Post on 03-May-2020
Reconstruction
Readmit the South
Francis Harper – 1st female Professor in Ohio, worked on railroad, widowed,
traveled with daughter to abolish slavery
- People did not know what to do
Formed organizations (KKK)
Competition for jobs
Main Groups
1. Republicans
2. Former Slaves
3. White Southerners
Military Reconstruction Districts Reconstruction Basis
Southern military leaders could not hold office
South resented North “carpetbaggers” who took advantage of S.
African Americans held public office
African Americans gained = rights as a result of the Civil Rights Act of 1866
which authorized the use of Fed. Troops for its enforcement
North soldiers supervised the South
Jefferson Davis – in charge of the South
Subsistence farming
Emancipation Good intentions & the effects of paternalism
10% plan (Proclamation of Amnesty) – [1863] if 10% pledged allegiance to
Union they can come back [Lincoln]
Wade Davis Bill – punish; 50% say sorry & let slaves go
President vs. Radical Republicans 13
th Amendment – slavery is ended [1865]
Black Codes – laws and curfews for blacks; sharecropping
Civil Rights Act of 1866 – be fair; allowed to vote
Radical Reconstruction begins in 1867
14th
Amendment – citizenships for ex slaves, born here naturalized citizen, =
rights
Freedman’s Bureau (1865) Mobility
Edu.
Avery Normal Inst. And Paternalism
New visibility for the black community
Election of 1868 and the 15 th Amendment
Allow American citizens to vote
Black political involvement
Reconstruction II
The limitation of Sharecropping & the Black Codes
Failure to gain economic traction
Unable to own land
Freedmen’s Bureau
Contract workers
Sharecropping
Problems w/ the Election of 1868
Southern backlash at election time
Domestic terrorism and the KKK
Ulysses S. Grant performance in the South
The Force Acts passed to combat the KKK
Lost cause - transformed social order; convinced ppl it was an ideal world
Corruption
Southern Republicans
Railroads –subsidies from Gov.
Panic and Redemption
Build economic success
Railroads
Economic problems took priority over F.B.
Civil Rights Act of 1875 – require Gov.
Compromise of 1877
Officially ended Reconstruction
Centered on the contested Election of 1876
Hayes vs Tilden
Deal: if troops were withdrawn from the filibuster for Tilden
Republican president, but the well being of A.A. abandoned
Native American
Ecological History of the Plains The W. covers every major facet of history
Collision of visions of power
Horses vs. Gold
1820s-1860s, settler’s quest for gold
Trade brings guns and horses
Livestock and pop. are related
Indians fail to grasp Law of the Minimum – an organism’s limits are set by the mini.
Availability of necessary resources
Changes in Native Lifestyle Trade marriages and social status dead end
Newspapers and the buildings boom
Indians become 2nd
class citizens
Colorado Territory (1861)
Energy management
Fed. Indian Policy Dawes Severalty Act of 1887
Gold Rush Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 -1
st law targeted at a particular group of people
2 Essay Questions 3-5 Identifications (Recall & Analyzation)
Expansion Exodusters –leaving slavery in the S.
Mormons
Major Legislation
Morril Land-Grant College Act 1862 –as Gov. sold land out west, they used the $
to fund agricultural
Homestead Act -5 yrs 160 acres without going bankrupt you could keep it
Pacific Railway Act
Foundations of Myth Railroads brought <2 million immigrants to the entrance to the W. between 1870-
1900
1865-1900 4 major industries:
1. Railroad
2. Farming
3. Ranching
4. Mining
Farming Misconceptions High levels of rain between 1878-1886 leading them to think that was the norm
Issues with new types of insects
Unpredictable market prices
Sudden drop in prices pushed many farmers into foreclosure because most carried
high levels of debt to finance
The Grange Promoted fellowship, frat, and edu.
By the early 1870s the org. had several hundred thousand loyal members
Panic of 1873
Turned the Grange into a powerful political org.
