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Transcript of T what title would you give the following picture A – Who is this picture for? C – Are there...
T what title would you give the following picture
A – Who is this picture for?
C – Are there any words or phrases?
O – Are there any symbols? What do you see? What are the objects?
S – What is the author trying to get you to believe, understand?
Challenge 19-4
Chapter 12The Civil War and
Reconstruction: 1861-1876
The South Becomes an Agricultural Economy
The Rise of Cotton Production and the Growth of Slavery
The Growing Slave Population in Texas, 1825-1860
Slavery in Texas
Slavery was legal in Texas and most of the South – Southerners believed it supported the economy
Most Northerners opposed slavery. They believed it was immoral (wrong for one to own another).
Facts About Slavery
Eli Whitney’s cotton gin, a machine that removed cotton seeds from the fiber, made cotton very profitable. Created a demand for slaves.
Avg. price of slave = $600, if skilled = more than $2000
Most could not afford slaves Slaves regarded as property; could be bought,
sold, or rented Some treated slaves reasonably well, others were
very cruel (beatings, poor food, etc.) Usually 6-day work week with Sundays off;
sunrise to sunset workday
Facts About Slavery
Children born of slaves were slaves Families torn apart by slave trade Religion and music were key elements of culture;
religion offered comfort and hope; music allowed expression of sorrow & hope for better life
Not many rebellions – fear of punishment to selves and others
Resistance: 1) most TX runaways fled to Mexico, 2) work slowly, 3) break or damage property
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote this book.
It is about a slave named Tom treated cruelly by a brutal slaveholder, and a slave woman named Eliza escaping to freedom on the Underground Railroad.
Stowe’s novel, Uncle Tom’s Cabin had an impact on the abolitionist movement leading up to the Civil War.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
In 1854, this act gave the people of these territories the right to decide if they would allow slavery (popular sovereignty).
It was supported by most Southerners and created more division apart from the North on this issue.
Issues That Divided the Nation
State’s Rights
The idea that states have the right to limit the power of the federal government.
Most Southerners (including Texans), favored state’s rights.
Southerners believed the federal government went beyond their power in trying to limit the spread of slavery.
Dred Scott
1857 Supreme Court case where a slave sued for his freedom on the basis that he lived in a free state.
Court ruled that slaves were not citizens, and the case was lost, angering abolitionists.
What impact did the Dred Scott case have?
Texas Secedes
Secede: withdraw from the Union Governor Sam Houston was a Unionist (did
not want to secede) Abraham Lincoln was elected U.S.
President in 1860, further increasing the South’s desire to split the nation.
South Carolina was the 1st to secede. Other states soon followed, including Texas (7th) forming the Confederate States of America.
Texas Secedes
Texas Secedes
Sam Houston refused to sign an oath to the Confederacy and was removed from office as governor of Texas
Dividing the Nation
Fast Facts
Union Leader – Ulysses S. Grant Confederate Leader – Robert E. Lee Confederate President – Jefferson
Davis 1st battle – Ft. Sumter Costliest battle – Gettysburg 384 major battles (10,500 conflicts) Lasted from April 12, 1861 – April 9,
1865 (Lee surrendered to Grant at the Appomattox Court House)
Fast Facts
Confederate capital: Richmond, VA U.S. said secession was illegal South said they freely joined &
could freely leave Advantage North – outnumbered
South 4 to 1 in men of fighting age Advantage North – controlled
factories and transportation Advantage South – generals; know
the land
CIVIL WAR - BEGINNING
Both sides believe war will be over in a matter of months
Both sides call for volunteers Men of fighting age: (18-45)
North 4 million South 1 million
Fast Facts
Some Texans (Anglo, Black, and Mexican) fought for the Union
Union blockade: shortage of supplies for South (South used blockade runners)
Relied on Texas farms for corn & wheat to feed Confed. army; also made uniforms
Went w/out coffee, sugar, paper, & other items
Strengths and Weaknesses of the North and the South
The North had a higher population, greater factory production, more railroad mileage, and more farmland than the South.
The South had higher cotton production than the North.
Which had more strengths?
