1896 - 19141896 - 1914

Dems. & Reps.

Urban; middle class:WritersTeachersCollege Educated ProfessionalsScholarsSocial WorkersPoliticians

Progressive were not....Progressive were not....Not united by geography or occupation

Not Populists

Not a political party (until 1912)

Areas of Reform

• Social Justice– Workers Rights– Social Welfare– Consumer Protection

• Political Democracy• Environmentalism

Social Justice

Social Gospel• Social assistance programs• Church to help poor• Catholics, Jews, Christians

Jane Addams, Hull House

Settlement Houses c. 1889

Salvation Army ; YMCA

State Reforms

• Hiram Johnson (CA)– Workers’ Comp.

• Robert La Follette (WI)• Income Tax• Corporate Tax

16th Amendment• Federal Income Tax

Public Health• Sanitation Systems– Trash Removal– Sewers

• Food Inspections• Physical Education• Increased school enrollment• Child Labor laws

• Portland High School (2nd free public HS in US)

Moral Reform• Temperance Movement

• WCTU– Frances Willard– 18th Amendment– Prohibition

“Muckrakers”• Journalists• Exposed corruption• Leads to major reforms

– Ida Tarbell – Upton Sinclair – Jacob Riis– Frank Norris– John Spargo– Lincoln Steffens– Ida B. Wells

Political Democracy

Direct Election of Senators17th Amendment

Women’s SuffrageNWSA , AWSA19th Amendment

City GovernmentsCommissioners

Australian Secret BallotsDirect Primary

Presidential Nominations

CaucusCaucus---small group of individuals who would choose a candidate

ConventionConvention---members from the political parties nominate a candidate

Direct PrimaryDirect Primary---allow registered voters to participate in choosing a candidate

1790 to 18281790 to 1828

1828 to 19001828 to 1900

Current System Current System UsedUsed

Environmentalism

Gifford PinchotJohn MuirTeddy RooseveltNewlands Reclamation Act

- dams, canals,

irrigation projectsEstablishes 190 million acres

for national forests.Creation of

U.S. Forest Service

ConservationConservation

Civil Rights

“Social Reality”

Segregation• Southern states• “Redeemer” govts.• Separate public facilities• Unequal Pay Scales• Jim Crow Laws– Literacy Tests– Poll Taxes– Grandfather Clause

Plessy v. Ferguson

(1896)•Supreme Court legalized segregation throughout the nation.

•Plessy was only 1/8 black, but still forced to sit in a segregated train car

•“Separate but Equal” as long as public facilities were equal

•Problem: Black facilities never equal to White facilities

Booker T. Washington• Former slave• Gradualism• Vocational Education• Economic self-sufficiency• Tuskegee Institute• “Atlanta Compromise”

Tuskegee Institute

W.E.B. DuBois• Harvard Professor

• Immediate Equality

• Niagra Movement (1906)– Black Pride– NAACP

• Top 10%– Top 10% accepted into college– Put into “power positions”– Power Structure argument

Ida B. Wells• Lynchings• The Red Record

Lynchings (1890-1920)