Enacted Granger Laws- protected farmers
1876 Centennial Exposition in Philly
Role of Government Helped where it could and initially did not want to regulate industry
Eager to promote economic growth
Real Gross National Product increased 4% every year between 1865 and 1914,
making it one of the longest periods sustained growth ever
Railroad Expansion
Dramatically affected economic and social life
New type of business, differing from European lines
Made possible a national market and in doing so pointed the way toward lass
production and mass consumption, 2 of the hallmarks of 20th
century society
By 1900 the US have more tracks in all of Europe combined
Competition- local interests rather than through traffic governed the routes of the
tracks. Diff. railroads used diff. gauges, tracks, and
Big Business Emerges Rapidly growing workforce; opposed few restraints
Late 19th
century industrial economy was the emergence of large corporations
Modernization of Biz Practices Railroads influenced “ “
Stock
Management
Standardization
Horizontal and Vertical Integration
Corporate Power
Monopoly
Captains of Industry/Social Darwinism [Carnegie & Rockefeller –Robber barons]
Rise of Advertising 1867, businesses spent about $50 million on advertising; in 1900 they spent more
than $500 mill. , and the figure was increasing rapidly
Department stores and catalogs
From Salvation to Self -Realization The creation of a consumer culture required a favorable moral climate
Therapeutic ethos
Advertising strategies
The use of half truth created conflict in whether ads were to be taken literally
Hard Times 4 Workers Workers often toiled 12 hrs each day, 6 days a week, for wages that barely covered a
weekly basic living experiences
So many children in the labor force that when people spoke of child labor, they often
meant boys and girls under the age of 14
Video- No compensation, Doctrow, locked doors, women no rights, Triangle Short waist
Factory, people killed if they tried to form unions
The Rise of Labor Unions Record # of strikes
1881-1905 American workers staged 36,757 strikes that involved < 6 mill.
Workers
Challenges of factory discipline from farm folk
Knights of Labor - 1886 founded for everyone
American Federation of Labor – skilled workers; had more power
Great Railroad Strike 1877 – Gov. sends national guard; Pittsburg/Philly
Gov. Regulation Injunction
Mediators
Cities Urban pop. Grew between 1860-1900
Ag. Became more mechanized, lowering demand for farm labor, increasing # of men
migrating to urban areas
Black Migration 300,000 migrated to northern cities between 1890-1910 [Chi]
Between 1910-1940, 1,750,000 AA left the S.
Black newspapers (Pitts. Courier& Chi Defender), encouraged blacks to move N
*Bull weevil
Migration of Women Jobs
Marriage
Dance Halls & Hostesses
Professional Dating
Immigrants By far the greatest source of urban pop. Growth during this period was mass
immigration from Europe with significant numbers also from Latin America,
Caribbean and Asia
Ethnic Enclaves
Faced hostility and discrimination
Conditions in the City Tenements- multiple family dwellings of 4-6 stories housing dozens of families,
became the most common form housing for poor dwellers by the 1860s
Settlement houses- institutions est. cities beginning in the 1880 dedicated to helping
the poor by providing a wide range of social and edu. Services
Reformers
New Thought on the City City Beautiful Movement- the belief that held by certain architects, landscapers, and
urban planters, that many of a city’s probs could be lessened by comprehensive
planning and grand redesign of urban space
Fredrick Law Olmstead
New Urban landscape, central biz districts and suburbs
Changes in Family Life
Varies by class
Victorian norms
Isolation of wife and kids
Bored upper class women and the temperance movement (Social Darwinism)
Immigration
Chinese Exclusion Act
America Protectove
Federal Involvement
1890- est. of immigrates
Ellis Island, most famous
Immigration Restriction Laws
Immigration Quotes
Changes in Racial Identity New Ideas on Whiteness
Protestant
Social Darwinism
Disease and Socialism
The Reorganization of KKK –hate everybody
African Americans 1870s to protect the rights of African Americans, the feds did little more to ensure
that states to adhering to the spirit of the law rather than just letter of the law
Late 1870s early 1880s, southern political leaders began to create a social and legal
system of segregation (Jim Crow), named from derogatory black character and pop.
