1. Ch. 12 Sec. 1 2 Vocabulary Focus Imperialism: domination by one country of the political,...

Ch. 12 Sec. 1 2

Vocabulary Focus Imperialism: domination by one country of the political, economic, and cultural life of another country or region Protectorate: country with its own government but under the control of an outside power Sphere of Influence: area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges 3

Causes of Imperialism 1. Economics: Industrial Revolution created needs/desires that caused want for overseas expansion want for rubber, petroleum, manganese, palm oil Hoped for new markets to sale manufactured goods Bankers invested for profits 4

2. Political and Military motives: Ships needed ports around the world to take on coal and supplies Nationalism played a role- when one country moved into an area, other Euro countries countered to prevent expansion 5

3. Humanitarian and Religious Goals Missionaries, doctors, & colonial officials believed they had a duty to spread the blessings of Western culture 4. Social Darwinism Westerners embraced ideas of natural selection and survival of the fittest West was superior than other weaker races 6

Spread of Western Imperialism Weakness of non-western states Ottoman Turks, Mughal India, Qing China in decline Slave trade weakened West Africa Western Advantages Strong economies, well-organized governments, powerful militaries, superior technology/medicine 7

Resisting Imperialism: Africans and Asians especially tried to resist Western expansion Western-educated Africans and Asians organized nationalist movements to expel imperialist Facing Criticisms at home Small group of anti-imperialists emerged Moving toward greater democracy at home, but imposing undemocratic rule on other peoples 8

Forms of Imperial Rule 1. Direct rule - France Send officials and soldiers to administer their colonies 2. Indirect Rule Great Britain Used sultans, chiefs, or other local rulers to rule, and encouraged the children to attend British schools- could still use force if necessary 9

3. Protectorate: Local rulers left in place but were expected to follow the advice of Euro advisors Costs less to run than a colony, usually did not require large commitment of military forces 4. Sphere of Influence: Area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges Carved these spheres in China & other areas to prevent conflict among themselves 10

Ch. 12 Sec. 2 11

Vocabulary Focus Paternalistic: the system of governing a country as a father would a child Westerners saw Africans as children in need of guidance Elite: upper class 12

Africa early 1800s North Africa: Sahara and fertile land along Mediterranean Remained under declining Ottoman rule (Muslims) West Africa: Usman dan Fodio called for social and religious reforms based on the sharia (Islamic law) Literacy increased, local wars quieted, trade improved Inspired other Islamic reform movements 13

East Africa: Islam was very influential where in port cities there was profitable trade Slaves were often the cargo, but ivory and copper were exchanged for cloth and firearms Southern Africa: Zulus led by Shaka ruled much of the south Set off mass migrations and wars- Boer Wars 14

Sierra Leone 1787 British organized this colony in West Africa for former slaves to live Later more freed blacks from US settled in nearby Liberia- 1847 it had become an independent republic 15

European Contact 1500-1700 Europeans traded on coast but did not move interior 1800s with medical advancements and steamboat- that changed Some wanted to map the interior- did not understand the people they met Catholic and Protestant missionaries followed 16

Livingstone Blazes a Trail Crisscrossed Africa for 30 years Wrote about people he met- more sympathy/ less bias To end slave trade- open interior to Christianity and trade 1869- Henry Stanley tracked him down Dr. Livingstone, I presume? 17

Scramble for Colonies 1884 Berlin Conference No Africans were invited to the conference Recognized King Leopolds claim to the Congo- called for free trade along the Congo and Niger rivers Agreed Euro power could not claim any part of Africa unless it had an established government with an office Race to colonize Africa had begun 18

European Colonies Belgians under King Leopold exploited the riches of the Congo Brutalized the villagers and forced them to work Leopold was forced to turn his colony over to the Belgium government better treatment, still exploited France extended its influence along Mediterranean into Tunisia, as well as West and Central Africa 19

Britains land was scattered but was more heavily populated than Frances West and East Africa, Egypt, and Sudan In south Africa, Britain clashed with the Boers (decedents of Dutch settlers)- forcing the Boers to move north Late 1800s: Boers found gold and diamonds led to conflict with Britain- who won but at great cost (Boer War) Led to Union of South Africa- racial segregation 20

Portuguese: Angola and Mozambique Italy: Libya and into the horn Germany: eastern and southern lands- Cameroons and Togo 21

African Resist Imperialism French fought Samori Toure who led Algerians British battled Zulus in southern Africa and Asante in the west Germans fought against the Yao and Herero Ethiopia succeeded in resisting Euro colonization under Menelik II Modernized Ethiopia and defeated Italians Only independent nation besides Liberia 22

African Elite emerge Some Western-educated Africans admired western ways and rejected their own culture Others valued their African traditions and condemned Western societies By 1900s African leaders were forging nationalist movements to pursue self-determination and independence 23

