Transcript of 1. Ch. 12 Sec. 1 2 Vocabulary Focus Imperialism: domination by one country of the political,...
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- Ch. 12 Sec. 1 2
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- Vocabulary Focus Imperialism: domination by one country of the
political, economic, and cultural life of another country or region
Protectorate: country with its own government but under the control
of an outside power Sphere of Influence: area in which an outside
power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges 3
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- Causes of Imperialism 1. Economics: Industrial Revolution
created needs/desires that caused want for overseas expansion want
for rubber, petroleum, manganese, palm oil Hoped for new markets to
sale manufactured goods Bankers invested for profits 4
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- 2. Political and Military motives: Ships needed ports around
the world to take on coal and supplies Nationalism played a role-
when one country moved into an area, other Euro countries countered
to prevent expansion 5
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- 3. Humanitarian and Religious Goals Missionaries, doctors,
& colonial officials believed they had a duty to spread the
blessings of Western culture 4. Social Darwinism Westerners
embraced ideas of natural selection and survival of the fittest
West was superior than other weaker races 6
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- Spread of Western Imperialism Weakness of non-western states
Ottoman Turks, Mughal India, Qing China in decline Slave trade
weakened West Africa Western Advantages Strong economies,
well-organized governments, powerful militaries, superior
technology/medicine 7
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- Resisting Imperialism: Africans and Asians especially tried to
resist Western expansion Western-educated Africans and Asians
organized nationalist movements to expel imperialist Facing
Criticisms at home Small group of anti-imperialists emerged Moving
toward greater democracy at home, but imposing undemocratic rule on
other peoples 8
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- Forms of Imperial Rule 1. Direct rule - France Send officials
and soldiers to administer their colonies 2. Indirect Rule Great
Britain Used sultans, chiefs, or other local rulers to rule, and
encouraged the children to attend British schools- could still use
force if necessary 9
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- 3. Protectorate: Local rulers left in place but were expected
to follow the advice of Euro advisors Costs less to run than a
colony, usually did not require large commitment of military forces
4. Sphere of Influence: Area in which an outside power claimed
exclusive investment or trading privileges Carved these spheres in
China & other areas to prevent conflict among themselves
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- Ch. 12 Sec. 2 11
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- Vocabulary Focus Paternalistic: the system of governing a
country as a father would a child Westerners saw Africans as
children in need of guidance Elite: upper class 12
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- Africa early 1800s North Africa: Sahara and fertile land along
Mediterranean Remained under declining Ottoman rule (Muslims) West
Africa: Usman dan Fodio called for social and religious reforms
based on the sharia (Islamic law) Literacy increased, local wars
quieted, trade improved Inspired other Islamic reform movements
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- East Africa: Islam was very influential where in port cities
there was profitable trade Slaves were often the cargo, but ivory
and copper were exchanged for cloth and firearms Southern Africa:
Zulus led by Shaka ruled much of the south Set off mass migrations
and wars- Boer Wars 14
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- Sierra Leone 1787 British organized this colony in West Africa
for former slaves to live Later more freed blacks from US settled
in nearby Liberia- 1847 it had become an independent republic
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- European Contact 1500-1700 Europeans traded on coast but did
not move interior 1800s with medical advancements and steamboat-
that changed Some wanted to map the interior- did not understand
the people they met Catholic and Protestant missionaries followed
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- Livingstone Blazes a Trail Crisscrossed Africa for 30 years
Wrote about people he met- more sympathy/ less bias To end slave
trade- open interior to Christianity and trade 1869- Henry Stanley
tracked him down Dr. Livingstone, I presume? 17
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- Scramble for Colonies 1884 Berlin Conference No Africans were
invited to the conference Recognized King Leopolds claim to the
Congo- called for free trade along the Congo and Niger rivers
Agreed Euro power could not claim any part of Africa unless it had
an established government with an office Race to colonize Africa
had begun 18
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- European Colonies Belgians under King Leopold exploited the
riches of the Congo Brutalized the villagers and forced them to
work Leopold was forced to turn his colony over to the Belgium
government better treatment, still exploited France extended its
influence along Mediterranean into Tunisia, as well as West and
Central Africa 19
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- Britains land was scattered but was more heavily populated than
Frances West and East Africa, Egypt, and Sudan In south Africa,
Britain clashed with the Boers (decedents of Dutch settlers)-
forcing the Boers to move north Late 1800s: Boers found gold and
diamonds led to conflict with Britain- who won but at great cost
(Boer War) Led to Union of South Africa- racial segregation 20
