Town Planning & Urban Design History
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Transcript of Town Planning & Urban Design History
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Abhishek K. Venkitaraman Iyer
Assistant Professor
Faculty of Architecture, MIT
Principles of Urban DesignLECTURE 4
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PL 511 | Urban & Regional Planning
Slideshow developed by: Arch. Edeliza V. Macalandag, UAPBohol Island State University | College of Architecture & Engineering
P l a n n i n g : H i s t o r i c a l O v e r v i e w a n d I n f l u e n c e sA history of urban and regional planning from its early development up to the present.
P r i m a r y R e f e r e n c e
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THE BEGINNINGS
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SETTLEMENT DESIGN
Agricultural Societies
Rectilinear Plotting
LAYOUT
1. Grid (or Rectilinear) product of the farmer
2. Circular (Fencing) product of the herdsman
defensive role
3. Radiocentric when circular settlements enlarge
fortress cities (i.e. Paris)
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And when we saw all those cities and villages built in the water and other great towns on dry land, and that straight and level causeway leading to Tenochtitlan, we were amazedIndeed, some of our soldiers asked if it was not all a dream (Spanish chronicler, Bernal Diaz del Castillo) describing Aztec Chinampa agriculture
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Circular Layout
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Radio-centric Layout
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Radio-centric Layout
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ANCIENT GREECELANDSCAPE powerfully assertive
HIGH PLACES fortified hilltop
sacred precinct
TOWN DESIGN = SENSE OF THE FINITE
Aristotles ideal size of city = 10,000 20,000 people
Never attempted to overwhelm nature
Buildings give a sense of human measure to landscape
THE STREET not a principal element but as a leftover space for circulation
PLACE OF ASSEMBLY market (agora)
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Acropolis
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Acropolis
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The agora was a central spot in ancient Greek city-states. The literal meaning of the word is "gathering place" or "assembly". The agora was the center of athletic, artistic, spiritual and political life of the city.
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Ancient Athens
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ANCIENT ROME
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URBAN DESIGN
Greek : sense of the finite
Romans : political power and organization
USE OF SCALE
Greek use of scale is based on human measurements
Romans used proportions that would relate parts of building instead of human measure
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ANCIENT ROME
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MODULE
Greek use of house as module for town planning
Roman use of street pattern as module
to achieve a sense of overpowering grandeur
made for military government
THE STREET
Greeks : as a leftover space for circulation
Romans: street are built first; buildings came later
PLACE OF ASSEMBLY
Greeks: market (agora)
Romans: market, theater, and arena
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Roman Forum
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Imperial fora overlapping other sites
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Trajan Forum
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MEDIEVAL ERA
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DECLINE OF ROME
Dark Ages, but not for urban design
URBAN SETTINGS
Military strongholds, castles, monasteries, towns
MILITARY STRONGHOLDS
Acropolis and Capitoline Hill
CASTLES
Built atop hills, enclosed by circular walls
Radiocentric growth
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MEDIEVAL ERA
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MONASTERIES
Citadels of learning
Laid out in rectilinear pattern
MEDIEVAL TOWNS
Like Greek towns, small and finite in size
Lacks geometry
Became parts of larger territorial states
Growth and population created the need for marketplaces
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MEDIEVAL ERA TOWN DESIGN
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VISIBLE EXTERIORS
Suit the viewing conditions of small spaces
VISTA considerations and HUMAN SCALE
Fine accents in landscape
STREET LAYOUT
Functional
But with no logical form
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MEDIEVAL ERA TOWN DESIGN
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MEDIEVAL ERA sets the stage for RENAISSANCE
Skill of builders
Wealth of bourgeoisie and nobility
Organization of the military and new force in gunpowder
Development of political powers and expertise
New organizations
Scholarly knowledge of the church
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MEDIEVAL ERA TOWN DESIGN
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3 MAJOR EVENTS MARKING TRANSITION FROM MEDIEVAL TIMES
Dawn of science
Fall of Constantinople
Discovery of the New World
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Lucca, Tuscany
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Carcassonne, Languedoc-Roussillon, France
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Medieval Design
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Piazza Grande - Roman
Piazza del Campo,Siena, Italy
An urban square is an open public space commonly
found in the heart of a city used
for community gatherings.
a forum for exchange, both social and economic ideas
Their significance and intensity of meaning is expressed through
harder intensively used landscaping.
They tend to be formal and urban in nature in contrast to
parks and open space, which are
typically soft landscaped, larger
and less intensively used.
