1. What is DNA made of? What is the name of the sugar in DNA?

a) Sugar, phosphate, & nitrogneous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine)

b) deoxyribose2. What is RNA made of? What is the name of the

sugar in RNA?

a) Sugar, phosphate, & nitrogneous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine)

b) ribose

3. Write the complementary DNA sequence for the DNA strand shown below.

TAC,CCA,AAA,GTG,CGC,ACG,

ATG,GGT,TTT, CAC,GCG,TGC

ATA,GAT,CGA

TAT,CTA,GCT

4. Now write the complementary RNA sequence for the same DNA strand.

TAC,CCA,AAA,GTG,CGC,ACG,

AUG,GGU,UUU,CAC,GCG,UGC

ATA,GAT,CGA

UAU,CUA,GCU

5. Using the RNA sequence you wrote and the translation table shown below, translate the t-RNA sequence you wrote into an amino acid (protein) strand.

Met-Gly-Phe-His-Ala-Cys-

Tyr-Leu-Ala6. Where are genes located?

On chromosomes

7. What is the difference between a gene, a chromosome, and DNA?

a) A gene is a section of a chromosome that codes for a specific proteinb) A chromosome is a double strand of DNA that contains genes on both strandsc) DNA is the chemical compound that, along with proteins, makes up a chromosome

8. Work the following problems:

a. A woman is homozygous for Type O blood. Her husband is heterozygous for Type AB.

Can they have a child who is Type 0? NO

Can they have a son who is Type AB? NO

(Mom) oo x AB (Dad)

o o

A

B

Ao Ao

Bo Bo

b. A flower breeder crosses a red flower with a yellow one. All the offspring are orange. What kind of dominance is this?

Incomplete- because the offspring are a blend of the parental traits

c. Show the Punnett square and the percentages of the different offspring that you will get if you cross two of the orange flowered plants.

RY x RY pheno: red, orng, yel

R Y 25%, 50%, 25%

R geno:RR, RY, YY

Y 25%,50%, 25%

RR RY

RY YY

9. Below are shown two karyotypes.

a) Which one is for a male? B

b) Which one is for a female? A

c) Which one shows an abnormal karyotype? Both do at # 21.

d) What condition will this karyotype cause?

• Trisomy 21 also called

10. Define the following:

a. reproductive isolation- when one part of a population of the same or similar species cannot or does not interbreed with another

b. speciation- formation of new species

c. natural selection- survival of the best adapted to the local environment

d. genetic variation- the differences in genes that are present in or can be acquired in a population of organisms

11. How does a bacteria become resistant to an antibiotic? Is this a genetic change?

It acquires a new gene, probably on a plasmid, that makes it resistant to the antibiotic. Yes!

12. Define the following:

a. evolution- change in something over time (usually refers to a biological change)

b. gradualism- a slow acquisition of changes

c. punctuated equilibrium- long periods of no change followed by bursts of rapid change

• 13. Define the following:

a. vestigial structures –Structures that were larger and used more in an ancient ancestor

b. analogous structures- structures that look alike and do the same thing although the organisms on which they are found don’t have a common ancestor

c. homologous structures- Structures that are similar in form but may have different jobs- found on organisms that had a common ancestor

14. Label the bacterium

1. Flagellum 4.Cell Membrane

2. Pilus 5. Ribosome

3. Nucleoid 6. Cell wall7. Capsule

15. Where are the oldest fossils found, at the bottom of several layers of sediment, in the middle, or at the top? Why do you think so?

They are at the bottom, because they are laid down first.

16.Draw & label the life cycle of a virus.

17. What is the greatest threat to an organism that has been invaded by a virus?

The organism will die when the virus lyses it and all its contents leak away

18. Compare autotrophic organisms to heterotrophic organisms as to where & how they get energy.

Autotroph- makes own food by photosynthesis

Heterotroph- must eat another organism for food

19.Describe what the immune system does to fight bacteria.

Phagocytes chew it up and take parts of it to the lymph nodes where the B cells design an antibody to kill it. A copy of that cell called a “memory B cell is kept in the lymph nodes to fight the bacteria again if it ever comes back.

20. Compare bacterial conjugation to bacterial transformation.

Conj.- bacteria attaches to another bacteria with a pilus and sends a copy of its plasmid across.

Transform.- bacteria pull in DNA from dead bacteria to recycle and acquire new genes

21. How do bacteria help us?

Help us with digestion, gut bacteria make needed clotting factors, help make cheese & yogurt, used in industry to clean up chemical spills

22.What structure does an amoeba use for locomotion? Pseudopods

a Euglena? Flagelluma Paramecium? Cilia

23.Parameciums, Euglenas, and Amoebas are all members of what Kingdom? Protista

24. Tell what each of the following structures do in a protozoan:

a. pellicle- Support & protectionb. nucleus- runs cellc. flagellum- locomotion

d. gullet- takes in food

e. anal pore- expels waste

f. contractile vacuole- pumps out water

25. Name all eight groups (taxons) used to group organisms in classification in order from largest to smallest.

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, genus, species

26. Name three things scientists use to classify organisms into groups.

Similarities in embryo development, in DNA, and in structures

27. Use the table above to classify the following organisms:

A. It’s green, unicellular, independently moves around, and has cell walls made of cellulose.

Kingdom Protista

B. It’s a heterotroph, has no cell walls at all, is a eukaryote and is multicellular.

Kingdom AnimaliaC. It’s a prokaryote, is unicellular and is sometimes

pathogenic.