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- Portuguese: Angola and Mozambique Italy: Libya and into the
horn Germany: eastern and southern lands- Cameroons and Togo
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- African Resist Imperialism French fought Samori Toure who led
Algerians British battled Zulus in southern Africa and Asante in
the west Germans fought against the Yao and Herero Ethiopia
succeeded in resisting Euro colonization under Menelik II
Modernized Ethiopia and defeated Italians Only independent nation
besides Liberia 22
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- African Elite emerge Some Western-educated Africans admired
western ways and rejected their own culture Others valued their
African traditions and condemned Western societies By 1900s African
leaders were forging nationalist movements to pursue
self-determination and independence 23
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- Chapt. 10 Sec. 2 25
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- Vocabulary Focus Kulturkampf Bismarcks Battle for Civilization
in which his goal was to make Catholics put loyalty to the state
above their allegiance to the Church Social Welfare Programs to
help certain groups of people 26
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- Germany Becomes an Industrial Giant Germany possessed many of
the industrial factors- behind Great Britain Disciplined and
educated workforce helped the economy Rapid population growth
provided huge home market/workforce Government supported applied
sciences and promoted economic development 27
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- The Iron Chancellor Otto von Bismarck became first Chancellor
of the newly unified German empire Pursued several foreign-policy
goals Wanted to keep France weak while building strong links with
Austria and Russia Respected British Navy but did not compete with
them Domestic policies dealt with: Sought to erase local loyalties
and crush all opposition to the imperial state Targeted Catholic
Church and the Socialists 28
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- Campaign against the Church and Socialists Campaign against the
Church: Catholics made up about a third of the German population
Bismarck distrusted Catholics- especially the clergy- whose first
loyalty was to the Pope instead of the state Launched Kulturkampf
Battle for Civilization- his goal was to make Catholics put loyalty
to the state above allegiance to the Church His moves against the
Church backfired- the faithful rallied behind the Church and the
Catholic party gained strength in the Reichstag Bismarck admitted
his mistake and worked to make peace with theChurch 29
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- Campaign against the Socialists: Bismarck feared that
socialists would undermine the loyalty of German workers and turn
them toward revolution Had laws passed that dissolved socialist
groups, shut down their newspapers, and banned their meetings His
plan backfired again- workers were unified in support of the
socialist cause Bismarck then set out to woo workers away from
socialism- he became a pioneer in social reform Workers benefitted
from Bismarcks plan but still did not abandon socialism 30
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- Kaiser William II 1888 William II succeeded his grandfather as
Kaiser Supremely confident and sought to put his own stamp on
Germany 1890- asked Otto von Bismarck to resign- There is only one
master in the Reich, and that is I. 31
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- William resisted efforts to introduce democratic reforms His
government did provide programs for social welfare, cheap
transportation, excellent public school education Spent lavish
amounts of German money on German military- already the most
powerful in Europe Also launched a campaign to expand the German
Navy- won an overseas empire to rival those of Britain and France
His ambitious and aggressive military stance increased tensions on
the eve of World War I 32
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- Ch. 13 Sec. 1 33
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- Japan Opens Up July 1853 American ships under Matthew Perry
landed in Tokyo Bay Letter from President Fillmore demanded Japan
open its borders to trade Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854- Japan agreed
to open two ports to American ships, but not for trade US quickly
won rights on trade, extraterritoriality, and low taxes on American
imports Led to social and economic unrest 34
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- Meiji Restoration (1868-1912) Under the new emperor- Mutsuhito
(took the name Meiji meaning enlightened rule) the capital moved
from Kyoto to Edo and was renamed Tokyo Moto: A rich country, a
strong military Studied Western ways and adapted them to Japanese
needs- invited westerners to teach Japanese Created a strong
central government from the previous feudal order All citizens were
equal before the law 35
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- Leaders made the economy a major priority Encouraged Japanese
to adopt western business ideas New Constitution ended legal
distinctions between classes Distinctions survived, but improved
laws for the lower classes Japan modernized with amazing speed By
1890 Japan was strong enough to force Western powers to revise the
unequal treaties 36
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- Japans Growing Military Strength As it grew as an industrial
power, its economic needs fed its imperial desires Japan lacked
many of the basic resources needed for industrialization Japan
focused on Korea- at crossroads of East Asia, it was already the
focus of Russia, China, and now Japan 1876- Japan forced Korea to
open its ports to trade 1894- composistion over Korea led Japan and
China to the First Sino-Japansese War Japan defeated the Chinese!