Minstrel show.
Early Civil Rights Case Hall v. DeCuir – waterways; segregation is illegal on Gov. owned property
Plessy vs. Ferguson – 1st class train
Turn of the Century Politics Boss Tweed- 1870; largest steel owners in city; 2 mistresses; Apr. 12,1878 died in a
jail he built
Thomas Nest posted cartoons got Tweed arrested in Spain
Stalemate 6 presidential elections from 1876-1896, an average of almost 79% of the electorate
voted, a higher % been noted before and after
Congress refused to pass a constitutional amendment for women’s suffrage, and
between 1870 and 1910 nearly a dozen states defeated referenda to grant women the
vote
The Billion $ Congress Sherman Antitrust Act – Congress ban on big biz (regulation; mergers)
“ Silver Purchase Act – quadrupled silver
Populism
The National Farmers Alliance and Industrial Union, was one of the largest
reform movements in American history
2 branches, the national farmer’s alliance, located on the plains west of the
Mississippi and known as the NW Alliance the farmers alliance and Industrial
union, based in S known as Sothern Alliance
Ocala Demands – don’t forget your drink
Party reflect
Basis of Interpretation
Advances in comm.
o Isolation to imperialism
Increased contact with foreigners and/immigrants
The end of the frontier and the search for a new American identity
o Officially announced in 1890 census
o Growth must take place abroad
o 1898- U.S. exported more than imported until 1960
Teddy Roosevelt Called for war w/ Spain for 3 reasons:
1. Free Cuba (Monroe Doctrine)
2. Benefit American by gaining something other than $
3. Army and Navy needed practice
Intellectual Theories
o Rough Rifer demo
o Manly and adventures nations rise to the top
Savages since Catholic
Progress depended on regular racial mixing
Equal rights for Asians and A.A.
Est. bonds of war character
The New Navy Mobile aggressive Navy seen as the key to world power
Steel battleships
Alfred Thayer Mahan
o THE INFLUENCE OF SEA POWER UPON HISTORY, 1660-1783
o Distant markets and ports needed protection
o Rush 4 power
Spanish American War made the U.S. a dominant force
Yellow Journalism and the Spanish American War
William Randolph Hearest and Joseph Pulitzer
USS Maine
Teller Amendment – use of Army and Navy to expel Spain
o Also promised not to annex Cuba
Treaty of Paris
Different ideas for different places
Annexing Mexico and Canada
o Alaska and Sewards Plans
o Pan-American Unity against the Old World
o Hawaii for shipping to Asia, seen as large clients for agricultural goods
o Tariff Reciprocity in the Caribbean
o Hawaii
Duty Free Sugar
Exclusive use of Pearl Harbor
Protestant Missions and Women
Western culture led to understanding Christianity
“White Man’s Burden” – moral crusade; duty to spread civilization like whites
Suffragist opportunities
o The vocab of expansion
o Women as a civilizing force
Upper 2% had control
Basics of Progressivism
An approach that a formal environment
Muller vs Oregon: max laws for workers
Influence of muckrakers and Teddy Roosevelt
Progressive goals True democracy and efficiency
Make the Gov., the steward and social affair fiat
o Funded 16th
amendment 1913, which authorized income taxes
Bring big biz in line
o Clayton Anti-Thurs
DEfs,
It has many roots and def. depending on reference to people, political party, or
movements
Looking for reform
It is sometimes seen a backward looking movement
Reforms Org, Revolution creating Gov. protection agencies for consumers
o Meat Inspection Act 1906
o Pure Food and Drug Act 1906
o Federal trade Commission 1914
Morals and Science Progressives were deeply moralistic, decided to remedying the its of society
Social Gospel: the belief that Christians had a responsibility to create an ethically
sound and morally upright society
Scientific bases could also have an ugly side to reform
o Eugenics
o Teddy Roosevelt
The Progressives Expand Problems with Reform
Transatlantic Influence
o Muckrakers and Socialism
Don’t bite the hand that feeds you
Scientific Segregation
Holier than Thou
Black Reforms
W.E.B. Dubois
o Talented Tenth
NAACP as a Reform Movement
