Post on 28-Jan-2017
Urban MobilityStory how to build the urban mobility of Seoul
Kim, Sangbum Visiting ProfessorUniversity of Seoul
I. Introduction
1. Civilization has closely been related to mobility of human activities
City has been
a engine of economic prosperity and center of innovation in the history
- About 96% of new product innovations occur in metropolitan areas and 45% of these new innovations occurs in four metropolitan areas : NY, LA, Boston and San Francisco
and an essential ingredient for modernization
- Correlation between urbanization rate of nation and GDP per capita is 0.85 (Henderson, 2002)
- Large cities probably play a “nursery” role in developing country cities(Overman and Venables, 2005)
Why ?
City is a dense agglomeration of people and firms. All the benefit of cities come ultimately from reduced transport costs for goods, people and ideas. The cost of moving people and ideas appear to be as important as ever.”(E. Glaeser, Are cities dying?)
Source : Urbanization and the Wealth of Nations 2000, David E. Bloom
Correlation between real GDP and Urbanization
Urbanization itself does not bring the economic prosperity
Key point is how to manage the city to maximize benefit from concentration
urbanization and per-capita GDP in two continents
Reference : David E. Bloom, PGDA Working Paper No. 30, 2000
2. Mobility in Cities
Revolution in city mobility
- first revolution introduced by the steam powered technology
- second revolution enabled by the emergence of the automobile and highways - third revolution with digitalization started with emergence of computer-aided travelling
Innovation in transportation led the first and second revolution of urban mobility
ICT has played a critical role in third revolution of urban mobility
Many futurists predicted that technology will diminish the necessity of cities but city still remains as important place for economic growth and creative work and also future of cities will depend on mobility and necessity of face to face contact
- how to reduce the cost of movement not only for people and freight but for ideas
- Smart City can be defined as the use of information and communication technology to sense, analyze and integrate the key information of systems in running cities
II. Modernization of Seoul : history that overcame barriers of mobility
First period : Rapid expansion but insufficient mobility(1950s – 1970s)
Second period : Achieving mobility with infrastructures (1980s – 1990s)
Third period : Upgrading mobility through the ICT(2000s)
Modernization started from a Heap of Ruins
1. First Stage : strived to improve mobility desperately, but insufficient
In spite of destruction from Korean war, inflow of population into Seoul continued
- Population was 1 million in 1942 and reached 5 million in 1970
Urgent task of city government was how to provide infrastructures to accommodate fast growing population
- Most of open space was occupied with illegal and temporary shelters
Many projects were planned but carried restrictively because of budget constraint
- korean economy was in pre-take off stage
Accomplishment : First Subway had built and operated
- drafted subway plan in the 10 year Seoul Development Plan in 1965
- April 1, 1971 : Groundbreaking ceremony of Line 1 / August 15, 1974 : began operation
Pictures in the 1960s
3.2 지하철 건설체제의 확립 Major infrastructures
A. start building subway system
In 1965, city included subway project in the 10 year Seoul Development Plan
April 1, 1971 : Groundbreaking ceremony of Line 1
August 15, 1974 : began operation(Length : 7.8 km, 10 stations)
B. Covered Cheong-gye stream to build highway(Construction Period : 1958 – 1977)
Cheong-gye stream is 13.7 km(with 20 – 85m) of small brook flowing from west to east in downtown of Seoul
To improve traffic flow between CBD and eastern area of Seoul