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- Ten years later- japan challenged Russia for territory in Korea
and Manchuria- Russo-Japanese war Japan defeated Russian troops in
Manchuria and its navy nearly destroyed the Russian fleet Japan
made Korea a protectorate, then annexed it outright Ruled Korea for
35 years before a violence broke out March First Movement became a
rallying symbol for Korean nationalists By the early 1900s- Japan
was the strongest power in Asia 38
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- Ch. 13 Sec. 2 39
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- Europeans Colonize Southeast Asia Dutch East Indies Established
1600s Dutch East India Company established bases on the island of
Java and in the Moluccas (Spice Islands)- eventually spread to
Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) British in Burma and Malaya Early
1800s Burmese (from present day Myanmar) suffered disastrous
defeats in several wars with the British After conquering
Burma/Myanmar, the British continued inot Malaya (major port city
of Singapore) 40
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- French Indochina Seized Portuguese are in Vietnam first, French
missionaries moved in to convert- Vietnamese resisted Western
influence French moved in to protect missionaries by 18600 France
seized portion of southern Vietnam- eventually took over rest of
Vietnam, all of Laos and Cambodia Siam (present-day Thailand)
Survives Mongkut- king of Siam did not underestimate Western power-
he studied foreign languages and read on modern sciences and
mathematics Used knowledge to negotiate treaties 41
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- United States and the Philippines US was at war with Spain-
Spanish American War 1898 US defeated the Spanish which the
Filipinos saw as an opportunity to declare independence from Spain
Filipinos thought US would recognize their independence but what
they didnt know is US paid Spain $20 million for control of the
Philippines Filipinos then fought the US for independence and US
crushed the rebellion after years of war 42
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- Sec. 5 43
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- Vocabulary Words Balance of Trade: difference between how much
a country imports and how much it exports trade surplus: situation
in which a country exports more than it imports Trade deficit:
situation in which a country imports more than it exports
Indemnity: payment for losses in war Extraterritoriality: right of
foreigners to be protected by the laws of their own nation Open
Door Policy: American approach to China around 1900, favoring open
trade relations between China and other nations 44
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- Chinese Trade Regulations had ensured China had a favorable
balance of trade Strict limits on foreign trade Euro merchants
restricted to a small area Sold them silk, porcelain, & tea for
gold & silver China= trade surplus/ Westerners= trade deficit
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- Opium War Late 1700s: British merchants traded opium for
Chinese tea- popular in Britain Chinese began to buy opium with
silver enough to disrupt the economy Chinese government outlawed
opium and executed drug dealers Called on Britain to end the trade
which British refused 46
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- 1839: Chinese warships clashed with British merchants-
triggered Opium War British gunboats bombarded Chinese coastal
ports Chinese easily defeated 1842: Chinese forced to sign Treaty
of Nanjing Britain received huge indemnity British gained island of
Hong Kong China had to open 5 ports to trade Chinese grated British
citizens extraterritoriality 47
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- Taiping Rebellion Weakens China 1800s: Qing dynasty in decline
Irrigation systems & canals poorly maintained Population
explosion created hardships for Chinas peasants Extravagant court/
tax evasion/ widespread corruption 1850-1864 Taiping Rebellion Hong
Xiuquan called for end to Qing dynasty Rebels won control of large
parts of China for 14 years 49
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- Rebellion almost toppled Qing dynasty Qing government survived
but had to share power with regional commanders Europeans continued
pressure and Russia seized lands in the north 50
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- Conflicts with Japan War with Japan Japan imperializing-
Sino-Japanese war Disaster for China/ Japan gained Taiwan Chinas
defeat showed their weaknesses- Europeans began to carve out
spheres of influence Led to Open Door Policy Hundred Days of Reform
1898: Guan Xu launched the reform Affected schools, military, and
the bureaucracy Conservatives rallied and imprisoned him- Ci Xi
reasserted the throne 51
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- Qing Dynasty Falls Boxer Uprising- 1899 a secret society known
as Righteous Harmonious Fists trained in martial arts (Boxers)
Their goal: drive out foreign devils 1900: Boxers attacked
foreigners across China Europe/ Japan crushed the Boxers and
rescued foreigners Ci Xi originally supported them but not after
their retreat 52
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- Aftermath of the Uprising China had to make concessions to
foreigners Chinese conservatives now supported Westernization New
Reforms: women were educated, more students sent abroad to study
China expanded economically Industry developed Business class
emerged, new urban working class pressed for rights 54
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- Birth of a Republic Ci Xi died 1908: a 2 year-old boy inherited
the throne- China slipped into chaos 1911: uprisings spread-
toppled Qing dynasty Dec. 1911: Sun Yixian named president of the
new Chinese Republic Faced many problems: constantly at war with
itself and foreign invaders 55
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- Economic Affects Suez Canal: Muhammad Ali- appointed governor
of Egypt by imperial power Ottoman Empire Ali introduced western
reforms to Egypt After Alis death- Ferdinand de Lesseps (French)
tried to carry out Alis idea of the canal The ruler of Egypt was
unable to repay the loans taken to build the canal To repay his
debts he sold his shares/rights of the canal to the British 57
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- Panama Canal: US wanted to build the canal across central
America but the ideal land was owned by Columbia 1903 US backed a
revolt by the Panamanians against Columbia When the Panamanians won
they gave the right of the land to the US US built the Panama Canal
from 1904-1914 To many Panamanians, US ownership of the Canal was
just another form of Yankee Imperialism 58
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- Political Doctrine Monroe Doctrine 1823 The American continents
are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future
colonization by any European powers With the support of the British
navy, the doctrine discouraged European interference 59
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- Roosevelt Corollary American investments in Latin America grew
in early 1900s To protect these investments the US issued the
Roosevelt Corollary US claimed international political power in the
Western Hemisphere Also to protect the investments, US sent troops
to Cuba, Haiti, Mexico, Honduras, Nicaragua and others 60
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- Exploitation of Resources Every region/country imperialized had
their resources exploited at the expense of their government,
culture, and way of life The sole purpose of the imperialized
country was to benefit the Mother country The Imperial power did
not really care about the people, only the profit to be made
Exception was the missionaries, who then altered the imperialized
religion 61