Woodrow Wilson Pres. Of Princeton
Moral Leadership
New Nationalism
World Police
Americans turn inward following Spanish American Was
1898, the US left the peace table possessing the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and
Guam
Becoming a Global Nation Panama
o Modernization of the army
Stretching his authority to the limits, Roosevelt took steps to consolidate the
country’s new position in the Caribbean and Central America
Hay- Pauncefote Treaty of 1901 with Colombia
Canal Construction
A French company tried and failed after losing 21,900 workers
U.S. had a 99 year lease, with options of renewal, on the canal zone 6 miles in
width
Panamanian Revolt of 1903
Hay-Bunau-Varilla-Treaty with Panama granted U.S. control of a canal zone 10
miles wide across the isthmus of Panama
Influence in Latin America 1903-1920 the U.S. intervened often in Latin America to protect canal, promote
regional stability, and exclude foreign influence
Roosevelt Corollary (1904) – adds on to Monroe Doctrine
Ventures in the Far East Open Door Policy
Roosevelt wanted to balance Russian and Japanese power, and he was not
unhappy at 1st war broke out in 1904
Taft-Satkura Agreement (1905) – letting Japan control Korea
Dollar vs. Moral Diplomacy Taft
o Tried his best to continue Roosevelt’s policies
o “$ Diplomacy” to promote American financial and business interests
abroad
Wilson
o Believed in ethics and moral purpose over material interests
o Wilson and Bryan, promised a dramatic new approach in Latin America,
concerned not only with the pursuit of material interest but with human
rights and national integrity
The War at Home Neutrality and the Progressives
Wilson proclaimed the U.S. neutral
Many thought war violated the very spirit of progressive reform because
demanding safer factories was useless if the materials would be used to kill
millions
Women’s Progressive Activism Jane Addams and Florence Kennedy*
o Union Against
o Militarism
o League to Limit Armament
o Women’s Peace Party
Black Military Service in WWI
10,000 blacks regulars in Army, 5000 in Navy, but virtually all were cooks,
waiters, and strokers for ship builders
13% of all draftees black
The War Flu Epideictic
Selective service
War Powers Committee on Public relations
Espionage Act of 1917* - Gov. looking for people who are disloyal
War Industries Board – ranked industries
Food Administration – cut back and save food; price control (Hoover)
Race Riots Most white Americans clung to social Darwinism and white supremacy
10 black men lynched in 1919
ATL 1906, Springfield 1908, East St. Louis 1917, Chi 1919, Rosewood 1923
The Troubled Twenties The Promise of the Twenties
Henry Ford and the assembly line at River Rouge
2nd
industrial revolution allowed Americans to high the highest standard of living
in the world
Automobile and Change
Transit based developments, hotels, gift shops
Roadside architecture
Changes in dating, cars seen as a house of prostitution
Dangers of cars and electricity
The Rise of Consumer Culture Welfare capitalism and scientific management became more popular in the
twenties
Scientific Racism controlled hiring practices
Efficiency made quality goods cheap
More leisure led to a need of things to fill time
Radio culture
o Sports
o Jazz
Harlem Renaissance
o Marcus Garvey and the UNIA
Dignified black people throughout
Weekly Newspaper Negro World
Back to Africa Movement (Black Star Line)
Controversy with the Klan, conflict with other black leaders
o The arts and white patronage
Fundamentalism Prohibition
The temperance movement was one of the oldest reform movements, but it found
a new life after WWI due to the idea that German beer was out to destroy us all
Anti-Saloon League
18th
Amendment
o Prohibition and the Volstead Act – the band on manufacture sale or
selling; anything that has 0.5% alcohol
Problems with enforcement Congress never appropriated enough money for wide scale enforcement
Organized Crime
o NASCAR
o Speak easys
o Bar Culture
National production
o The Great Depression and the 21st
The Red Scare* The Russian Revolt and the triumph of Marxists frightened many Americans.
