1. The Characteristics of Life• 1. Cell - smallest unit capable of life functions (basic unit of

life)• 2.Metabolism - the sum of all chemical reactions,

metabolism refers to a living organism's ability to consume and use energy (from food or from the sun)

• 3. Reproduction - the process by which organisms make more of their own kind

• 4. Homeostasis - maintaining stable internal conditions (biological balance)

• 5. Heredity - the passing of traits from parents to offspring. The unit of heredity is the GENE - which codes for a trait. When a gene changes, it is called a MUTATION

• 6. Responsiveness: reaction to select stimuli, physiologically and/or behaviorally

• 7. Growth: conversion of materials from the environment into components of organism

# 2

• Homeostasis means “same state” and it is the process of keeping the internal body environment in a normal state.

Sweating allows the body to cool, maintaining normal body

temperaturesEX:

Insulin Injections allow diabetics to maintain normal glucose levels

#3 Scientific Method

Scientific Method is presented 20 different ways in 20 different books. Don’t get hung up on it! Remember that a Hypothesis is a Prediction!

#4#4

A useful hypothesis A useful hypothesis is a is a testabletestable statement which statement which includes a includes a prediction. prediction.

#6 Scholarly Journals: #6 Scholarly Journals: best choicebest choice

Scholarly journals are Scholarly journals are often often key resourceskey resources for for academic research. academic research.

Journal articles are Journal articles are ""peer-reviewed,peer-reviewed," " meaning their content is meaning their content is reviewed and approved reviewed and approved by by experts experts in the in the discipline. discipline.

Watch out, encyclopedias Watch out, encyclopedias may have worked in may have worked in middle school, but they middle school, but they no longer should be you no longer should be you best reference!best reference!

#7 Control Group

Control group the group that is not

changed; “normal conditions”

used for comparison

# 8 Experimental # 8 Experimental VariablesVariables

Independent variableIndependent variable experimenter experimenter

changes (“changes (“II” change)” change) Dependent VariableDependent Variable

is measured or is measured or observedobserved

changes due to the changes due to the independent variableindependent variable

The only way to eliminate experimenter bias

#9. Mr. Brodowski wanted to test how effective #9. Mr. Brodowski wanted to test how effective note cards were on helping students prepare for note cards were on helping students prepare for tests. He divided his class into two groups. He tests. He divided his class into two groups. He told told GroupGroup AA to make note cards each day for to make note cards each day for the next ten days, and the next ten days, and Group BGroup B did not make did not make note cards. He found that Group note cards. He found that Group AA scored 10 scored 10 points higher on the test than Group points higher on the test than Group BB. .

Identify:Identify: Independent Variable Dependent VariableIndependent Variable Dependent VariableControl GroupControl GroupExperimental GroupExperimental Group

#9 (cont.) Bart thinks that mice exposed to microwaves will become stronger. He decided to do this as an experiment in his mother’s microwave. He placed 10 mice in the microwave for half a minute. He then compared the “waved” mice to a group of “non-waved” mice. To test his hypothesis, the mice would have to move a heavy block of wood that covered their food. Bart found that 8 “waved” mice and 8 “non-waved” mice could move the block of wood.

•  • Identify:

– Control Group ______________– Independent Variable ___________– Dependent Variable ______________

Lipids 1.Fats2. Oils 3. Waxes4.Cholesterals5. Steroids

Proteins Proteins 1. Pigments – Provide 1. Pigments – Provide skin color and skin color and protectionprotection2. Structure – Cell 2. Structure – Cell structure structure 3. Keratin – Nail and Hair3. Keratin – Nail and Hair4. Carriers – Hemoglobin4. Carriers – Hemoglobin5. Enzymes5. Enzymes

Nucleic AcidsNucleic AcidsDNA – Deoxyribonucleic acidsDNA – Deoxyribonucleic acids

- DNA is our genetic code - DNA is our genetic code - It contains the - It contains the

information for our cellsinformation for our cellsRNA – Ribonucleic acids RNA – Ribonucleic acids

