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Ship Routing and Reporting
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Road Map Main Issues:
Introductions Historical background
Definitions - Abbreviations
VTS Types and Services
Legal Issues; International Standards; Security
ATC VTS; World VTS Guide; VTS vs MRCC
Ship Reporting; Surveillance; Identification
New Technologies; Communications (SMCPs)
Training Issues
Risk Assessment; High Risk Vessels; PSSAs
VTMIS; VTMIS Net;
VTS Research; Sources of Information; Int Conferences
Costs
Human Factors and Fatigue VTS / Risk March 20092
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Safety Management
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This (FSA) Involves:
Hazard Identification
Risk Assessment
Risk Control and Mitigation options
(management)
Cost benefit assessment of options
Final Decision and selection of options
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Hazard
A potential undesired outcome (such as
human injury, damage to property, or harm
to the environment), in the process of
meeting an objective
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Types of Hazard
Physical hazards: These include noise, radiation (ionising,
electromagnetic or non-ionising), heat, cold, vibration and pressure.
Chemical hazards: Through a variety of actions, chemicals can cause
damage to health and property. Some of these actions are
explosiveness, flammability, corrosion, oxidation, poisoning, toxicity,carcinogenicity.
Biological hazards: Mainly from infection or allergic reaction. Biological
hazards include viruses, bacteria, fungi, and other organisms.
E
rgonomic hazards: These are hazards from poor work design, layout oractivity. Examples of ergonomic problems include manual handling,
workplace layout and task design.
Psychological hazards: Stress, violence at work, long working hours, lack
of control in decision making about work can all contribute to poor work
performance.
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Hazard Identification
Preliminary Hazard Analysis
Brainstorming (Focus group)
What if approach
HAZOP (Hazard and Operability) study
Check List (previous experience)
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Examples:
Earthquakes, Flood
Inflation, depression
Equipment failure
Human Factors; errors, and violations (including
management)
Grounding, collision
Outcome: (prioritized) List of hazard
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Risk
(Relates to something which may happen in the
future)
A measure of hazards significance involvingmeasurement of its consequence and probability
of occurrence
Risk = Likelihood X Consequence
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Risk Assessment
Probability assessment
Consequence assessment
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Risk Assessment - Quantit
FMEA Failure Mode and Effect Analysis
Fault Tree Analysis
Event Tree Analysis
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Risk Matrix
Severe Accept
Caution
Un Un
Moderate Acceptable Accept Caution
Un
Minor Acceptable Acceptable Accept
Caution
Impact /Likelihood
Low Medium High
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Risk Reduction
ALARP considerations
Consider reducing P or C or both
Management input safety culture
Engineering input design issues
Operational input human issues
Cost Benefit Analysis
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System Safety Analysis
Risk Assessment
What can go wrong,
what is the likelihood,
what are the consequences
Risk Management
Input from Risk Assessment,
economical, legal, environmental considerations, Risk based decision analysis
Risk Communications
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Ship Routing & Reporting
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Ship Routing SLOAS V
Ships' routeing systems contribute to safety of life at sea,
safety and efficiency of navigation and/or protection of
the marine environment. Ships' routeing systems are
recommended for use by, and may be made mandatory
for, all ships, certain categories of ships or ships carrying
certain cargoes, when adopted and implemented in
accordance with the guidelines and criteria developed by
the Organization.
VTS / Risk March 200916
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Ship Routing SLOAS V
The Organization is recognized as the only international
body for developing guidelines, criteria and regulations on
an international level for ships' routeing systems.
Contracting Governments shall refer proposals for the
adoption of ships' routeing systems to the Organization.
The Organization will collate and disseminate to
Contracting Governments all relevant information with
regard to any adopted ships' routeing systems.
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Ship Routing SLOAS V
The initiation of action for establishing a ships' routeing
system is the responsibility of the Government or
Governments concerned. In developing such systems for
adoption by the Organization, the guidelines and criteria
developed by the Organization shall be taken into account.
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Ship Routing SLOAS V
Ships' routeing systems should be submitted to the
Organization for adoption. However, a Government or
Governments implementing ships' routeing systems not
intended to be submitted to the Organization for adoption
or which have not been adopted by the Organization are
encouraged to take into account, wherever possible, the
guidelines and criteria developed by the Organization.
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Ship Routing SLOAS V
Where two or more Governments have a common interest
in a particular area, they should formulate joint proposals
for the delineation and use of a routeing system therein on
the basis of an agreement between them. Upon receipt of
such proposal and before proceeding with consideration of
it for adoption, the Organization shall ensure details of the
proposal are disseminated to the Governments which have
a common interest in the area, including countries in the
vicinity of the proposed ships routeing system.VTS / Risk March 200920
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Ship Routing SLOAS V
Contracting Governments shall adhere to the measures
adopted by the Organization concerning ships' routeing.
They shall promulgate all information necessary for the safe
and effective use of adopted ships' routeing systems. A
Government or Governments concerned may monitor
traffic in those systems. Contracting Governments shall do
everything in their power to secure the appropriate use of
ships' routeing systems adopted by the Organization.
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Ship Routing SLOAS V
A ship shall use a mandatory ships' routeing system adopted
by the Organization as required for its category or cargo
carried and in accordance with the relevant provisions in
force unless there are compelling reasons not to use a
particular ships' routeing system. Any such reason shall be
recorded in the ships' log.
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Ship Routing SLOAS V
Mandatory ships' routeing systems shall be reviewed by the
Contracting Government or Governments concerned in
accordance with the guidelines and criteria developed by
the Organization.
All adopted ships' routeing systems and actions taken to
enforce compliance with those systems shall be consistent
with international law, including the relevant provisions of
the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
Nothing in this regulation nor its associated guidelines and
criteria shall prejudice the rights and duties of Governments
under international law or the legal regimes of straits used
for international navigation and archipelagic sea lanes.
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Ship Reporting
Mandatory ship reporting system means a ship
reporting system that requires the participation of
specified vessels or classes of vessels, and that is
established by a government or governments afteradoption of a proposed system by the International
Maritime Organization (IMO) as complying with all
requirements of regulation V/81 of the
International Convention for the Safety of Life atSea, 1974, as amended (SOLAS), except paragraph
(e) thereof.
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Ship Reporting
Shore-based authoritymeans the government
appointed office or offices that will receive the
reports made by ships entering each of the
mandatory ship reporting systems. The office oroffices will be responsible for the management and
coordination of the system, interaction with
participating ships, and the safe and effective
operation of the system. Such an authority may ormay not be an authority in charge of a vessel traffic
service.
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World VTS Guide
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