INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY

Desy PurwidyastutiDept Anatomy and Histology

Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga

What is anatomy? ‘Anatomy’ - from the Greek words meaning ‘to cut apart’Anatomy is the study of the form and function of the human

body What components of the body should be included in this

course?Muscle, Bone, Skeleton, JointsDescribing movement, position and directionIdentifying structures used in movement

Branches of anatomy

–Gross anatomy we’re studying now–Microscopic anatomy• Cytology• Histology

–Developmental anatomy• Embryology

–Comparative anatomy

Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules

1

2

3

4

Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules

Tissue levelTissues consist of similar types of cells

5 Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of different organs that work together closely

Organ levelOrgans are made up of different types of tissues

6 Organismal levelThe human organism is made up of many organ systems

Atoms

Molecules

Smooth muscle cell

Smooth muscle tissue

Connective tissue

Smooth muscle tissue

Epithelial tissue

Blood vessel (organ)

Heart

Blood vessels

Cardiovascular system

Levels of Structural Organization

Figure 1.1

Body planes and sections - cut into sections along a flat surface called a plane

(also called XS – cross section)

(also called coronal)

Body planes and sections - cut into sections along a flat surface called a plane

(also called XS – cross section)

(also called coronal)

• Gross Anatomy– The anatomical position (see right)– Directional and regional terms

– Body planes and sections

AnteriorPosteriorSuperiorInferiorMedialLateralProximalDistal

SuperficialDeepCephalicVertebralThoracicAppendicularBrachialLumbar

Which side is right and which is left?

Anatomical Directions

• Directions relative to front and back of body– anterior: in front of,

toward front surface– posterior: in back of;

toward back surface– dorsal: at the back

side of the human body

– ventral: at the belly side of the human body

Anatomical Directions• Directions relative to

head and tail of the body– superior: closer to the

head– inferior: closer to the

feet– caudal: at the rear or

tail end– cranial: at the head

end

Anatomical Directions• Directions relative to

midline or center of body– medial: toward the

midline of the body– lateral: away from the

midline– Intermediate: in between

two lateral parts– deep: on the inside or

underneath another structure

– superficial: on the outside or nearer to surface

Anatomical Directions• Directions relative to

point of attachment of appendages– proximal: closest to

the point of attachment to the trunk of the body

– distal: farther from point of attachment to trunk of body.

Regional Terminology• abdominal: inferior to thorax and superior to hip • antebrachial: forearm; between elbow and wrist • antecubital: anterior to elbow• auricular: ear

Regional Terminology• axillary: armpit• brachial: arm; between shoulder and elbow • buccal: cheek• calcaneal: heel of the foot

Regional Terminology

• carpal: wrist • cephalic: head• cervical: neck • coxal: hip

Regional Terminology• cranial: skull • crural: leg (between knee and ankle)• deltoid: shoulder • digital (phalangeal): fingers or toes• dorsal: back

Regional Terminology

• femoral: thigh • fibular: lateral aspect of leg• frontal: forehead• gluteal: buttock; hallux: great toe

Regional Terminologyinguinal: groinlumbar: lower back between ribs and pelvismammary: breastmanus: hand

Regional Terminology• mental: chin • nasal: nose • occipital: posterior aspect of head • olecranal: posterior aspect of elbow; oral: mouth

Regional Terminology• orbital: eye • palmar: palm of the hand • patellar: kneecap• pelvic: pelvis

Regional Terminology• perineal: diamond shaped area between thighs

containing anus and select ext. reprod.organs• pes: foot • plantar: sole of foot; pollex: thumb

Regional Terminology• popliteal: area posterior to knee • pubic: anterior region of pelvis• radial: lateral aspect of forearm • sacral: posterior region between hip • scapular: shoulder blade

Regional Terminology

sternal: anterior middle region of the thoraxsural: calf (posterior aspect of leg)tarsal: anklethoracic: chest

Regional Terminology• tibial: medial aspect of leg• ulnar: medial aspect of the forearm • umbilical: navel• vertebral: spinal column

– Dorsal cavity divided into cranial and vertebral– Ventral cavity containing viscera (visceral organs)

divided into two main cavities• Thoracic cavity pleural cav, mediastinum (pericardial

cavity)• Abdominopelvic cavity abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity

• Serous cavities : slit-like spaces lined by serous membranes (serosa): • Parietal serosa forms the outer wall of the cavity• Visceral serosa covers the visceral organ

– Other smaller cavities: in head, between joints

Body cavities and membranes

Posterior Body Cavities

• Cranial cavity: – Cavity of the skull– houses brain

• Vertebral canal: – formed by vertebrae– houses spinal cord

Ventral Body Cavities• Abdominopelvic cavity– abdominal cavity:

superior to hip bones• contains: digestive

system organs, kidney and ureters

– pelvic cavity: inferior to hip bones• contains: bladder,

urethra, internal reproductive organs

Serous membranes

Abdominal-Pelvic Regions

• epigastric region: superior region of middle column– contains: parts of liver,

stomach, pancreas; contains duodenum and adrenal gland

• umbilical region: middle region of middle column– contains: transverse

colon, part of small intestine

• hypogastric region: inferior region of middle column– contains: part of small

intestine, bladder, sigmoid colon

Abdominal-Pelvic Regions• right hypochondriac

region: superior region to the right of epigastric region– contains part of liver,

gallbladder and part of kidney

• left hypochondriac region: superior region to the left of epigastric region– contains part of

stomach, part of left kidney, spleen

Abdominal-Pelvic Regions• right lumbar region:

middle region to the right of the umbilical region– contains: ascending colon,

part of right kidney, part of small intestine

• left lumbar region: middle region to the left of the umbilical region– contains: descending

colon, part of left kidney, part of small intestine

Abdominal-Pelvic Regions

• right iliac region: inferior region to the right of the hypogastric region– contains: inferior end of

cecum, appendix, part of small intestine

• left iliac region: inferior regions to the left of the hypogastric region– contains: junction of colon

and small intestine

Abdomino-Pelvic Quadrants• Transverse and

Midsagittal planes through the umbilicus form large quadrants– right upper quadrant– left upper quadrant– right lower quadrant– left lower quadrant