- RNA reads the DNA and - RNA reads the DNA and provides instructionprovides instruction

CarbohydratesPolysaccharide: many Polysaccharide: many sugar unitssugar units 1. starch = plant storage 1. starch = plant storage (bread, potatoes) (bread, potatoes) 2. glycogen = animal 2. glycogen = animal storage (beef muscle) storage (beef muscle) 3. cellulose = Plant 3. cellulose = Plant structure (lettuce, corn)structure (lettuce, corn)

#12

#13• The monomer or building block of

carbohydrates is monosaccharides

• Protein’s building blocks (monomers) of amino acids

• The Building Blocks (monomers) of nucleic acids are nucleutides

• Lipids: Triglycerides:composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

#14• Protein/Amino acids are composed of

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen (CHON)

• Carbohydrates/monosaccharides Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen (CHO) 1:2:1 C6H12O6

• Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA) are composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphate (CHONP)

BTW

• KNOW DIS PICTURE

A lipid by any other name is a glycerol connected to 3 fatty acids

# 15 Hydrolysis• Separates monomers by

“adding water”• Used to separate

macromolecules

HO HO HH

HO H

H2O

#16 Dehydration Synthesis•Also called “condensation

reaction”•Forms polymers by combining

monomers by “removing water”.

•Used to form macromolecules.

HO H

HO HO HH

H2O

#17

• Ice is less dense as a solid, so ice floats

• Cohesion: attraction between particles of the same substance

Ex. Surface Tension

• Adhesion : attraction between two different substances.– Ex. Capillary action

#17 cont. • Polar water

molecules act like magnets and attract each other

• Water is often said to be the universal solvent, because it can dissolve many substances (think Kool-Aid)

Salt in water will dissolve because it is polar, thus the universal solvent name

#18 How do enzymes Work?

Enzymes work by weakening bonds which lowers activation energy

#19 Enzymes•Most enzymes

are Proteins•Are Reusable•End in –ase-Sucrase-Lactase-Maltase

# 20 Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity (denature= Stopping its

function)

•Temperature•pH•Cofactors & Coenzymes

•Inhibitors

Denatured by pH or temp change: substrate no longer fits

#21 Enzyme-Substrate Complex

• Enzymes are substances present in the cell in small amounts which speed up or catalyze chemical reactions. Enzymes speed up the rate of chemical reactions because they lower the energy of activation, the energy that must be supplied in order for molecules to react with one another. Enzymes lower the energy of activation by forming an enzyme-substrate complex.

BTW, Change the pH or temperature and this enzyme might not work (denatured)

#21 Enzymes (another view in case the flash didn’t work for the last one)

#22 CELL SHAPE• 1. Cells come in a variety of

Shapes. • 2. Notice the neurons on the

wall, the basic cell of our Nervous System.  This diversity of form reflects a diversity of function.

• 3.  Most Cells have a Specific Shape.

• 4.  THE SHAPE OF A CELL DEPENDS ON IT'S FUNCTION.

• 5.  Cells of the Nervous System that carry information from your toes to your brain are long and threadlike.

• 6.  Blood Cells are shaped like round disk that can squeeze through tiny blood vessels.

#23 The Cell Theory consist of THREE Principles:

A. All living things are composed of one or more cells.

    B. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism.

   C. Cells come only from reproduction of existing cells. (remember the Redi experiment)

#24 • It is harder for a large cell to pass materials in and out of the

membrane, and to move materials through the cell

• Bottom Line: You want a large surface area to volume ratio,

which mean a small cell! Look how long it would take for stuff to get to the nucleus. NOT GOOD!!

The Good

The Bad The UGLY

#25 What are the Simplest Levels?

•Atom•Molecule•Organelle•Cell•Tissue•Organ•System

#26 Cell Membrane

• The Cell Membrane Functions like a GATE, Controlling what ENTERS and LEAVES the Cell

• This "Selectively Permeable" Membrane regulates what passes into and out of the cell

FLUID- because individual phospholipids and proteins can move around freely within the layer, like it’s a liquid.

