Transcript of Main Idea: After Rome split, the Eastern Empire (Byzantium) flourished for a millennium! Why It...
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- Main Idea: After Rome split, the Eastern Empire (Byzantium)
flourished for a millennium! Why It Matters Now: Byzantine culture
deeply influenced Orthodox Christianity, and major branch of modern
Christianity. Terms/ Names: Justinian, Justinian Code, Hagia
Sophia, Patriarch, Icon, Excommunication, and Cyrillic
alphabet
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- The once great Roman Empire became weak, and was divided into
two sections: West (Rome) and East (Constantinople) The Western
Roman Empire crumbled in the 5 th Century b/c of invading Germanic
tribes. The Eastern Roman Empire (AKA Byzantium) would remain a
dominate force in Asia for hundreds of years after Rome falls.
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- BYZANTINE EMPIRE 568BYZANTINE EMPIRE 780
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- BYZANTINE EMPIRE 1218BYZANTINE EMPIRE 1453
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- Justinian, a high ranking Byzantine nobleman, succeeded his
uncle as the new ruler of the Eastern Empire (527). He sent his
best general (Belisarius) to reclaim N. Africa; his goal is to
revive Romes glory days Within 16 years, Belisarius had reclaimed
nearly all of the territory of the old Roman empire: Justinian is
now the new Caesar, and ruled with absolute power. Byzantine
emperors ruled both Church and State w/ absolute power. Many
emperors died violent deaths
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- Greek (not Latin) was spoken in New Rome Justinian est. a new
code of laws for his empire: Justinian Code: 1. The Code- 5,000 old
Roman lawsstill useful 2. The Digest- A collection of Romes
greatest legal scholars; opinions about laws (50 volumes total) 3.
The Institutes- Textbook for law students 4. The Novellae (New
Laws)- Legislation passed after 534. Justinian Code regulated
nearly everything in Byzantine life: marriage, slavery, property,
etc
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- Justinian strongly focused on creating a capital city that
symbolized the greatness of his reign. He built-up the citys
infrastructure: bath, aqueducts, courts, schools, hospitals, etc..
His greatest focus was on building grand churches, and the greatest
church he ever created was the church of Hagia Sophia (Holy
Wisdom); it was known as the most splendid church of the Christian
world. Explore Byzantium: Image Gallery Istanbul - Hagia Sophia
Explore Byzantium: Image Gallery Istanbul - Hagia Sophia
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- Byzantine families valued education, especially classical
(Greek) learning. Students focused on Greek and Latin grammar;
memorized Homer; studied Euclid geometry, Herodotus history, and
medicine from Galan.
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- Much like the Roman coliseum and Circus Maximus, the Hippodrome
was the place in Constantinople where citizens could enjoy free
entertainment. Rowdy fans would cheer their favorite teams In 532
fans rioted against one another, which carried into the streets of
the city: Justinian crushed the riot in a brutal manner.
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- A plague hit the empire and caused massive casualties Continual
attacks by outside invaders: Lombards, Avars, Slaves, Bulgars, and
the Persians. Greatest threat will be from the Turks, who conquered
the Muslim world, which spilled over into Byzantium. The Ottoman
Turks conquered the city of Constantinople in 1453the Ottoman
Empire will encompass this area until World War I.
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- Christianity developed differently in the Eastern and Western
Roman Empires The church will eventually split into two different
denominations: Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy
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- ROMAN CATHOLICEASTERN ORTHODOX Services conducted in Latin Pope
has power over Bishops Pope claims power over all kings and
emperors Priests may not marry Divorce is not permitted among its
members Service conducted in Greek The patriarch and other head
Bishops lead the Church as a group The emperor claims authority
over the bishops of an empire Priests may be married Divorce is
allowed
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- Saint Basil- In 357 he wrote the rules for how monks would live
their life Saint John Chrysostom- Bishop of Constantinople, he was
the patriarch, or leading bishop of the East. Unlike the Pope, the
patriarch did not have political power over kings/ emperors
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- In 730, the Byzantine Emperor (Leo III) banned the use of icons
(religious images) because he viewed it as idol worship. This
caused a rebellion amongst the people The Pope in the West got
involved, which was precursor to what will eventually occur in
1054
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- Christianity officially split into two separate religions in
1054: Roman Catholic Church in the West (Pope); Eastern Orthodox
Church in the East (Patriarch)
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- Missionaries from the Orthodox Church took the religion to the
inhabitants to the north known as Slavs, who had no written
language. Two missionaries (Cyril and Methodius) invented an
alphabet for the Slavic people in order to teach them the religion
This new alphabet is known as the Cyrillic Alphabet
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- Look in your textbooks from pages 301306 to answer the
following questions.
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- What were the names and characteristics of the four parts of
the Justinian Code?
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- The Code5,000 Roman Laws; The DigestSummaries of legal
opinions; The InstitutesInstructions for the use of laws; The
Novellae (New Laws)Laws passed after 534
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- What were some important features of life in
Constantinople?
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- Beautiful churches and public buildings; crowded marketplace
along the Mese with products from many lands; street performers;
performance acts at the Hippodrome
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- Which people attacked the Byzantine Empire? What part of the
empire did they invade?
