Organs

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• helps regulate– metabolism– heart rate– energy level– body temperature– thirst

The Hypothalamus

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Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary

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• prolactin (PRO)– growth of mammary glands – milk production in a nursing mother

• growth hormone (GH)– growth of bone and muscles

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary

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• adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)– release of steroid hormones from adrenal cortex

• thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)– release of T4 and T3 from thyroid gland

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary

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• follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)– in females

• estrogen production • egg production

– in males • sperm production

• luteinizing hormone (LH)– in females

• ovulation– in males

• testosterone

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary

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• antidiuretic hormone– acts on kidney, decreases

urine output

• oxytocin– acts on uterus, causes

contractions– acts on breast, causes

secretion of milk

Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary

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• thyroid gland– thyroxine T4 and triiodothyronine T3

• controls rate of metabolism– calcitonin

• removes calcium from blood, puts into bones

• parathyroid gland– parathyroid hormone

• removes calcium from bones, puts into blood

Major Endocrine Glands

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• thymus gland– thymosin

• development of immune system

• pineal gland– melatonin

• produces sleepiness

Major Endocrine Glands

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Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands

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• adrenal medulla– epinephrine and norepinephrine

• adrenaline rush

• adrenal cortex– mineralocorticoids

• aldosterone• sodium and water reabsorbed in kidneys

– glucocorticoids• cortisone and cortisol• promote gluconeogenesis

– sex hormones• estrogen and androgens• maintains sexual characteristics

Adrenal Glands

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Adrenal Glands

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• islets of Langerhans– alpha cells

• glucagon• increase blood glucose level

– beta cells• insulin• decrease blood glucose level

Pancreas

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• testes– testosterone

• sperm production

• ovaries– estrogen

• secondary sexual characteristics • progesterone• menstrual cycle

Gonads

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Fill in the blanks with: ADH, thyroxine, thymosin, or adrenal cortex.

1. The thymus gland produces _______________.

2. The posterior pituitary gland produces oxytocin and _______________.

3. Mineralocorticoids are produced by the _______________.

4. T4 is also called _______________.

Review and Assessment

Endocrine Disorders and

Diseases

Lesson 8.3

Chapter 8: The Endocrine System

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• pituitary disorders• thyroid disorders• disorders of the parathyroid gland• adrenal medulla disorders• disorders of the adrenal cortex• the pancreas and diabetes mellitus

Endocrine Disorders and Diseases

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• hyperfunction– acromegaly, or gigantism

• hypofunction– dwarfism– diabetes insipidus

Pituitary Disorders

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• hyperthyroidism– goiter– Graves disease

• hypothyroidism– myxedema– neonatal hypothyroidism

Thyroid Disorders

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• disorders of the parathyroid gland– hypercalcemia– hypocalcemia

• adrenal medulla disorders– pheochromcytoma

Endocrine Disorders and Diseases

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• Cushing syndrome– hypersecretion of cortisol

• Addison’s disease– hyposecretion of adrenal corticoid hormones

Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex

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• symptoms of diabetes mellitus– polyuria

• excessive urination– polydipsia

• excessive thirst– polyphagia

• increased hunger

The Pancreas and Diabetes Mellitus

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• type I diabetes mellitus– juvenile-onset

• type II diabetes mellitus– adult-onset– insulin resistance– hyperglycemia

The Pancreas and Diabetes Mellitus

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Match these words with 1–4 below: dwarfism, Cushing syndrome, goiter, polyuria.

1. a result of pituitary hypofunction

2. excessive urination

3. hypersecretion of cortisol

4. a result of hyperthyroidism

Review and Assessment