MOSAIC- because of the pattern produced by the scattered protein molecules when the membrane is viewed from above.

#26 FLUID MOSAIC MODEL#26 FLUID MOSAIC MODEL

Maybe TMI, but discuss.

#26 cont.

• Hydrophilic (water-loving) polar heads of the phospholipid molecules lie on the outward-facing surfaces of the plasma membrane.

• Hydrophobic (water-fearing) nonpolar tails extend to the interior of the plasma membrane.

Yea, I know it is a cheesy picture. It is not like I get these from Sports Illustrated!

#27 Organelles (yes, there are more to know)

I know it is a little kiddy, but look at that man in the overalls, ain’t he the cutest thing you ever seen!

#28 Prokaryotes (Bacteria)

• Pro (before) Karyon (kernel)• No nuclear membrane• Lack membrane bound organelles• Simple and often small

#28 Eukaryotes (animal)

• Eu (true) Karyon (kernel)• Membrane bound

organelles• More complex and often

bigger• Membrane bound

nucleus

#31 Plant Cell

• Eukaryotes for they have membrane bound organelles and a true nucleus

• Have cell wall, central vacuum and chloroplast

• Lack flagella, cilia, lysosomes and centrioles

#30

• Glycoprotein acts as flags/ recognition sites for cells. Also called marker proteins.

#32 Endosymbiosis

• Process by which prokaryotes gave rise to the first eukaryotic cells

• Cells are living together within cells

• Mitochondria and Chloroplast

• Lynn Margulis discovered

Isotonic Solution

NO NET MOVEMENT OF Both in and out

equally

Hypotonic Solution

IN

Hypertonic Solution

OUT

#33

# 34 Solubility# 34 Solubility Materials Materials

that are that are soluble in soluble in lipids can lipids can pass through pass through the cell the cell membrane membrane easilyeasily

Small molecules and larger hydrophobic molecules move through easily.e.g. O2, CO2, H2O

# 35 Semipermeable # 35 Semipermeable MembraneMembrane

Ions, hydrophilic molecules larger than water, and large molecules such as proteins do not move through the membrane on their own.

#35 Semipermeable #35 Semipermeable MembraneMembrane

#36 Osmosis in Red Blood #36 Osmosis in Red Blood CellsCells

IsotonicIsotonic

Same Same

Hypotonic

Swells

Hypertonic

Shrinks

hypotonic hypertonic isotonic

hypertonic isotonic hypotonic

#36 cont

#37 Simple Diffusion#37 Simple Diffusion

Requires Requires NONO energyenergy

Molecules Molecules move from move from area of area of HIGH HIGH to LOWto LOW concentratioconcentrationn

#37 Osmosis

Osmosis – diffusion of water through a membrane

Facilitated diffusion requires a carrier protein but uses NO ENERGY (With C.G.)

#38

Active transport requires a carrier protein and ENERGY (Against C.G.)

#38 cont

ENERGY

BTW Endocytosis: large particle ENter the cell

More BTWExocytosis large particles EXit the cell

#39 Overview of Cellular Respiration

1. Process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules in presence of oxygen

Carried out by both plants and animals!

#39 cont. Photosynthesis

The process of converting light energy to chemical energy and storing it as glucose.

This process occurs in plants and some algae.

The process of photosynthesis takes place in the Chloroplast.

#40 Chloroplast

• Chloroplast is an organelle found in plants.

• Chloroplast is the organelle where photosynthesis takes place.

• Photosynthesis is the process of converting light energy to chemical energy and storing it as glucose

• Chloroplast contains a pigment called chlorophyll.

• Chlorophyll is the green pigment found in most plants.

Yea, that pretty much sums up #40.

6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

Look familiar?

What was the equation for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

light

What do we make that plants need, and what do plants make that we need?

#41

Cellular Respiration

#40 cont.