Chapt. 10 Sec. 2 25

Vocabulary Focus Kulturkampf Bismarcks Battle for Civilization in which his goal was to make Catholics put loyalty to the state above their allegiance to the Church Social Welfare Programs to help certain groups of people 26

Germany Becomes an Industrial Giant Germany possessed many of the industrial factors- behind Great Britain Disciplined and educated workforce helped the economy Rapid population growth provided huge home market/workforce Government supported applied sciences and promoted economic development 27

The Iron Chancellor Otto von Bismarck became first Chancellor of the newly unified German empire Pursued several foreign-policy goals Wanted to keep France weak while building strong links with Austria and Russia Respected British Navy but did not compete with them Domestic policies dealt with: Sought to erase local loyalties and crush all opposition to the imperial state Targeted Catholic Church and the Socialists 28

Campaign against the Church and Socialists Campaign against the Church: Catholics made up about a third of the German population Bismarck distrusted Catholics- especially the clergy- whose first loyalty was to the Pope instead of the state Launched Kulturkampf Battle for Civilization- his goal was to make Catholics put loyalty to the state above allegiance to the Church His moves against the Church backfired- the faithful rallied behind the Church and the Catholic party gained strength in the Reichstag Bismarck admitted his mistake and worked to make peace with theChurch 29

Campaign against the Socialists: Bismarck feared that socialists would undermine the loyalty of German workers and turn them toward revolution Had laws passed that dissolved socialist groups, shut down their newspapers, and banned their meetings His plan backfired again- workers were unified in support of the socialist cause Bismarck then set out to woo workers away from socialism- he became a pioneer in social reform Workers benefitted from Bismarcks plan but still did not abandon socialism 30

Kaiser William II 1888 William II succeeded his grandfather as Kaiser Supremely confident and sought to put his own stamp on Germany 1890- asked Otto von Bismarck to resign- There is only one master in the Reich, and that is I. 31

William resisted efforts to introduce democratic reforms His government did provide programs for social welfare, cheap transportation, excellent public school education Spent lavish amounts of German money on German military- already the most powerful in Europe Also launched a campaign to expand the German Navy- won an overseas empire to rival those of Britain and France His ambitious and aggressive military stance increased tensions on the eve of World War I 32

Ch. 13 Sec. 1 33

Japan Opens Up July 1853 American ships under Matthew Perry landed in Tokyo Bay Letter from President Fillmore demanded Japan open its borders to trade Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854- Japan agreed to open two ports to American ships, but not for trade US quickly won rights on trade, extraterritoriality, and low taxes on American imports Led to social and economic unrest 34

Meiji Restoration (1868-1912) Under the new emperor- Mutsuhito (took the name Meiji meaning enlightened rule) the capital moved from Kyoto to Edo and was renamed Tokyo Moto: A rich country, a strong military Studied Western ways and adapted them to Japanese needs- invited westerners to teach Japanese Created a strong central government from the previous feudal order All citizens were equal before the law 35

Leaders made the economy a major priority Encouraged Japanese to adopt western business ideas New Constitution ended legal distinctions between classes Distinctions survived, but improved laws for the lower classes Japan modernized with amazing speed By 1890 Japan was strong enough to force Western powers to revise the unequal treaties 36

Japans Growing Military Strength As it grew as an industrial power, its economic needs fed its imperial desires Japan lacked many of the basic resources needed for industrialization Japan focused on Korea- at crossroads of East Asia, it was already the focus of Russia, China, and now Japan 1876- Japan forced Korea to open its ports to trade 1894- composistion over Korea led Japan and China to the First Sino-Japansese War Japan defeated the Chinese! 37

Ten years later- japan challenged Russia for territory in Korea and Manchuria- Russo-Japanese war Japan defeated Russian troops in Manchuria and its navy nearly destroyed the Russian fleet Japan made Korea a protectorate, then annexed it outright Ruled Korea for 35 years before a violence broke out March First Movement became a rallying symbol for Korean nationalists By the early 1900s- Japan was the strongest power in Asia 38

Ch. 13 Sec. 2 39

Europeans Colonize Southeast Asia Dutch East Indies Established 1600s Dutch East India Company established bases on the island of Java and in the Moluccas (Spice Islands)- eventually spread to Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) British in Burma and Malaya Early 1800s Burmese (from present day Myanmar) suffered disastrous defeats in several wars with the British After conquering Burma/Myanmar, the British continued inot Malaya (major port city of Singapore) 40

French Indochina Seized Portuguese are in Vietnam first, French missionaries moved in to convert- Vietnamese resisted Western influence French moved in to protect missionaries by 18600 France seized portion of southern Vietnam- eventually took over rest of Vietnam, all of Laos and Cambodia Siam (present-day Thailand) Survives Mongkut- king of Siam did not underestimate Western power- he studied foreign languages and read on modern sciences and mathematics Used knowledge to negotiate treaties 41