2. Second Stage : mobility is achieved through physical infrastructures
Rapid economic growth caused urban problems even worse and severe
- “age of my own car” made traffic worst condition
Political transformation brought eruption of suppressed demands
- demonstration and strike became a daily incidents and city government faced strikes of mass transit system in the spring every year
City concentrated all the resource available on constructing infrastructures
- It was the period that Seoul had the shape like today as a modernized city
Accomplishment : infrastructures for transportation had been completed
- build 130 km of express high ways
- operated 300 km of subway network(500km if rail is included)
Social aspects of life in 1990s
Major infrastructures
A. Completed major urban express high ways (130km)
North bank highway : 28.4km(1986) / Olympic highway : 42.5km(1986) / Western highway : 8.3km(1991) Eastern highway : 29.6km(1994) / Inner Circle highway : 22km(1999)
B. Completed Subway system
By 2001, Seoul city could run 300 km of subway system
- city government put its most of financial resource into building high ways and subway system
- 17.1 trillion won(17.1billion us dollar) was put on subway construction
Water Supply Rates (1955~2010) Sewage Distribution Rates (1970~2010)
C. Other Important Urban Infrastructure had been completed
collapse of seong-su bridge (’94. 10) - 32 dead / 17 injured
collapse of department store(’95. 6) - 502 dead / thousands injured
But paid big price for hasty construction
In the process of city modernization, Seoul city and citizens paid heavy price for rapid development
3. Third Stage : paradigm shift in the way of providing mobility
As city could provide affordable level of infrastructure by end of 1990s, citizens’ demand for public services began to change
- People became to be sick of decades long constructions and showed change of their preference in the public services
- Change of Priority and Philosophy in policies : Expansion → Sustainability
City government first introduced ICT into the transportation in 1998
- provided drivers with information of traffic condition for tunnels connecting south and north of Seoul
- developed and expanded as a name of ITS (Intelligent Transport System)
Watershed moment for ITS : 2004 bus reform
- renewed bus system and applied ICT to transportation in earnest
Major achievement
A. Changed the Landfill area into Ecological Park and IT industry Park(1999 – 2002 )
B. Bus Reform(2002 – 2004)
Bus operation : private → private and public / manage bus operation with BMS
Introduce the median bus lane(120km) and integrated fare system Increased bus ridership by 9.2% / reduced $ 140 million of congestion cost a year
III. Intelligent Transportation System of Seoul
• Seoul Transport Reform
1394 1899 1911 1974 1988 2002 2004
• Became the capital of Chosun dynasty
• Population : 30,000
• First tram : 8km, 9 vehicle• First railway : 21.8Km
• First 2 cars imported
1950
• Five-year economic development plan started
Population1942, 1 Million
• Outbreak of Korean War
• First subway line
1970, 5 Million
1988, 10 Million88 Seoul Olympic
1980, 8.4 Million
1990, 10.6M1 Mil. vehicle
1995, 2 Mil. vehicle
19971962
Population
VehiclesGNI / p
Houses
19705,433 thousand
60 thousand$ 254
583 thousand
2 times
50 times100 times
6 times
201010,356
2,981$ 25,630
3,400
1. Figures of city growth
2001, subwayLine 8 completed
difference
§ Population: 25.6 million(About 50% of total population)
§ Number of registered vehicles:
7.8 million (45% of the whole country)
§ Area: 11,791 km2 (5.3% of the whole country)
Distribution of the number of daily car trips within the Seoul Metropolis Area (SMA)
2002 2006 2010
1.5
Commuting Volume
1.7
1.9
+26.9%
Seoul ↔ Metropolitan Region
(Unit : Million trips / day)
14.1
2002 2006 2010
Avg. Commuting Distance
26.1