OUT

INOUT

IN

telophase

metaphase

anaphase

cell

divi

sion

GG00: : nondividingnondividing

interphaseinterphase

Interphase: G1= carry out cell functions, live! S= replication of chromosomes G2= checkpoints

S: Synthesis S: Synthesis of DNAof DNA

GG11: Growth: Growth

GG22: Growth: Growth

prophase

cytokinesis

Mito

sis

#43/46

#43

• Cytokinesis: entire cell divides in two

• Process in which the cytoplasm of a cell is divided after nuclear division (mitosis) is complete.

#44

• Cancer: unregulated mitosis (unresponsive to normal cues).

• Cancer cells continue to divide

#47 HumanChromosomes during Mitosis

Mitosis Meiosis

Number of divisions

12

Number of daughter cells

2 4

Genetically identical?

Yes No

Chromosome # Same as parent Half of parent

Where Somatic cells Gamete cells

When Throughout life At sexual maturity

Role Growth and repair Sexual reproduction

~ 47 to 52 Know this chart

Somatic cells (body cells)

Gamete (reproductive cells – Sperm/eggs)

Diploid Haploid

#55 Mutations

• Mutation – any change in the DNA

• Gene mutation

• Chromosomal mutation

• Agents causing mutations – radiation, chemicals, excess heat

• They eventually lead to evolution if the organism survives

#55 Recombination (crossing over)

• Occurs in prophase of meiosis I

• Generates diversity

Letters denote genes Case denotes alleles

•Creates chromosomes with new combinations of alleles for genes A to F.

A

B

C

D

E

F

a

b

c

d

e

f

c

d

e

f

A

B

a

b

C

D

E

F

Homologous chromosomes

Sister chromatids Sister chromatidsTetrad

#56 Homologous Chromosomes#56 Homologous ChromosomesPair of chromosomeschromosomes (maternalmaternal and paternalpaternal) that are similar in shape and sizeHomologous pairs (tetrads)(tetrads) carry genes controlling the same inherited traits

Interphase : The chromosomes (blue) are uncondensed..

Metaphase: The chromosomes move along the spindle microtubules to line up at the center of the cell. Think Middle.

Prophase: Chromosomes condense and are visible for first time Think Pasta.

#57 Phases of Mitosis (PMAT)

Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate, and each of two full sets of chromosomes. Think Apart

Telophase: The chromosomes gather into two clusters.Think Two.

Next interphase: Chromosomes are decondensed. Spindle fibers are gone.

#57cont. Phases of Mitosis

# 58 Pedigree

Key: = Males

= Females

Shading = Recessive Trait

No Shading = Dominant Trait

(Attached Earlobes = f )

(Free Earlobes = F)

1 2

1 2 3

I

II

4 5

1 2 3

3 41 2

1 2 36

I

II

What are the Genotypes of the people shown below?

ff

ff

ff

F F F

F F

F

F

F F F

f f f

? ?

?

f f f

f

#58 cont. So you think your soo smart?

Genotype & Phenotype

• Genotype :represents the exact genetic make-up. (What are the letters)

Ex. Ss or SS

• Phenotype: represents the actual physical properties, such as height, weight, hair color, and so on. (What is on the outside or expressed)

BTW, Let’s get this out of the way before we start the heredity stuff

#59/64/65 Genotype & Phenotype Yes, I know it does not align with the review, but you know what I mean!

GenotypeGenotype   PhenotypePhenotype

 SS or Ss Round

ss Wrinkled

Genotype frequencyGenotype frequency

1:2:1

Phenotype frequencyPhenotype frequency

3:1

BTW Dihybrid Cross

Dihybrid – 2 traits

Gametes per parent = 4

Punnett Square – 16 boxes

Genotype ratio

1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1

Phenotype ratio

9:3:3:1

#60 Dominant vs. Recessive

• Dominant – always expressed Capital letters – N Homozygous - NN Heterozygous - Nn

• Recessive – prevented by dominant Lower case letters – n Homozygous - nn

#61 Linkage – Sex Linkage

• Linkage – genes on the same chromosome inherited as a group

• Sex-linkage – genes on sex chromosomes (esp. X)

• Y-chromosome shorter – some genes from X missing

• X-linked traits more common in men• Men get X-chromosome from mom • Red-green colorblindness, hemophilia

#62 Hemophilia

• Hemophilia (heem-a-FILL-ee-ah) is a rare inherited bleeding disorder in which the blood does not clot normally.

