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Main Idea: After Rome split, the Eastern Empire (Byzantium) flourished for a millennium! Why It Matters Now: Byzantine culture deeply influenced Orthodox Christianity, and major branch of modern Christianity. Terms/ Names: Justinian, Justinian Code, Hagia Sophia, Patriarch, Icon, Excommunication, and Cyrillic alphabet

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The once great Roman Empire became weak, and was divided into two sections: West (Rome) and East (Constantinople) The Western Roman Empire crumbled in the 5 th Century b/c of invading Germanic tribes. The Eastern Roman Empire (AKA Byzantium) would remain a dominate force in Asia for hundreds of years after Rome falls.

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BYZANTINE EMPIRE 568BYZANTINE EMPIRE 780

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BYZANTINE EMPIRE 1218BYZANTINE EMPIRE 1453

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Justinian, a high ranking Byzantine nobleman, succeeded his uncle as the new ruler of the Eastern Empire (527). He sent his best general (Belisarius) to reclaim N. Africa; his goal is to revive Romes glory days Within 16 years, Belisarius had reclaimed nearly all of the territory of the old Roman empire: Justinian is now the new Caesar, and ruled with absolute power. Byzantine emperors ruled both Church and State w/ absolute power. Many emperors died violent deaths

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Greek (not Latin) was spoken in New Rome Justinian est. a new code of laws for his empire: Justinian Code: 1. The Code- 5,000 old Roman lawsstill useful 2. The Digest- A collection of Romes greatest legal scholars; opinions about laws (50 volumes total) 3. The Institutes- Textbook for law students 4. The Novellae (New Laws)- Legislation passed after 534. Justinian Code regulated nearly everything in Byzantine life: marriage, slavery, property, etc

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Justinian strongly focused on creating a capital city that symbolized the greatness of his reign. He built-up the citys infrastructure: bath, aqueducts, courts, schools, hospitals, etc.. His greatest focus was on building grand churches, and the greatest church he ever created was the church of Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom); it was known as the most splendid church of the Christian world. Explore Byzantium: Image Gallery Istanbul - Hagia Sophia Explore Byzantium: Image Gallery Istanbul - Hagia Sophia

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Byzantine families valued education, especially classical (Greek) learning. Students focused on Greek and Latin grammar; memorized Homer; studied Euclid geometry, Herodotus history, and medicine from Galan.

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Much like the Roman coliseum and Circus Maximus, the Hippodrome was the place in Constantinople where citizens could enjoy free entertainment. Rowdy fans would cheer their favorite teams In 532 fans rioted against one another, which carried into the streets of the city: Justinian crushed the riot in a brutal manner.

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A plague hit the empire and caused massive casualties Continual attacks by outside invaders: Lombards, Avars, Slaves, Bulgars, and the Persians. Greatest threat will be from the Turks, who conquered the Muslim world, which spilled over into Byzantium. The Ottoman Turks conquered the city of Constantinople in 1453the Ottoman Empire will encompass this area until World War I.

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Christianity developed differently in the Eastern and Western Roman Empires The church will eventually split into two different denominations: Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy

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ROMAN CATHOLICEASTERN ORTHODOX Services conducted in Latin Pope has power over Bishops Pope claims power over all kings and emperors Priests may not marry Divorce is not permitted among its members Service conducted in Greek The patriarch and other head Bishops lead the Church as a group The emperor claims authority over the bishops of an empire Priests may be married Divorce is allowed

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Saint Basil- In 357 he wrote the rules for how monks would live their life Saint John Chrysostom- Bishop of Constantinople, he was the patriarch, or leading bishop of the East. Unlike the Pope, the patriarch did not have political power over kings/ emperors

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In 730, the Byzantine Emperor (Leo III) banned the use of icons (religious images) because he viewed it as idol worship. This caused a rebellion amongst the people The Pope in the West got involved, which was precursor to what will eventually occur in 1054

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Christianity officially split into two separate religions in 1054: Roman Catholic Church in the West (Pope); Eastern Orthodox Church in the East (Patriarch)

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Missionaries from the Orthodox Church took the religion to the inhabitants to the north known as Slavs, who had no written language. Two missionaries (Cyril and Methodius) invented an alphabet for the Slavic people in order to teach them the religion This new alphabet is known as the Cyrillic Alphabet

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Look in your textbooks from pages 301306 to answer the following questions.

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What were the names and characteristics of the four parts of the Justinian Code?

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The Code5,000 Roman Laws; The DigestSummaries of legal opinions; The InstitutesInstructions for the use of laws; The Novellae (New Laws)Laws passed after 534

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What were some important features of life in Constantinople?

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Beautiful churches and public buildings; crowded marketplace along the Mese with products from many lands; street performers; performance acts at the Hippodrome

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Which people attacked the Byzantine Empire? What part of the empire did they invade?