+85.1%
Seoul Metropolitan Region
(Unit : km)
21.2
2. Challenges that can not overcome with infrastructures only
A. Sprawl of urban area
B. Losing Mobility : Speed and Road Capacity
01000020000300004000050000600007000080000
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
30.8 29.4 28 26.6 25.2 24.3 23.4 21.95 20.518.7
16.4 17.6619.2819.9720.04
18.2516.4416.8517.72
21.1918.54
16.6 16.3 15.513.6 14 14.4 14.4
16.7 16
32.6 24.2 21.6 22.6 23.5 23.2 21.7 20.9 21.06 25.4 25.4 22.92 21.7 22.5 22.4 22.4 22.9 22.9 24 24.9 24
traffic congestion cost Speed in CBD Overall speed Bus speed
-
2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,000
10,000,000
-
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
열1 열2 열3 열4 열5 열6 열7 열8 열9 열10 열11 열12 열13 열14 열15 열16 열17 열18 열19 열20 열21 열22 열23 열24 열25 열26 열27 열28 열29 열30 열31
계열1 서울 자동차수 경기 도로연장(km)
↑2,907.9%
↑1,341.8%
↑22.6%
No. of Vehicle(SMA)
No. of Vehicle(Seoul)
Total length ofRoads (Seoul)
Source : KOTI
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
200220032004200520062007200820092010 2011 2012
4851 52
5561
65 66 6872 73
76
(unit : 100million dollar)
Seoul City : 7.6 billion dollar
Capital Region : 17.4 billion dollar (year of 2012)
C. Increasing externalities : congestion
3. Target : “With ITS(transportation + ICT), shorten distance and reduce cost”
Transport System of Infrastructure and ICT
Smarter Road,Convenient public transportation,Scientific and automatic transportation system, that release traffic congestion and increase convenience
• In�1998,�applied�to�Nam-San�area(10.6km)�• expanded��traffic�management�system�to����urban�highways
20041998
4. Development of ITS :
A. ITS 1.0 : “First ITS” introduced in 1998
Open�Traffic�Information�Center�(TOPIS)�Open�Traffic�Information�Center�(TOPIS)�
• Developed�Smart�Card�System(T-money)�and�BMS�system
• Opened�TOPIS�in�2004��
2005
The first step for Seoul ITS Leading the Public Transport Reform
Introduction�and�expansion�of�ITSIntroduction�and�expansion�of�ITS
• Upgrade Bus Information Service
• Provide real-time bus arrival information
(ARS, Website, and etc.)
Real-time�Bus�Information�System�Real-time�Bus�Information�System�
2010~2008~
Developed the technology for high-quality of mass transit service Share the information and experience
• Card payment system for taxi fare
• Share our experiences with other cities
Azerbaijan (Baku City), Columbia(Bogota), etc.
2013~2.0
Developed�new�service�system�Developed�new�service�system�
B. ITS 2.0 started around 2008
Information Collection System Information Collection System A
Taxi GPS�(19,500 vehicles)
1,137 detectors�(250~500m��interval)
Speed, Traffic volume, Speed, Traffic volume, weather condition, accident weather condition, accident and etc. and etc.
1,298km1,298km
City�Roads
Urban�expressway
5. Major Functions of TOPIS
Advanced Traffic Management SystemAdvanced Traffic Management SystemB
topis.seoul.go.krm.topis.seoul.go.kr
Seoul�Traffic�Portal�
Web(APP)
IPTV/DMB twitter.com/seoultopis
308�signs
33 Systems
31 Locations
Lane�Control�System�(LCS)
Ramp�Metering�System (RMS)
Web,�Mobile
Variable�Message�Signs (VMS)
Broadcasting�& SNS
For Public
• Route and operation Info• Bus Arrival Time
BIT
InternetMobileARS
• Real-time Bus location Info•Interval and operation Info
•Bus Interval Info•Bus Operation Info
Bus Company
• Bus Location • Allocating Bus• Notice
-Real-time Bus Operation Info-Bus Operation DB
-Real-time Bus Operation Information
-Route and Transfer Info
Seoul BMS
Bus Management SystemC
Supply of accurate information Supply of accurate information D
Bus�Arrival,�
departure�time
793 BIT�(Bus�Information�Terminal) à�Adding�nearly�3,800�BIT�
(67%�of�all�bus�stops)�
Bus�arrival�
information
Last�bus�
information
Subway�arrival�
information
Smartphone
1. Real-time bus information Service (Accuracy 95%, Satisfaction 96%)