• Hemophilia is a sex-linked trait in humans

• Women are most often

“carriers”, not having the symptoms but carrying the trait on their genes.

#63 Test-Cross

• The crossing of an organism, with an unknown genotype, to a homozygous recessive organism (tester).

KNOWN

Homozygous

Recessive

So, What is the unknown genotype?

UNKNOWN

#66 Incomplete Dominance

• Hybrid is a blend of two traits

• Genotype frequency

1:2:1• Phenotype frequency

1:2:1

• Examples:

Flowers, Animal fur

#66 cont. Co-dominance

• More than one dominant allele

• Blood types – A,B,O alleles

• Phenotypes GenotypesA I AI A or I Ai (AA or (AO)

B IBIB or IBi (BB or BO)

AB I AIB (AB)

O ii (oo)

#66 cont. Polygenetic Traits

• More than one gene determines the phenotype.

•          2 or more genes affect 1 phenotype           usually with quantitative characters,                  with a continuous scale of measurement...                  - height,  weight,  skin color* (and a  polygenic*model), etc...

Notice the multiple alleles

#67 Karyotype

• What species? How do you know?

• Boy or girl? How do you know?

• What are the first 22 chromosomes called?

• Anything else going on with this karyotype?

Human Genome Project • Completed in 2003, the Human Genome Project

(HGP) was a 13-year project coordinated by the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health.

• Goal – identified all the approximately 25,000-30,000 genes

in human DNA– Basically they mapped the human genome (all of our

genes

#68

#69 M/F Karyotype

#70 Find the Gene for Whirling Disorder!

• When individuals afflicted with Whirling Disorder hear old Rolling Stones tunes, they let loose and dance uncontrollably.

#71 Environmental influence on genes expression

• Gene function is influenced by environment as with identical twins

• Genes have blueprint for proteins or parts of proteins

• Proteins can be structural proteins (parts of body) or functional proteins (hormones/enzymes)

Evidence for DNA

GRIFFITH

Griffith studied Streptococcus pneumonia, a nasty bacteria to create a vaccine.

A vaccine is a substance made from dead or weakened bacteria. You body is given the vaccine and is ready for a live version when it comes.

X XVirulent: A substance that causes disease or death

Heat Treated Dead Virulent

Harmless non-virulent

Griffith’s Conclusion:

Transformation: Bacteria have the ability to transfer genetic information from one bacteria to another.

#72

More Evidence for DNA

Hershey Chase

Hershey and Chase studied a bacteriophage.

A Bacteriophage is a virus that infects bacteria and causes them to burst.

Bacteriophage

Bacteria

Hershey & Chase Experiment

Bacteriophage w/ Blinking DNA

BacteriaFrozen Daiquiri Baby Viruses w/

Blinking DNA

Conclusion: DNA is the unit of genetics, because the babies blink!!!

#72 cont

Chagraff’s Puzzle Pieces

Chagraff

GC C

A

A

Simply put:

- Where you find an adenine (A) there will be a thymine (T)

-Where you find a guanine (G) there will be a cytosine (C).

**** A + T spells AT ******

The base pairs are complimentary for

A=T

G=C

Notice Purines

Are large.

#73

Rosalind Franklin

A picture is worth a thousand nucleotides

Rosiland Franklin took the first ‘picture’ of DNA using complex X-Ray Crystallography

Her X-ray was instrumental to

figuring out the structure of DNA

She did not receive the Nobel Prize because she died before the award was given. #73

Watson & Crick

Watson and Crick made the first model of the DNA molecule that showed the double helix structure.