A wave of anti-Communist, anti foreign, and anti labor that swept over America
at the end of WW!
Immigration Act of 92 - allowed unrestricted UF
Religious Fundamentalism
World Christian Fundamentals and Association
Dayton, Tennessee
Scoops trial
Fundamentalism v. Modernism
Urban Sophistication vs Rural Hillbillies
The Great Depression Hoover vs FDR on Federalism Intervention
Hoover did not share the progressive view
o Rags to riches
o Food Administration
o Fed the Filipinos
o Believed in voluntary and cooperative approach
G.D. 1929-1939 Largest debate over Gov. action since Reconstruction
Hoover responded w/ service minded individualism
o Asked industry leaders not to lay off
o Labor leaders to accept shorter workday
o State Gov. to accelerate public work projects
Tariffs made things work
Reconstruction Finance Corp. supported essential industries, farm mortgage, and
RRs
o First year 1.5 billion given, but no trickle down
Hoovervilles- “employment rate @ 20% in 1932
o Bonus Army –vets from WWI
Causes Overproduction
Decline for cars, construction, and appliances
Un= distribution of income limited buying power In a customer based society
o 1923-1929 62% profit with only 8% wage increase
Protective tariffs kept foreign goods expensive; other countries responded in kind
o U.S. companies were too slow to lower prices
Farming overproduction due to machines
Stock Market Crash 1929
Speculators took over market
o Inflation of prices
o Stock bought on margin, or loans to be paid back by quick sales
o Speculators using bank $ from savings accounts though only 10% of
Americans actually owned stock, millions lost their life savings
11/29/1929, Black Tuesday
Social Aspects of the Depression The depression changes marriage patterns and gender roles
o More people stayed single for longer
o Women in 1930s make it on their own and contributing to the support of
their parents’ households
1930s Hollywood presented the image of independent women and = of sexes,
even advocating divorce
This suggested that marriage could not satisfy a career minded women
30% of women entered the workforce
The New Deal An avalanche of legislation from 1933-1938 intended to promote economic
recovery, reform American capitalism, and offer security to ordinary Americans
When Roosevelt took office in 1933, the nation’s economy was on the brink of
collapse
Fireside Chats and Recovery 1933-1944
The next day the nation’s largest and strongest banks open their doors, customers
had deposited more cash then withdrawn
Threw Gov. resources behind banks
The 100 Days The Brain Trust
Eleanor
Roosevelt sent 15 major requests to congress and received back 15 piece of
legislation. Creates agencies that became part of American life
The TVA
One of the most ambitious of Roosevelt’s
New deal measures
WW1 Impact
Civilian Concerts Corporations Civilian conservation put jobless young man from cities to work
Works Progress Admin $5 million put the employed on the federal so they could earn enough to meet their basic
needs and help stimulate the stagnant economy
Wagner Act 1939
Other New Deal Programs
Reconstruction Finance Corporations
National Industrial Recovery Act
Glass- Steagall Act of 1933
S.S. Act of 1935
Fair Labor Standards 1935
National Recovery Administration Declared unconstitutional
Social Impacts of the New Deal
Race and New deal
Both Progressives and Conservatives suspicious of relief programs
Applying for help was humiliating
Consumerism New Deal also empowering the consumer
Roosevelt N.D. institutionalized the consumer view point in many of its agencies,
although concrete achievements in protecting consumers’ rights and needs
remained limited
Women’s Consumer Activism
Race and Consumerism
Going Global, WWII
Isolation After WWI and the Depression
o Foreign policy remote and unimportant
o Unemployment made people apathetic
Pacifism
Trouble for FDR in 1940
o Aid allies all out and violates neutrality
o Outrage, as the Nazis not seen as a threat to national security
Neutrality
Cash/Carry Program
Lend – Lease Program
Results in undeclared naval warfare
FDR still stick to Monroe Doctrine
Allied Command Dedicated to defeating axis powers and formed complete partnership and joint
command between Britain in the U.S.