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Lombards attacked in the west; Avars, Slavs, and Bulgars in the north; Persians in the east; Persians, Avars, and Arabs invaded Constantinople; Turks invaded the Muslim world

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What two main religions emerged out of the split in the Christian Church?

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Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy

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The Russian Empire

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A group known as the Slavs (Slavic People) inhabited a densely forested area of Europe It was located west of the Ural Mts., north of the Caspian and Black Seas, Three rivers of this area: Dnieper, Don, and Volga A Viking group known as the Rus moved into this area and lived amongst the Slavs. The Slavs asked a Viking to be their kingthe city of Kiev (on the Dnieper River) was established. Eventually the line between Viking and Slav diminished, and everyone was known as Russian

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The Russian ruler Vladimir officially became an Eastern Orthodox Christian, and required everyone in his empire do the same. Eastern Orthodoxy flourished in this region, and still does today.

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Kiev was Russias first important territory that could rival western European cities Yaroslav the Wise was the king in 1019, and married off his daughters to western European monarch to forge trading alliances with them Continually built up Kievs infrastructure The empire began to decline after Yaroslavs death in 1095instead of the oldest son inheriting the throne, it was divided amongst all his sons, which created many feuds. The Crusades (1095) also hurt Kievs trading ties to the Christian kingdoms in the West.

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Genghis Khan led the Mongols into Russia during the 1200s. In 1240, the Mongols (under Genghiss grandson Batu Khan) demolished Kiev and slaughtered hundreds of Russians. The Mongols will rule southern Russia for 200 years. The demanded two things: 1) absolute obedience; and 2) massive payments (tribute) Even though they were harsh, the Mongols allowed the Russians to practice their religious customs. Therefore, the Church continued to grow.

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Moscow was a crude fishing village in 1156, but its strategic location near three rivers made it a probable place to slowly diminish the Mongolian presence there. 1320s: Prince Ivan I was in good with the Mongols, and convinced the Patriarch of Constantinople to move to his city, he acquired new lands, and gained firmer control over this area Ivan II: During the 15 th Century he openly challenged the Mongols. He assumed the name czar, and publically claimed to make Moscow the new Rome. In 1480 Russian army stood up to the Mongols, but they refused to fight back. This bloodless battle marked the beginning of the Russian Empire, and the retreat of the Mongols into central China.

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Look in your textbook in pages 307313 to answer the following four questions!

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What does The Primary Chronicle say about Rurik and the origin of Novgorod?

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It states that Rurik was a Viking chief who was invited by the Slavs to be their king. In also says that Rurik founded Novgorod in 862.

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According to The Primary Chronicle, how did Vladimir choose Byzantine Christianity?

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Vladimir sent out a team of representatives to study the major religions of the times. The team that studied Eastern Christianity was enthusiastic about what it saw. This persuaded Vladimir to convert to the Eastern Faith.

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How did Moscows location contribute to its growth?

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It was located near three rivers, helping to make it key to controlling nearly all of European Russia.

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What event marked Russias liberation from Mongol rule?

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The standoff between Russia and Mongolian forces at the Ugra River in which both sides turned around and went home.

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Turkish Empires Rise in Anatolia

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Dont forget what happened prior to know 1. The Abbasids were a powerful empire, but began to lose power; 2. Their capital city was in Baghdad; 3. The Persians took control of Baghdad, and took all political power away from the caliph.

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The Abbasids noticed how fierce and loyal the Turks were, and began buying their children to raise as soldiers and bodyguards. These slaves (known as mamelukes) became a powerful force in the Abbasid Empire In 1055 a group known as the Seljuk Turks took over the Abbasid Empire by conquering their capital city of Baghdad. They then turned their conquest westward and took over the entire Anatolian Peninsula (Turkey).

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In Baghdad, the Turks treated the Persians very well, and won their loyalty and support. The Seljuks learned much of the Persian literature, and adopted many of their cultural and religious traits.

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The Seljuks were at a weakened state when the West launched a series of Holy Wars against Muslims living in the Middle East. 1099- Christian Crusaders reclaimed the city of Jerusalem, and est. a Christian kingdom there for nearly 100 years. The Turks joined up with Muslim forces under the guidance of Saladin to force the Christians out of the city. By the 13 th Century the Western powers posed little threat to the Turks However, about this time a new threatThe Mongols emerged from the East.

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The Mongols overtook the entire area of Anatolia and Baghdad. Therefore, the Turks were forced to live under Mongol rule. The Mongols were not good at law and order, and thus, their empire within the region eventually died out. Out of this area comes a new group of Turks The Ottoman Turkswho will create a strong empire for years to come.

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Look throughout pages 314317 in your textbook to answer the following two questions.

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In what ways did the Turks show respect for their Persian subjects?

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They chose the Persian city of Esfahan as the capital; appointed Persians to government posts; adopted Persian language and customs; supported Persian writers and artists; promoted Persian architectural styles.

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What group eventually conquered the empire established by the Seljuk Turks?

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The Mongols