Watson, Crick and Wilkins won the Nobel prize in 1962

#73

DNA Replication (Review)

See Chromosomes, Genes and DNA

See Cell reproduction

DNA Replication

1. The DNA material is doubled

2. Occurs in the Nucleus

3. Helicase is the untwister and unzipper

4. Happens prior to mitosis/meiosis during interphase (S)

We go from dis to dat

#74

BASE-PAIRINGS#75

CG

Hydrogen Bond Holds the base

T A

#76

• Adenine must pair with Thymine

• Guanine must pair with Cytosine

• Their amounts in a given DNA molecule will be about the same.

G CT A

TranscriptionDNA mRNA

1. DNA is copied to mRNA (messengerRNA)2. Occurs in the Nucleus3. mRNA carries genetic message out a nuclear pore4. Polymerase enzyme connects the new mRNA

nucleotides

#77

BTW, TranslationmRNA Protein

1. mRNA is used to make proteins (polypeptides)

2. Occurs in the cytoplasm

3. A ribosome is used as the binding site for the protein synthesis

RIBOSOME

mRNA

See BioCoach

Codon / Anti Codon

See BioCoach

CODON

Anti codon

#79

#80 Peptide Bond

• Used to hold the amino acids together to form a protein

See BioCoach

Peptide bond

Two Types of Nucleic Acids(in case you forgot)

DNA RNA

Double stranded Single stranded

Deoxyribose Sugar Ribose Sugar

Thymine Uracil

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

• Made up of nucleotides (DNA molecule) in a DNA double helix.

• Nucleotide is made up of :

1. Phosphate group

2. 5-carbon sugar = deoxyribose

3. Nitrogenous base

#83

#83 cont. DNA Nucleotide

OO=P-O O

PhosphatePhosphate GroupGroup

NNitrogenous baseNitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T)(A, G, C, or T)

CH2

O

CC

C C

SugarSugar(deoxyribose)(deoxyribose)

• #84 Recombinant DNA: DNA that has genes from two different organisms

#84 cont Recombinant

DNA Process• Isolate Plasmid and Human

DNA• Apply RE to both human

and Bacteria Plasmid• Insert Human spliced DNA

into spliced Plasmid• Add ligase enzyme to bond

covalently • Put plasmid into bacteria • Clone human DNA fragment

through normal bacteria replication w/ nutrient medium.

Sticky Ends BTW

#85 Transgenic Organism

• Plant, animal, bacterium, or other living organism that has had a foreign gene added to it by means of genetic engineering.

Tobacky plant spliced with bioluminescence gene which causes it to glow

EX.

#86 Cloning

• Cloning is the process of creating an identical copy of something

• The terms "recombinant DNA technology," "DNA cloning," "molecular cloning,"or "gene cloning" all refer to the same process.

#87 Bacteria DNA

• Plasmid: small circular DNA molecule that replicates within bacteria cell, separate from the bacteria chromosome.

• Often used for genetic technology

Plasmid

Chromosome

Bacteria Cell

• Restrictive Enzymes: (1960’s) Bacteria enzymes that work by cutting up foreign DNA, like a phage

• Each R.E. cuts at a specific sequence. There are hundreds of different RE, each with its own cutting sequence

Restrictive Enzyme

DNA

#88

#89 DNA Fingerprinting

• Like the fingerprints that came into use by the police, each person has a unique DNA fingerprint.

• The fingerprints are made from the base pairs (A-T, G-C).

#90 Evolution• Evolution is the

slow , gradual change in a population of organisms over time

• Through Mutations and survival of the fittest, evolution occurs

BTW, Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution

• Use & Disuse - Organisms Could Change The Size Or Shape Of Organs By Using Them Or Not Using Them

• Blacksmiths & Their Sons (muscular arms)

• Giraffe’s Necks Longer from stretching)

• Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

#91 Survival of the FittestDarwin, Darwin, Darwin

• Fitness– Ability of an Individual To Survive &

Reproduce

• Adaptation– Inherited Characteristic That

Increases an Organisms Chance for Survival

#93 Homologous Body Structures

• Similar Bone Structure but different function

• Implies a common ancestor

• Limb Bones Develop In Similar Patterns

• Arms, Wings, Legs, Flippers

BTW, Vestigial Organs

• Not All Serve Important Functions• Appendix • Pinky Toe• Third eye lid

#94 Relative Dating

• Fossil record provides relative dating of rock layers; top layers of rock are younger than lower layers.

