T what title would you give the following picture

A – Who is this picture for?

C – Are there any words or phrases?

O – Are there any symbols? What do you see? What are the objects?

S – What is the author trying to get you to believe, understand?

Challenge 19-4

Chapter 12The Civil War and

Reconstruction: 1861-1876

The South Becomes an Agricultural Economy

The Rise of Cotton Production and the Growth of Slavery

The Growing Slave Population in Texas, 1825-1860

Slavery in Texas

Slavery was legal in Texas and most of the South – Southerners believed it supported the economy

Most Northerners opposed slavery. They believed it was immoral (wrong for one to own another).

Facts About Slavery

Eli Whitney’s cotton gin, a machine that removed cotton seeds from the fiber, made cotton very profitable. Created a demand for slaves.

Avg. price of slave = $600, if skilled = more than $2000

Most could not afford slaves Slaves regarded as property; could be bought,

sold, or rented Some treated slaves reasonably well, others were

very cruel (beatings, poor food, etc.) Usually 6-day work week with Sundays off;

sunrise to sunset workday

Facts About Slavery

Children born of slaves were slaves Families torn apart by slave trade Religion and music were key elements of culture;

religion offered comfort and hope; music allowed expression of sorrow & hope for better life

Not many rebellions – fear of punishment to selves and others

Resistance: 1) most TX runaways fled to Mexico, 2) work slowly, 3) break or damage property

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote this book.

It is about a slave named Tom treated cruelly by a brutal slaveholder, and a slave woman named Eliza escaping to freedom on the Underground Railroad.

Stowe’s novel, Uncle Tom’s Cabin had an impact on the abolitionist movement leading up to the Civil War.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

In 1854, this act gave the people of these territories the right to decide if they would allow slavery (popular sovereignty).

It was supported by most Southerners and created more division apart from the North on this issue.

Issues That Divided the Nation

State’s Rights

The idea that states have the right to limit the power of the federal government.

Most Southerners (including Texans), favored state’s rights.

Southerners believed the federal government went beyond their power in trying to limit the spread of slavery.

Dred Scott

1857 Supreme Court case where a slave sued for his freedom on the basis that he lived in a free state.

Court ruled that slaves were not citizens, and the case was lost, angering abolitionists.

What impact did the Dred Scott case have?

Texas Secedes

Secede: withdraw from the Union Governor Sam Houston was a Unionist (did

not want to secede) Abraham Lincoln was elected U.S.

President in 1860, further increasing the South’s desire to split the nation.

South Carolina was the 1st to secede. Other states soon followed, including Texas (7th) forming the Confederate States of America.

Texas Secedes

Texas Secedes

Sam Houston refused to sign an oath to the Confederacy and was removed from office as governor of Texas

Dividing the Nation

Fast Facts

Union Leader – Ulysses S. Grant Confederate Leader – Robert E. Lee Confederate President – Jefferson

Davis 1st battle – Ft. Sumter Costliest battle – Gettysburg 384 major battles (10,500 conflicts) Lasted from April 12, 1861 – April 9,

1865 (Lee surrendered to Grant at the Appomattox Court House)

Fast Facts

Confederate capital: Richmond, VA U.S. said secession was illegal South said they freely joined &

could freely leave Advantage North – outnumbered

South 4 to 1 in men of fighting age Advantage North – controlled

factories and transportation Advantage South – generals; know

the land

CIVIL WAR - BEGINNING

Both sides believe war will be over in a matter of months

Both sides call for volunteers Men of fighting age: (18-45)

North 4 million South 1 million

Fast Facts

Some Texans (Anglo, Black, and Mexican) fought for the Union

Union blockade: shortage of supplies for South (South used blockade runners)

Relied on Texas farms for corn & wheat to feed Confed. army; also made uniforms

Went w/out coffee, sugar, paper, & other items

Strengths and Weaknesses of the North and the South

The North had a higher population, greater factory production, more railroad mileage, and more farmland than the South.

The South had higher cotton production than the North.

Which had more strengths?