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Structure of a Square
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Structure of a Square
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A p p r o a c h
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A r r i v a l
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1 2 3
45
A p p r o a c h
A r r i v a l
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Basic Design Structure
T o d i P e r u g i a
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Basic Design Structure
F l o r e n c e V e n i c e
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FROM MEDIEVAL ERA TO RENAISSANCE ERA
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MEDIEVAL URBAN DESIGN were to be discarded
Sense of scale
Intimate relation between house and street
MEDIEVAL SYSTEM OF TOWN DESIGN
Truly livable
Humanist basis
RENAISSANCE SYSTEM OF TOWN DESIGN
Role of the individual as builder of his town was lost
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RENAISSANCE EARLY DEVELOPMENTS
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REBUILDING FERRARA
Palazzo DiamantiMost famous structure
Biaggio Rossetti Architect and town planner
Regarded as one of the worlds earliest modern urban designers
Rossettis plan
Street widening, new buildings, wall improvement
Enlarge the town
Carry on with the plan o build upon
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RENAISSANCE EARLY DEVELOPMENTS
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LESSONS FROM ROSSETTIS EFFORT
Repair an existing city
Plan for enlargement
Decide which to concentrate effort
Lay down a plan that is logical and realizable
Provide framework for others to build upon
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RENAISSANCE REBUILDING ROME
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PROBLEMS
Circulation
Defense
Water supply
Sanitation
SOLUTION
Popes have to undertake civic improvement projects
PILGRIMAGE
St. Peters Cathedral improved
Campidoglio (Romes city hall) improved
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RENAISSANCE REBUILDING ROME
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DOMENICO FONTANA
Architect commissioned by Pope Sixtus V
FONTANAS PLAN
Streets were visually accented using OBELISKS
OBELISKS
As stakes, as GUIDEPOSTS for the whole city
as SCALE REFERENCE POINTS for successive designers
DESIGN PRINCIPLE
Architecture of ancient Rome
New design of early Renaissance
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Renaissance Rome
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In a classic example of Baroque planning, the encircling arms of the colonnade of Berninis St Peters basilica, crowned with sculptures by the same artist, reach out into the wider vista towards the Tiber river. (Thomas Mawson, Civic Art, 1911, p107)
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Renaissance Rome
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RENAISSANCE THE CAMPIDOGLIO Piazza del Campidoglio
One of MICHELANGELOs finest works
Seen at a distance as a whole composition
EQUESTRIAN STATUE of Marcus Aurelius Serves as Centerpiece or Guidepost
ENTRANCE RAMPS widen toward the top
perspective effect and stairs appear shorter
similarly, SIDE BUILDINGS are not parallel
Significance of a REMODELLING JOB
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il Campidoglio or Monte Capitolino
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il Campidoglio or Monte Capitolino
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il Campidoglio or Monte Capitolino
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il Campidoglio or Monte Capitolino
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il Campidoglio or Monte Capitolino
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Campidoglio
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il Campidoglio or Monte Capitolino
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il Campidoglio or Monte Capitolino
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il Campidoglio or Monte Capitolino
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RENAISSANCE URBAN PLAZAS: FRANCE & ENGLAND
JACQUES ANDROUET DU CERCEAU (520 -1586)
French architect who visited Rome
Brought plaza idea to Paris, France
INIGO JONES
First significant English architect, brought the Renaissance plaza to London
Bedford Square started in 1631
Covent Garden modeled after Livorno
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RENAISSANCE URBAN PLAZAS: FRANCE & ENGLAND
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OTHER PLAZAS IN LONDON
Leicester Square started in 1635
Bloomsbury Square 1665
Six more plazas were built before 1700
RENAISSANCE PLAZA
one of the elements of urban design par excellence
but did not tie whole city together
Rossettis Ferrara (street system); Fontanas Rome (guidepost system)
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Louis XIVs Palace of Versailles (built 166874), with its famous gardens by Andr le Notre, had bisecting land and water axes that created impressive vistas. It inspired Pierre LEnfant when he designed Washington DC as the new capital of the United States of America in 1791.
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Versailles, France
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RENAISSANCE REBUILDING LONDON
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The GREAT PLAGUE (16641666) was the last major epidemic of the bubonic plague to occur in the Kingdom of England (modern day United Kingdom). It happened within the centuries-long time period of the Second Pandemic, an extended period of intermittent bubonic plague epidemics which began in Europe in 1347, the first year of the "Black Death" and lasted until 1750.