#94 cont. Absolute Dating

– Absolute dating method uses radioactive isotopes.

– Isotopes each have particular half-life or time it takes for half of isotope to decay and become nonradioactive.

– Carbon-14 (14C) used to date organic matter; half decays to 14N each 5,730 years; limited to about last 50,000 years.

– Half of potassium-40 (40K) decays to argon-40 (40Ar) each 1.3 million years; estimates age of younger rocks.

– Uranium-238 decays to lead-207; estimates age of older rocks.

a) Punctuated equilibrium

b) Gradualism

small changes over long time periods

Change occurs in bursts, separated by long time periods of no change

#95

Orange to Red takes forever

BAM

Four Things You Must Know About Darwin

• Wrote the “Origin of Species”

• The “Survival of the Fittest” Guy

• The “Natural Selection” Guy

• He Loved Bumper Cars

#96

•Three domains•Archaea and Eubacteria are

unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles)

•Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

•Broadest, most inclusive taxon

Domains #97 -98

98-99

#100 Autotrophs

• Autotrophs are also called Producers because they produce all of the food that heterotrophs use

• Ex. Plants and Algae

#101 Heterotrophs

• Organisms that do not make their own food

• Another term for Heterotroph is consumer because they consume other organisms in order to live

• Ex. Rabbits, Deer, Mushrooms

•King

•Phillip

•Came

•Over

•For

•Good

•Spaghetti!#104

Other factors that affect population

growth

• Carrying Capacity- the maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources

• There can only be as many organisms as the environmental resources can support (limiting resources) # 105

Carrying Capacity

Carrying Capacity (k)

Nu

m

b

e

r

Time

J-shaped curve (exponential growth)

S-shaped curve (logistic growth)

#105 cont.

#106•Ecosystem:

Populations of plants and animals that interact with each other in a given area with the abiotic components of that area. (terrestrial or aquatic)

BTW, •Population:

A group of organisms, all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same place at the same time.REMEMBER: To be a species, you must be able to breed

and have young that can breed (viable)

Don’t over think this with Mules and Ligers!!!!

BTW,

•Community:All the populations of different species that live in the same place at the same time.

#108 Food Web

• Notice that the direction the arrow points the arrow points in the direction of the energy transfer, NOT “what ate what”

#110 Ecological Succession• A change in the community in which new

populations of organisms gradually replace existing ones– 1. Primary Succession – occurs in an area where

there is no existing communities and for some reason (s) a new community of organisms move into the area

• Think Glaciers and Lava Flows

– 2. Secondary Succession – occurs in an area where an existing community is partially damaged

• Think Forest Fires

– 3. Climax Community – a community that is stable and has a great diversity of organisms

#111

Water Cycle: Transpiration and evaporation causes water to go up

Precipitation causes water to go down

Nitrogen Fixation: Bacteria can absorb nitrogen directly and convert to a form plants can use

Release Carbon: Burning Fossil Fuels, Volcanoes, and animal Respiration

Absorb Carbon: Photosynthetic Plants and algae, and dissolved

#112 Heterotrophs• Consumers

– 1. Scavengers/Detritivores – feed on the tissue of dead organisms (both plans and animals)

• Ex. – Vultures, Crows, and Shrimp

– 2. Herbivores – eat ONLY plants• Ex. – Cows, Elephants, Giraffes

– 3. Carnivores – eat ONLY meat• Ex. – Lions, Tigers, Sharks

– 4. Omnivores – eat BOTH plants and animals • Ex. – Bears and Humans

– 5. Decomposers – absorb any dead material and break it down into simple nutrients or fertilizers

• Ex. – Bacteria and Mushrooms

#112 cont.