Both agreed the Nazis were the most dangerous and therefore gave the European
theatre priority
Trouble w/ command
o Left to fight Germany on their own
o Sets bad precedent and lack of trust
Pearl Harbor Long been despised in the U.S.
Life and Time magazine
Discriminatory laws against Asian immigrants
Panic Americans eager for explanations
Japanese torpedo attacks off the Cali coast. Defense factories camouflaged their
plants.
American-born children of Japanese immigrants recruited to form of the 442nd
regimental combat team; became the most decorated American unit
Internment Camps Civilian Exclusion Order #5 of April 1942 was an order from the military
informing all people of Japanese ancestry that they would be evacuated to I.C. by
April 7.
The Arsenal of Democracy American industry made the nation’s single most port contribution to victory
Manufacturing plants that had run at half capacity in the 1930s now hummed with
activity
o Henry Ford and Willow Run
FDR’s war production board allowed businesses to claim rapid appreciation and
huge tax credits for new plants and awarded lucrative cost-plus contracts for
urgently needed goods.
Mothers to Work The war emergency required the society to restructure itself and opened the way
for the emancipation of women on an unprecedented scale of 60% of women were
employed in 1945
War sped up family life as rumors of draft deferments for married men and
impending service for men spread
Wartime increasingly sexualized women as they were valued to their wifely
potential and feared for their powers of corruption
Economic Changes
Jobs were plentiful and wages are high. GNP rose 60% and 17 mill jobs were
created
The Gov. tried to curb inflation by instituting price and wage controls
The Gov. rationed many things by distributing coupon books that allotted families
a certain amount of each item
Benefits of war Absorbed all surplus labor and creating a labor shortage
Massive Gov. spending on the war ended the depression
Took until 1974 for the Gov. to finish off its war debt
Racism at Home 1941 A. Phillip Randolph threatened to assemble 10,000 blacks in front of the
Lincoln memorial in D.C.
In exchange for cancelling the march, FDR agreed to issue an executive order that
forbids discrimination and the defense industry and Gov. Also he created the fair
employment processing connive
The Labor Movement in Wartime
The birth of Consumption Gov. started to intervene between private transaction between customers and
retailers
Customers urged to save today
A Cold Peace The Division of Europe
Victory against Hitler came at a huge cost for the S.U.
To protect his nation’s borders, Stalin installed communist govs. Throughout E.
Europe to create a border between Germany and the S.U.
The U.S. upheld the principle of national self-determination and insisted people in
each country should freely choose their postwar fate
The Iron Curtain
The Cold War
Americans never fought the Soviets directly
To Stalin the American monopoly on nuclear weapons placed the S.U.
Long telegram and containment
NATO
o Formed to enforce containment as dictated by the Truman Doctrine and
Marshall Plan (restore European faith by giving them $119 bill. and
rebuilding)
The Bomb American spy plane detected radioactive fallout in the desert in 1949
Mao Zedong
The Department of Defense and NSC-68 (est.)