** http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plague_of_London
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Th Great Plague of London 1664-1666
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Th Great Plague of London 1664-1666
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THE GREAT FIRE OF LONDON was a major conflagration that swept through the central parts of the English city of London, from Sunday, 2 September to Wednesday, 5 September 1666. The fire gutted the medieval City of London inside the old Roman City Wall. It threatened, but did not reach, the aristocratic district of Westminster, Charles II's Palace of Whitehall, and most of the suburban slums.[2] It consumed 13,200 houses, 87 parish churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and most of the buildings of the City authorities. It is estimated to have destroyed the homes of 70,000 of the City's 80,000 inhabitants.
**http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London
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Th Great Plague of London 1966
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Th Great Fire of London 1666
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RENAISSANCE REBUILDING LONDON
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SEVERAL DESIGNERS PROPOSED PLANS Christopher Wren > Robert Hooke > John Evelyn > Valentine Knight
1707-1709 laws banning use of combustible materials, led to extensive use of bricks
JOHN GWYNN produced plan for London 1766 London & Westminster Improved
heralded the Golden Age of building
key figure in the introduction of the Building Act 1774 which improved standards of materials and workmanship
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John Gwynn believed that the Great Fire of the previous century had created a great opportunity to plan and improve London. This volume includes four engraved and hand-colored maps showing the proposed improvements to Westminster and London.
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Gwynn wanted a scenic London, with boulevards pointing to noble buildings. Looking at congested bottlenecks like Charing Cross and Temple Bar, the refuse piling up at street corners, and open sewers like the Fleet, Gwynn asked: 'Where is the taste and elegance?'
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One of his achievements came in with the Building Act of 1774, which graded houses both in measurements and materials. The first triumph was Bedford Square, with 'first-rate' materials being used. It thus became desirable quarters for lawyers and other professionals.
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Bedford Square is a square in the Bloomsbury district of the Borough of Camden in London, England. Built between 1775 and 1783 as an upper middle class residential area, the square has had many distinguished residents, including Lord Eldon, one of Britain's longest serving and most celebrated Lord Chancellors, who lived in the largest house in the square for many years. The square takes its name from the main title of the Russell family, the Dukes of Bedford, who were the main landlords in Bloomsbury.
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RENAISSANCE REBUILDING LONDON
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GOLDEN AGE : encompassed a 30-year period ADELPHI TERRACE
work of the Adam brothers; built along the River Thames
BATH created by architects John Wood, Sr. and Jr.
1702, discovered by the aristocrats
1727, rectangular plaza (Queens Square)
1754, great circle (Kings Circus)
1767, Royal Crescent
EDINBURGH 1767, Scottish architect James Craig
END OF LONDON PLAZA ERA : coming of industrial era
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Adelphi is a district of London, England in the City of Westminster. The small district includes the streets of Adelphi Terrace, Robert Street and John Adam Street. Picture shows the main terrace of AldelphiTerrace raised high above the noise and smell of the river on an arcade of warehouses.
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RENAISSANCE REBUILDING LONDON
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GOLDEN AGE : encompassed a 30-year period ADELPHI TERRACE
work of the Adam brothers; built along the River Thames
BATH created by architects John Wood, Sr. and Jr.
1702, discovered by the aristocrats
1727, rectangular plaza (Queens Square)
1754, great circle (Kings Circus)
1767, Royal Crescent
EDINBURGH 1767, Scottish architect James Craig
END OF LONDON PLAZA ERA : coming of industrial era
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Bath is a city in the ceremonial county of Somerset in the south west of England.The City of Bath was inscribed as a World Heritage Site in 1987.
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The city was first established as a spa with the Latin name, Aquae Sulis ("the waters of Sulis") by the Romans sometime in the AD 60s about 20 years after they had arrived in Britain (AD43), although verbal tradition suggests that Bath was known before then.
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Much later, it became popular as a spa town during the Georgian era, which led to a major expansion that left a heritage of exemplary Georgian architecture crafted from Bath Stone. The Circus is a perfect circle of Georgian houses constructed out of the startlingly white Somerset stone that cloaks the entire city.
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The Royal Crescent is a residential road of 30 houses laid out in a crescent in the city of Bath, England. Designed by the architect John Wood the Younger and built between 1767 and 1774, it is among the greatest examples of Georgian architecture to be found in the United Kingdom.
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The Royal Crescent, Bath, Somerset, England.
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The Circus and the Royal Crescent, Bath, Somerset, England.
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Design over Time Piazza Del PopoloBAROQUE
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Plaza del Popolo
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References
LeGates, Richard and Stout, Frederic. Modernism and Early Urban Planning, 1870-1940.
Knox, Paul. Urbanization.
Cullingworth, Barry. Planning in the USA .
Various online sources.
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