2. Provide integrated information of Bus and Subway
Bus stop
6. Smart Card System
A. one card all pass
Card usage rate : bus 98.9% / subway 100% / taxi 63.5%
14 million transaction a day(amount : 15.7million us dollar)Be able to use card across the nation
<Fare Structure>
July 2004
July 2007
September 2008
October 2008
Seoul urban bus ↔ Seoul metropolitan subway
Seoul urban bus ↔ Seoul metropolitan subway ↔ Gyeonggi bus
Seoul urban bus ↔ Seoul metropolitan subway ↔ Gyeonggi bus ↔ Red bus
Seoul urban bus ↔ Seoul metropolitan subway ↔ Gyeonggi bus ↔ Red bus ↔ Incheon bus
ü Expansion of the fare system in Metropolitan area
Subway (single ride) : Basic Fare W1,050 for 10 Km
Distance-based Fare W100 for 5Km and for 10Km beyond
w Bus (single ride) : Flat Fare W1,050(Trunk) / W 2,000 (Inter regional bus)
B. Integrated Fare System
Free transit within 30 minutes(maximum 5 times)
Traffic Disaster
Public Private
Big�data Transportation
7. Establishing Seoul ITS 3.0
Enhancing Efficiency of Public Serviceby integrating the various Functions
Establishing partnership with Private Sector
Preparing the future demand
Public�
TransportationRoad�Traffic
* Traffic Signals will be integrated in future phases
DisastersTraffic�+�Disasters
CCTV(817)
Traffic�Signal
A. Integrated Situation Room as a Hub of ITS
Open : Feb. 2013
Function : from traffic control to urban management
Now CCTV�Image
Speed�change�monitoring,�
Anomaly�detection
Auto�detection�of�
nearby�CCTVsEvent�Response
B. From ex post control to ex ante prevention
Real time based speed monitoring → detect symptom →
Searching and Identification → Response
�Response
Use�Big�Data�for�Traffic�speed,�weather,�events
Statistical�Analysis Traffic�Prediction
C. Preparing Traffic Forecast Service
Using data collected over 10 years, broadcasts expected traffic condition of streets
Testing highways programs from 2014
Car Share Public Bike
Service : 912 station(1,922 cars)
Minimum use time : 30 minutes
D. Strengthen the Sharing
378 bikes in 44 stationsIncreases to 2,000 by Sep. 2015And 20,000 until 2020
IV. Mobility achieved
1. Mobility by Infrastructure : reduce distance and contributed to growth
first tram(1899) : take 1 hour 20 min. to travel 8 km ⇒ first subway(1974) : take 19 min. to travel 8km
40years ago, it took half day in crossing Han river ⇒ Now, 50 km from Seoul became commutable area
Mobility has been a main sources that supported korean economic development
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
03년05년07년09년11년13년
17.218.117.617.9
19.619.719.619.819.520.420.3
22.422.422.922.923.424.42424
26.4
승용차속도
버스속도
2. Mobility by ICT : Improved Speed, Convenience and Seoul’s Competitiveness
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
08년 10년 12년 14년
4577
4602
1045
4730
4605
1076
4835
4595
1124
4984
4647
1152
5114
4565
1165
5249
4548
1200
5345
4574
1222
마을버스
시내버스
지하철
speed is improved use mass transit more global competiveness 6th
Seoul71.5
Source : The future of urban mobility, Arthur D. Little
3. Seoul needs to try harder
Urban Mobility ranking : 19th among 66 cities / Global competitiveness : 6th among 40 cities
V. Conclusion : Challenge and Response
Every city faces various challenges not only from inside but also from outside
For Seoul, it has challenges from
internal factors : aging population and decreasing population
external factors : climate change and globalization
Many experts predict that many cities suffer from shrinking unless overcome the impacts of globalization and revolution of technology
But we learned a lesson from our experiences
- Among cities, there are similarity in failure but differences in success
- But success has always been supported by mobility
City has been a engine of prosperity and will continue to work depending on your response against challenges
This is reason why we are here together
Thank You