Truman increases troops in W. Europe and authorized the development of a super
bomb
Family Life
Est. multicultural households
Domesticity
Rural real estate boomed in 1950 out of fears of nuclear attack
The family was a safe haven in times of nuclear threat
o Duck and cover
Suburbs and Race Sexual Containment
Sex earlier but marriage also earlier
Baby boom national ideology
Children provided tangible results of successful marriage
Baby Boom=Housing Boom Commodities reinforce family roles
New ranch style houses were built for consumer goods
1946 a majority of white families lived in the homes they owned
Pressure raised on men to provide for their families as their main reason for
working
People demonstrated a fierce desire to stay together though many women were
dissatisfied with their marriages or with their job satisfaction as housewives
Drive in Culture
Americans after WWII saw their nation as the model for the world of a society
committed to mass consumption and what were assumed to be its far-reaching
benefits
National strategy for private consumption fueled by Gov. movements
Promise of Affluence appeared attainable to an unprecedented # of white
Americans
G.I. Bill- paid for veterans to pay for college
Disney and the American Dream Privatized public space
Dress code
Sanitized history
“Legal” Segregation and the Problem in Detroit
Deindustrialization
o Flight of jobs
o Persistence of work-place discrimination
o Racial segregation in housing
The Formation of Black neighborhoods Blacks were trapped in the city’s worst housing, in strictly segregated sections in
the city
o Housing shortages
o Detroit
o Covenants barred purchasing or occupancy
Desegregation Labor trouble and Civil Rights
Heyday of the labor movement
When the price regulation dropped after WWII, prices of goods skyrocketed and
workers wanted a share of profit
Black & White picketed together, demonstrating the success of the CIO in healing
racial divides that had previously weakened the labor movement
Taft-Hartley Act of 1947
Desegregation Truman’s Executive Order 9981
Brown v. Board of Ed. Of Topeka
Desegregation V. Integration
Fed. Hesitation
o Gradualism
o Noncompliance Suits
o Freedom of Choice plans
Little Rock 9
Opposite of Oxford Progressive
N.C. acquired a sense of Ireland and a rep
1960 – 4 students
Woolworths lunch counter
Greensboro
Civil Rights Legislation C.R. Act of 1965, 1964
Voting's right Act of 1965
24th
Amendment- declared that poll taxes that required payment from voters were
unconstitutional
JFK and the New Frontier Cut Taxes
Health Professions Edu. Assistance Act of 1963
Food Stamps
Manpower Development and Training Act of 1962
= Pay Act of 1963 –pay people by position
Cold War Conflicts Khru. Support for wars of national liberation
Vietcong adv.
Bay of Pigs Invasion
Cuban missile Crisis
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – Vietnam
LBJ’s Great Society War on Poverty
o Job Corps and Head Start
Great Society
o Medicare and Fed. Financial Aid
o Civil Rights Act of 1968- housing
Culture Rev. Anti-War
Women
Black Power
Men
In search of Another Country Conservative Counter Movements
Orange county grassroots
o John Birch society
Claimed that Civil Rights Act of 1964 violated the 10th
Amendment
o Anti-Communism
o Lily Whites vs Black and Tans
o Milt. Industrial Complex
Individual achievement, individualism, and faith in free enterprise
o A result of the conservatives lack of influence in Washington
Cast hopes with Gold Water, and then Reagan
Conservatism in the South
Practical segregation was the preferred nomenclature and mode of action to
maintain the color line, similar to the Progressive mystique
Citizens Councils
Gov. Coleman
o State Level FBI
o Public Relation Org.
o Coleman believed that Meredith attending school for a year with armed
guards hardly amounted to integration
Limits of Resistance Hard liners framed the struggle for segregation as a flight against communism and
a fight for racial justice
Gen. Legislative Investigative Committee
o Tours of investigations to examine churches and other things for
communist roots
o Denominational Division
Gov. interference instead of white backlash
Opposed the Civil Rights bill of 1964 through the coordinating Committee for
Fundamental American Freedoms
APWR
Committee of Concern
John Stennis – MS Democrat Fought school segregation by pressing for equal enforcement in the N.
This aggravated things by introducing the busing crisis to N. cities like Detroit
Stennis successfully demonstrated that laws to root out S. exceptionalism created
a double standard
The Results – ATL The city too busy to Hate
Methods to perfect the realities of racial segregation Outside the realm of law and
politics
Desegregation Of public spaces hardly ever meant true integration Instead it
created a primarily black public realm and an increasingly white private one
White Flight development The “politics of suburban secession”
The suburbs cut all ties of Inc. and public transportation