– Primary Consumers – eat autotrophs (producers)

– Secondary Consumers – eat the primary consumers

– Tertiary Consumers – eat the secondary consumers

– Decomposers – bacteria and fungi that break down dead organisms and recycle the material back into the environment

#113 Ecological Pyramid

#113 cont. Ecological Pyramid

#113 Ecological Pyramid

• Which level has the most energy?• Which level has the most organisms?• Which level has the least organisms?• Which level has the least energy?

•Begins with the Begins with the SUNSUN

•PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight & chlorophyll C6H12O6 + 6O2

#114

BTW, Symbiosis

• A close and permanent association between organisms of different species– Commensalism – a relationship in which one

organism benefits and the other is not affected• Example: Barnacles on a whale

– Mutualism – a relationship in which both organisms benefit from each other

• Example: Birds eating pest off a rhino’s back

– Parasitism – A relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed

• Example: Ticks on a dog

#115 Habitat & Niche

•Habitat is the place a plant or animal lives

•Niche is an organism’s total way of life

#116 The Nonliving Environment

• Abiotic factors- the nonliving parts of an organism’s environment.

• Examples include air currents, temperature, moisture, light, and soil.

#117 The Living Environment

•Biotic factors- all the living organisms that inhabit an environment.

#117 (this is a basic, incomplete answer to this question, but it

points you in the right direction)

• Carbon dioxide and other air pollution that is collecting in the atmosphere like a thickening blanket, trapping the sun's heat and causing the planet to warm up.

• The chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are likely to be the main source of ozone depletion.

#118

• Biodiversity is the variety of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome or for the entire Earth.

• The greater the Biodiversity, the healthier the environment.

#120

#122-123

#124 Cuticle

• The outer surface of the leaf has a thin waxy covering called the cuticle.

• This layer's primary function is to prevent water loss within the leaf.

#124 cont. Stoma

• The stoma is responsible for the interchange of gases for respiration and photosynthesis.

• The stomata allow for the loss of excess water in the form of water vapour, which also allows for cooling.

#125 Roots Hairs

• Root hairs greatly increase the surface area of roots

• Root hairs absorb nutrients and water.

#126

Know your male/female parts of the plant

#127

#128 Xylem

• Conducts water

and dissolved minerals

• Conducting cells are dead and hollow at maturity

vessel membertracheids

#128 cont. Phloem:

• Transports sugars

• Main conducting cells are sieve-tube members

• Companion cells assist in the loading of sugars

sieve plate

sieve-tubemember

companioncell

Things to know

• Angiosperm– Have flowers – Have fruits with seeds – oak, maple, elm, apple

• Gymnosperm– Lack flowers and fruit– Often cone trees– Conifers (pine trees),Ginkos

The SOL loves these two terms, so know them!!!!

• Coniferous trees keep their leaves throughout the year – conifer family are pines,

spruces, firs, and hemlocks.

• Deciduous trees are also known as broadleaf trees– They often lose their

leaves in fall– Apple, elm, oaks, maples

• Marsupials: female marsupials have pouches for young. Some marsupials include the koala, kangaroo, and the numbat.

•

Monotremes: egg-laying mammals. Modern-day monotremes include the echidnas (spiny ant-eaters) and the duck-billed platypus.

• •

Placental mammals: Live Birth. Pretty much most mammals you know

#130

Characteristics of Mammals

• Hair• Sweat Glands• Mammary Glands

– For milk production

• Vertebrates• Endothermic (inside

heat)

#129

Characteristics of All Reptiles

1. They are ectothermic vertebrates.(outside heat)

2. Their skin has scales.

3. They have three-chambered hearts

4. They have claws on their toes

• 5. They are the first animals, in evolution, to develop the amniotic egg.  This allows reptiles to lay eggs on land.

BTW

BTW Insects Characteristics

• Three-segmented body: head, abdomen, and thorax.

•   Exoskeleton. (outside skeleton)

•   Six legs, jointed appendages.

•    Compound eyes. •   Usually two pair of

wings.