TEXAS CONTRIBUTIONS

70,000 served in Confederacy Most serve in Texas Arkansas, Louisiana Some as far away as Virginia

2,000 serve in Union

CIVIL WAR - LATER

Volunteers not sufficient Both sides begin conscriptions (draft)

Age limits change as war goes on (18-30) becomes (17-45)

South (Confederacy) Exempt if own >15 slaves Can hire someone to take place

UNIONISTS IN TEXAS

Most live in Northern & Western part of TX

The “Great Hanging” Gainesville, TX 1862, 150 unionist arrested for

treason 40 hanged

Nueces Massacre 1862, 65 neutral Germans try to leave

TX 20 die during clash with Confederates

near Nueces River 9 executed

UNION STRATEGY

Texans Battle West of the Mississippi River

CIVIL WAR BATTLES - TEXAS

CIVIL WAR – MAJOR BATTLES

The War Ends

Surrender at Appomotox Union General Ulysses S. Grant trapped Confederate

General Robert E. Lee at Petersburg, Virginia Union General William T. Sherman captured Atlanta,

Georgia Grant accepted Lee’s surrender at the Appomtox Court

House on April 9, 1865 Battle at Palmito Ranch

Some Texas Confederates refused to give up the war On May 12, 1865, Union Colonel Theodore H. Barnett

attacked Confederate forces at Palmito Ranch The Confederates counterattacked, forcing Barret to

retreat Despite this victory, the Texas Confederates received

orders to disband their armies

Juneteenth

June 19, 1865 Texas slaves finally got word they were free

Word was brought by General Gordon Granger of the Union Army

Celebrated as a state holiday

CIVIL WAR COSTS

UNION 110,000 killed in battle (24%) 225,000 die from disease $6 Billion

CONFEDERACY 94,000 killed in battle (23%) 164,000 die from disease $2 Billion

Deaths in American Wars Civil War 618,000 World War II 405,000 World War I 112,000 Vietnam War 58,000 Korean War 54,000 Mexican War 13,000 Revolution 4,000 Spanish-American War 2,000 War of 1812 2,000

Abraham Lincoln’s Assassination

Shot on April 14, 1865 at Ford’s Theater by John Wilkes Booth

Died one day later Booth shot and killed April 26

The Civil War

The Civil War Amendments

Reconstruction Plans

Successes and Failures of Reconstruction

Reconstruction in Texas

Causes Effects

The constitution of 1866 meets President Andrew Johnson’s conditions.

Texas is allowed to rejoin the Union.

Congress dislikes the fact that former Confederates regained power in the South.

Congress puts military government in the South and requires a new state constitution.

The constitution of 1869 gives African Americans the right to vote.

Texas is admitted back into the Union in March 1870.

Texans dislike strong central government.

Texans approve a new constitution in 1876, in which they limit the governor’s power.

Congress Reacts to Black Codes

Black codes – laws passed by southern states that severely limited the rights of freedmen

How did black codes affect freedmen? Black codes granted some rights. African Americans could marry

legally and own some property Black codes kept freedmen from gaining political and economic

power. They forbade freedmen to vote, own guns, or serve on juries

In some states, African Americans could work only as servants or farm laborers. In others, they had to sign contracts for a year’s work

How did Congress react to black codes? Angered by black codes, Republicans charged that Johnson’s

lenient Reconstruction plan had encouraged the codes Republicans were also angered by southern white violence

against freedmen

The End of Reconstruction Economic Changes

Cotton, wheat and corn production increased, due to the expansion of the railroad

Texans developed more industries, producing textiles, iron, and other goods

New Labor System The sharecropper system replaced the system of

slave labor after the Civil War Landowners assumed all the housing and

production costs in exchange for the sharecropper working the land

Sharecroppers gave half the value of their crop to the landowner

The Constitution of 1876

Cut the governor’s power to appoint officers

Limited elected leaders to two-year terms

Gave all males, including African Americans, the right to vote

Required that voters approve any changes to the constitution

Remains the basic law of Texas to this DAY

Dividing the Nation

OUT T _what title

would you give the following picture

A – Who is this political cartoon for?

C – Are there any words or phrases?

O – Are there any symbols? What do you see?

S – What is the author trying to get you to believe?

T _what title would you give the following picture

A – Who is this political cartoon for?

C – Are there any words or phrases?

O – Are there any symbols? What do you see?

S – What is the author trying to get you to believe?

OUT

T _what title would you give the following picture A – Who is this political cartoon for? C – Are there any words or phrases? O – Are there any symbols? What do you see? S – What is the author trying to get you to believe?

OUT

Weapons of the Civil War

                              

Colt Revolver

Collection of Civil War Rifles

Spencer Repeating Rifle

3 in. Ordinance Rifle

Artillery Projectile

Civil War Swords

Union

Confederate

War Ships