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- Lombards attacked in the west; Avars, Slavs, and Bulgars in the
north; Persians in the east; Persians, Avars, and Arabs invaded
Constantinople; Turks invaded the Muslim world
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- What two main religions emerged out of the split in the
Christian Church?
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- Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy
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- The Russian Empire
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- A group known as the Slavs (Slavic People) inhabited a densely
forested area of Europe It was located west of the Ural Mts., north
of the Caspian and Black Seas, Three rivers of this area: Dnieper,
Don, and Volga A Viking group known as the Rus moved into this area
and lived amongst the Slavs. The Slavs asked a Viking to be their
kingthe city of Kiev (on the Dnieper River) was established.
Eventually the line between Viking and Slav diminished, and
everyone was known as Russian
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- The Russian ruler Vladimir officially became an Eastern
Orthodox Christian, and required everyone in his empire do the
same. Eastern Orthodoxy flourished in this region, and still does
today.
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- Kiev was Russias first important territory that could rival
western European cities Yaroslav the Wise was the king in 1019, and
married off his daughters to western European monarch to forge
trading alliances with them Continually built up Kievs
infrastructure The empire began to decline after Yaroslavs death in
1095instead of the oldest son inheriting the throne, it was divided
amongst all his sons, which created many feuds. The Crusades (1095)
also hurt Kievs trading ties to the Christian kingdoms in the
West.
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- Genghis Khan led the Mongols into Russia during the 1200s. In
1240, the Mongols (under Genghiss grandson Batu Khan) demolished
Kiev and slaughtered hundreds of Russians. The Mongols will rule
southern Russia for 200 years. The demanded two things: 1) absolute
obedience; and 2) massive payments (tribute) Even though they were
harsh, the Mongols allowed the Russians to practice their religious
customs. Therefore, the Church continued to grow.
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- Moscow was a crude fishing village in 1156, but its strategic
location near three rivers made it a probable place to slowly
diminish the Mongolian presence there. 1320s: Prince Ivan I was in
good with the Mongols, and convinced the Patriarch of
Constantinople to move to his city, he acquired new lands, and
gained firmer control over this area Ivan II: During the 15 th
Century he openly challenged the Mongols. He assumed the name czar,
and publically claimed to make Moscow the new Rome. In 1480 Russian
army stood up to the Mongols, but they refused to fight back. This
bloodless battle marked the beginning of the Russian Empire, and
the retreat of the Mongols into central China.
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- Look in your textbook in pages 307313 to answer the following
four questions!
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- What does The Primary Chronicle say about Rurik and the origin
of Novgorod?
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- It states that Rurik was a Viking chief who was invited by the
Slavs to be their king. In also says that Rurik founded Novgorod in
862.
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- According to The Primary Chronicle, how did Vladimir choose
Byzantine Christianity?
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- Vladimir sent out a team of representatives to study the major
religions of the times. The team that studied Eastern Christianity
was enthusiastic about what it saw. This persuaded Vladimir to
convert to the Eastern Faith.
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- How did Moscows location contribute to its growth?
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- It was located near three rivers, helping to make it key to
controlling nearly all of European Russia.
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- What event marked Russias liberation from Mongol rule?
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- The standoff between Russia and Mongolian forces at the Ugra
River in which both sides turned around and went home.
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- Turkish Empires Rise in Anatolia
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- Dont forget what happened prior to know 1. The Abbasids were a
powerful empire, but began to lose power; 2. Their capital city was
in Baghdad; 3. The Persians took control of Baghdad, and took all
political power away from the caliph.
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- The Abbasids noticed how fierce and loyal the Turks were, and
began buying their children to raise as soldiers and bodyguards.
These slaves (known as mamelukes) became a powerful force in the
Abbasid Empire In 1055 a group known as the Seljuk Turks took over
the Abbasid Empire by conquering their capital city of Baghdad.
They then turned their conquest westward and took over the entire
Anatolian Peninsula (Turkey).
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- In Baghdad, the Turks treated the Persians very well, and won
their loyalty and support. The Seljuks learned much of the Persian
literature, and adopted many of their cultural and religious
traits.
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- The Seljuks were at a weakened state when the West launched a
series of Holy Wars against Muslims living in the Middle East.
1099- Christian Crusaders reclaimed the city of Jerusalem, and est.
a Christian kingdom there for nearly 100 years. The Turks joined up
with Muslim forces under the guidance of Saladin to force the
Christians out of the city. By the 13 th Century the Western powers
posed little threat to the Turks However, about this time a new
threatThe Mongols emerged from the East.
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- The Mongols overtook the entire area of Anatolia and Baghdad.
Therefore, the Turks were forced to live under Mongol rule. The
Mongols were not good at law and order, and thus, their empire
within the region eventually died out. Out of this area comes a new
group of Turks The Ottoman Turkswho will create a strong empire for
years to come.
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- Look throughout pages 314317 in your textbook to answer the
following two questions.
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- In what ways did the Turks show respect for their Persian
subjects?
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- They chose the Persian city of Esfahan as the capital;
appointed Persians to government posts; adopted Persian language
and customs; supported Persian writers and artists; promoted
Persian architectural styles.
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- What group eventually conquered the empire established by the
Seljuk Turks?
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- The Mongols