TEXAS CONTRIBUTIONS
70,000 served in Confederacy Most serve in Texas Arkansas, Louisiana Some as far away as Virginia
2,000 serve in Union
CIVIL WAR - LATER
Volunteers not sufficient Both sides begin conscriptions (draft)
Age limits change as war goes on (18-30) becomes (17-45)
South (Confederacy) Exempt if own >15 slaves Can hire someone to take place
UNIONISTS IN TEXAS
Most live in Northern & Western part of TX
The “Great Hanging” Gainesville, TX 1862, 150 unionist arrested for
treason 40 hanged
Nueces Massacre 1862, 65 neutral Germans try to leave
TX 20 die during clash with Confederates
near Nueces River 9 executed
UNION STRATEGY
Texans Battle West of the Mississippi River
CIVIL WAR BATTLES - TEXAS
CIVIL WAR – MAJOR BATTLES
The War Ends
Surrender at Appomotox Union General Ulysses S. Grant trapped Confederate
General Robert E. Lee at Petersburg, Virginia Union General William T. Sherman captured Atlanta,
Georgia Grant accepted Lee’s surrender at the Appomtox Court
House on April 9, 1865 Battle at Palmito Ranch
Some Texas Confederates refused to give up the war On May 12, 1865, Union Colonel Theodore H. Barnett
attacked Confederate forces at Palmito Ranch The Confederates counterattacked, forcing Barret to
retreat Despite this victory, the Texas Confederates received
orders to disband their armies
Juneteenth
June 19, 1865 Texas slaves finally got word they were free
Word was brought by General Gordon Granger of the Union Army
Celebrated as a state holiday
CIVIL WAR COSTS
UNION 110,000 killed in battle (24%) 225,000 die from disease $6 Billion
CONFEDERACY 94,000 killed in battle (23%) 164,000 die from disease $2 Billion
Deaths in American Wars Civil War 618,000 World War II 405,000 World War I 112,000 Vietnam War 58,000 Korean War 54,000 Mexican War 13,000 Revolution 4,000 Spanish-American War 2,000 War of 1812 2,000
Abraham Lincoln’s Assassination
Shot on April 14, 1865 at Ford’s Theater by John Wilkes Booth
Died one day later Booth shot and killed April 26
The Civil War
The Civil War Amendments
Reconstruction Plans
Successes and Failures of Reconstruction
Reconstruction in Texas
Causes Effects
The constitution of 1866 meets President Andrew Johnson’s conditions.
Texas is allowed to rejoin the Union.
Congress dislikes the fact that former Confederates regained power in the South.
Congress puts military government in the South and requires a new state constitution.
The constitution of 1869 gives African Americans the right to vote.
Texas is admitted back into the Union in March 1870.
Texans dislike strong central government.
Texans approve a new constitution in 1876, in which they limit the governor’s power.
Congress Reacts to Black Codes
Black codes – laws passed by southern states that severely limited the rights of freedmen
How did black codes affect freedmen? Black codes granted some rights. African Americans could marry
legally and own some property Black codes kept freedmen from gaining political and economic
power. They forbade freedmen to vote, own guns, or serve on juries
In some states, African Americans could work only as servants or farm laborers. In others, they had to sign contracts for a year’s work
How did Congress react to black codes? Angered by black codes, Republicans charged that Johnson’s
lenient Reconstruction plan had encouraged the codes Republicans were also angered by southern white violence
against freedmen
The End of Reconstruction Economic Changes
Cotton, wheat and corn production increased, due to the expansion of the railroad
Texans developed more industries, producing textiles, iron, and other goods
New Labor System The sharecropper system replaced the system of
slave labor after the Civil War Landowners assumed all the housing and
production costs in exchange for the sharecropper working the land
Sharecroppers gave half the value of their crop to the landowner
The Constitution of 1876
Cut the governor’s power to appoint officers
Limited elected leaders to two-year terms
Gave all males, including African Americans, the right to vote
Required that voters approve any changes to the constitution
Remains the basic law of Texas to this DAY
Dividing the Nation
OUT T _what title
would you give the following picture
A – Who is this political cartoon for?
C – Are there any words or phrases?
O – Are there any symbols? What do you see?
S – What is the author trying to get you to believe?
T _what title would you give the following picture
A – Who is this political cartoon for?
C – Are there any words or phrases?
O – Are there any symbols? What do you see?
S – What is the author trying to get you to believe?
OUT
T _what title would you give the following picture A – Who is this political cartoon for? C – Are there any words or phrases? O – Are there any symbols? What do you see? S – What is the author trying to get you to believe?
OUT
Weapons of the Civil War
Colt Revolver
Collection of Civil War Rifles
Spencer Repeating Rifle
3 in. Ordinance Rifle
Artillery Projectile
Civil War Swords
Union
Confederate
War Ships