Kingdom Archaebacteria or Eubacteria

28. Looking at the biomass pyramid below, tell which level has the most calories in it and why.

Primary Producers, because 90% of the energy is lost every time the pyramid goes up one level

29. Use the food web shown below to draw three food chains

Plant->rabbit->Fox

Plant>insect>toad>Snake

30. Choose one of your food chains and identify the producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, and tertiary consumer.

Producer = plants

1st=insect, 2nd= toad, 3rd= snake

31. Define and give one example of each of the following symbiotic relationships:

A. predator/prey- predator captures & eats prey

B. Mutualism- both benefit +/+

C. parasitism- one benefits; the other is harmed +/-

D. commensalism- One benefits the otheris neither helped nor hurt +/o

All of these are symbiotic relationships- close associations between two or more organisms

32. Fill in the table below:Structure: Function:Stem- SupportLeaf- photosynthesis, gas exchange,

transpirationRoot- absorption, anchoringFlower- reproduction, makes seedsFruit- helps seeds get scattered & startedXylem- carries waterPhloem- food flows freely thru phloem!Stomate- gas exchange (it’s the plant’s

nostril)

33. What is the difference between a gymnosperm and an angiosperm?

Gymnosperms have scale or needle like leaves and produce seeds in cones- no fruit or flowers

34. How do you tell a monocot from a dicot?

Monocot- parallel veins, flower parts in 3, one cotyledon, fibrous roots

Dicots- netted veins, flower parts in 4 or 5, two cotyledons, tap root

35. Define:

A. Biennial- planted one year, grows, flowers the second year

B. Perennial- planted once; grows year after year ex tree or blue planted once; grows year after year ex tree or blue berry bush

C. Annual- must be planted every year; grows and reproduces in one growing season

36. Name the female reproductive structures of a flower and tell what they do.

Carpel (pistil)- the whole thingStygma- sticky top of carpel,

catches pollenStyle- holds up stygma Ovary- forms eggs, becomes

fruitOvules- become seedsReceptacle- the end of the twig

on which the flower forms

37. Name the male reproductive structures of a flower and tell what they do.

Stamen- the male reproductive structure

• Anther- makes pollen

• Filament- stalk that holds up the anther

38.Name three ways in which leaves may be modified to do other functions for a plant.

Spines or thorns- protectionBright colors- attract insects Produce toxic or stinging

compounds- protectionTendrils- long thin leaves that

coil around things- support

39.What are the characteristics of Phylum Porifera

Body covered with pores, flagellated collar cells line the inside, only two cell layers, body shaped like sac, food is acquired & waste excreted by diffusion

40. What are the characteristics of Phylum Insecta?

Exoskeleton of chitin, 6 legs, may have wings, three body sections, one pair of antennae

41. What are the characteristics of Phylum Annelida?

Body in segments, excretion through nephridia, tube like digestive system (mouth to anus), coelom

42. What are the characteristics of Phylum Platyhelminthes

Flat body, sac-like digestive system,

Flame cells remove excess water, respiration by diffusion, aquatic or parasitic

43. What are the characteristics of Phylum Arachnida?

8 pairs of legs, 8 eyes, no antennae, chelicera (fangs), spinnerets, book lungs

44. Which system is responsible for the breakdown and absorption of food?

Digestive systemWhat are the major structures of that system?

Mouth-chem. & mechanical digestion

Esophagus- tube takes food to stomach

Stomach- chem. & mechanical digestion

Small intestine- digestion & absorption of food

Large intestine- absorption of salts, minerals, and water

Rectum- stores solid waste

Anus- exit for waste

45. Name the three kinds of muscle cells and give one example of where each one can be found.

Cardiac- heart, looks both striped and branched, involuntary

Smooth- lines tubular organs, involuntary, spindle shaped

Skeletal- associated with bones, striped, voluntary

Which body system filters nitrogenous waste out of the blood?

ExcretoryWhat structure actually does the

filtering?

Nephrons in the kidneys do the filtering

Kidney has three layers- cortex, medulla, & pelvis

47. What is the muscle that moves the blood?

HeartWhat muscle makes us breath?

Diaphragm48. What body system produces the hormones?

Name one structure in this system.

Endocrine System

Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, gonads, parathyroid, pineal

49. Which body system controls the whole body? What three parts make up this system.

Nervous system

Brain, spinal cord, 12 cranial nerves

50. Where are blood cells formed? Where are they stored?

In the red bone marrow of the flat and long bones. They are stored in the spleen.