United States and the Philippines US was at war with Spain- Spanish American War 1898 US defeated the Spanish which the Filipinos saw as an opportunity to declare independence from Spain Filipinos thought US would recognize their independence but what they didnt know is US paid Spain $20 million for control of the Philippines Filipinos then fought the US for independence and US crushed the rebellion after years of war 42

Sec. 5 43

Vocabulary Words Balance of Trade: difference between how much a country imports and how much it exports trade surplus: situation in which a country exports more than it imports Trade deficit: situation in which a country imports more than it exports Indemnity: payment for losses in war Extraterritoriality: right of foreigners to be protected by the laws of their own nation Open Door Policy: American approach to China around 1900, favoring open trade relations between China and other nations 44

Chinese Trade Regulations had ensured China had a favorable balance of trade Strict limits on foreign trade Euro merchants restricted to a small area Sold them silk, porcelain, & tea for gold & silver China= trade surplus/ Westerners= trade deficit 45

Opium War Late 1700s: British merchants traded opium for Chinese tea- popular in Britain Chinese began to buy opium with silver enough to disrupt the economy Chinese government outlawed opium and executed drug dealers Called on Britain to end the trade which British refused 46

1839: Chinese warships clashed with British merchants- triggered Opium War British gunboats bombarded Chinese coastal ports Chinese easily defeated 1842: Chinese forced to sign Treaty of Nanjing Britain received huge indemnity British gained island of Hong Kong China had to open 5 ports to trade Chinese grated British citizens extraterritoriality 47

Taiping Rebellion Weakens China 1800s: Qing dynasty in decline Irrigation systems & canals poorly maintained Population explosion created hardships for Chinas peasants Extravagant court/ tax evasion/ widespread corruption 1850-1864 Taiping Rebellion Hong Xiuquan called for end to Qing dynasty Rebels won control of large parts of China for 14 years 49

Rebellion almost toppled Qing dynasty Qing government survived but had to share power with regional commanders Europeans continued pressure and Russia seized lands in the north 50

Conflicts with Japan War with Japan Japan imperializing- Sino-Japanese war Disaster for China/ Japan gained Taiwan Chinas defeat showed their weaknesses- Europeans began to carve out spheres of influence Led to Open Door Policy Hundred Days of Reform 1898: Guan Xu launched the reform Affected schools, military, and the bureaucracy Conservatives rallied and imprisoned him- Ci Xi reasserted the throne 51

Qing Dynasty Falls Boxer Uprising- 1899 a secret society known as Righteous Harmonious Fists trained in martial arts (Boxers) Their goal: drive out foreign devils 1900: Boxers attacked foreigners across China Europe/ Japan crushed the Boxers and rescued foreigners Ci Xi originally supported them but not after their retreat 52

Aftermath of the Uprising China had to make concessions to foreigners Chinese conservatives now supported Westernization New Reforms: women were educated, more students sent abroad to study China expanded economically Industry developed Business class emerged, new urban working class pressed for rights 54

Birth of a Republic Ci Xi died 1908: a 2 year-old boy inherited the throne- China slipped into chaos 1911: uprisings spread- toppled Qing dynasty Dec. 1911: Sun Yixian named president of the new Chinese Republic Faced many problems: constantly at war with itself and foreign invaders 55

Economic Affects Suez Canal: Muhammad Ali- appointed governor of Egypt by imperial power Ottoman Empire Ali introduced western reforms to Egypt After Alis death- Ferdinand de Lesseps (French) tried to carry out Alis idea of the canal The ruler of Egypt was unable to repay the loans taken to build the canal To repay his debts he sold his shares/rights of the canal to the British 57

Panama Canal: US wanted to build the canal across central America but the ideal land was owned by Columbia 1903 US backed a revolt by the Panamanians against Columbia When the Panamanians won they gave the right of the land to the US US built the Panama Canal from 1904-1914 To many Panamanians, US ownership of the Canal was just another form of Yankee Imperialism 58

Political Doctrine Monroe Doctrine 1823 The American continents are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers With the support of the British navy, the doctrine discouraged European interference 59

Roosevelt Corollary American investments in Latin America grew in early 1900s To protect these investments the US issued the Roosevelt Corollary US claimed international political power in the Western Hemisphere Also to protect the investments, US sent troops to Cuba, Haiti, Mexico, Honduras, Nicaragua and others 60

Exploitation of Resources Every region/country imperialized had their resources exploited at the expense of their government, culture, and way of life The sole purpose of the imperialized country was to benefit the Mother country The Imperial power did not really care about the people, only the profit to be made Exception was the missionaries, who then altered the imperialized religion 61

1. Ch. 12 Sec. 1 2 Vocabulary Focus Imperialism: domination by one country of the political,...

Documents

Transcript of 1. Ch. 12 Sec. 1 2 Vocabulary Focus Imperialism: domination by one country of the political,...