Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and Fundamentals ... · PDF fileSustainable Mineral...
51
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and Fundamentals: or vice-versa ? Roberto C. Villas-Bôas CETEM i i i S S S A R O
Transcript of Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and Fundamentals ... · PDF fileSustainable Mineral...
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and Fundamentals
or vice-versa
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas
CETEM
iii SSS ARO
AVOIDING blaacuteblaacuteblaacute httpwwwdundeeacukcepmlpgatewayindexphpnews=28248
Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
LOGICAL FORMALIZATIONS are needed regarding the concepts of
Sustainable Development and even Sustainable Ore body and Sustainable
Mine as referred to the minerals extraction industries
If this is done several MISCONCEPTIONS will be prevented and
EVERYONE will know what is been meant by such words
Likewise it seems that the old proposition of drawing a distinction between
RENEWABLE amp NON RENEWABLE resources does not quite fit anymore
as such within the current sustainable development framework for the sake of
resource exploration and development through its more recent paths and
practices
Therefore the suggestion of conceptualizing SUSTAINABLE amp NON
SUSTAINABLE resources for that matter subject to societal agreements as
proposed
Boreal Forest (Taiga) 17 million km2 worldacutes leading producer of NATURAL GOODS
Boreal Canadaacute maore than 100 (active) mines with 45 of the mineral production aroun
600 tribes
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
Amazon Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
Whatthenare the challenges httpwwwdundeeacukcepmlpgatewayindexphpnews=28248
Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
)(ii dddd SsSSSs
RENEWABLE amp NON RENEWABLE OR SUSTAINABLE
amp NON SUSTAINABLE Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
Albanese 2010 Rio Tinto CEO
ldquoI would like to close this section by
dispelling the myth that
resources are finite a notion
some policymakers sometimes
like to promote
Resources will only become finite if
limits are placed on exploration
because a country has suddenly
become less attractive for
investmentrdquo
Resources Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
R set of all resources
R1 natural
R2 environmental
R3 energy
R4 investment capital
R5 people
Rn any other
Ro when NO resources are available
What is DEVELOPMENT Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
W R D
W a transform say WORK R set of resources as seen D set of development stages
Hypothesis of Development Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
given a set of hypothesis of development n is the
number of subsidiary hypothesis characterizing Si
respect D
ni
n
ii SSS 1
1
VISIONS of SD Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
54321 dddddd SSSSSDS
Visions of SD in Mining mineral processing included
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
Sd1 set of minimum(al) use of natural resources
Sd2 set of optimum(al) use or maximum(al) of
physical flow resources
Sd3 set of minimum(al) use of energetic resources
Sd4 set of minimum(al) use of environmental
resources
Sd5 set of maximum(al) AGREED STAGES of
social satisfaction
Visions of SD in Mining mineral processing included
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
Sd = set of VISIONS or scenarios of SD
belonging to D and having Sdi as
AGREED parameters
)(ii dddd SsSSSs
SD Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
targets and objectives of a GIVEN AGREEMENT establishing a set of SD steps
in mining mp included
5
1idS
Indicators of SD Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
To MEASURE an indicator is necessary
Let define as effort (E) a FUNCTION that attributes a POSITIVE NUMBER to all and any productive operation () or process
NPE
AGREEMENT (a measure of an)
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
A (x y p)= E (x y p)ndash E (y x p) ndash T (p)
Subjected to
5
1idS
A (x y p)= E (x y p)ndash E (y x p) ndash T (p)
x = society community country
y = mining industry mining enterprise hellip
p = mine plant hellip
T(p) = capital expenditure in p hellip
Degree of Agreement
A (x y p) = 0
equal gains
A (x y p) lt 0
x X loses
A (x y p) gt 0
y Y gain less than x
Sustainable Ore bodies Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
ASi (x y p) gt 0
iii SSS ARO
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
iii SSS ARO
SUSTAINABLE MINERAL PROCESSING
PRACTICES AND FUNDAMENTALS
OR VICE-VERSA
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
SOME PRACTICES
Georgius Agricola De Re Metallica 1556
DE RE METALLICA SUSTAINABILITY
MINING CLOSURE Aboriginal
Joint Venture for Aboriginal Firms
Colomac MINE Canadaacute
HEAP LEACHING Mulato MINE Sonora Meacutexico (14000 tday)
ldquoManaging mine drainage
water quality is a critical
concern for all mining
operations because discharges
must typically meet stringent
water quality standards set by
local regional and national
governments ldquo
ldquoAcidic drainage remains the
most significant issue due to
high concentrations of metals
and costs of treatment to
achieve acceptable levels ldquo
WATER MINE 7500 m 3 hoUr
Mina de Vazante Votorantim metais
Lack scarcity WATER CHUQUICAMARACHILE
UraniUm WATER MINE
INB Caetiteacute Bahia
URANIUM
INACTIVE Uranium mine ndash INB CALDAS MINAS GERAIS
PHOSPHOGYPSUM MOSAIC FLORIDAUSA PHOSPHOGYPSUM HEAPS ( heavy
metals amp Radionucliacutedes)
PHOSPHOGYPSUM aerial view ndash CATALAtildeO MINE GOIAS BRASIL amp phosphogypsum waste
Suncor
Syncrude
(Mildred Lake)
Shell
CNRL Exxon
Syncrude
(Aurora)
5 km
ldquoIndeed it is claimed that when an underground mine
is established anywhere in the world 70ndash90 of the required
technology comes from either Finland or Swedenrdquo
Elijaumlrvi chromite - Open Pit in February
Outokumpu Oyj Floresta Boreal
MinING BOREAL FOREST
a Solution Not a problem
FINLAND VISION 2050
ldquoFinland is a global leader in the sustainable utilization of mineral resources and the minerals sector is one of the key foundations of the Finnish national economyrdquo
RENEWABLE amp NON RENEWABLE OR
SUSTAINABLE amp NON SUSTAINABLE
ldquoI would like to close this
section by dispelling the
myth that resources are
finite a notion some
policymakers sometimes
like to promote
Resources will only
become finite if limits are
placed on exploration
because a country has
suddenly become less
attractive for investmentrdquo TOM ALBANESE RioTinto
CEO(2010)
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
FUNDAMENTALS
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas
CETEM
SD in the MINERAL INDUSTRY is
MINIMIZING
MASSES
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
MAXIMIZING
SATISFACcedilAtildeO
SOCIAL
ldquosocial satisfaction is the
degree of societal
acceptance of a given
policy or political
agendardquo
A (x y p) gt 0 AS SEEN SUSTAINABLE PRJECT
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
ASi (x y p) gt 0
The roles of x y and p
iii SSS ARO
INTERPHASE
PHENOMENA
ARGONNE
UNDERSTANDING
1- molecular structure of mineral
surfaces and other phases
2- ordering of fluids adjacent to
these phases
3- electrical double-layer
structure and distribution
4- dynamical processes
LEADING TO
1- specific reaction mechanisms
at mineralfluid interfphase
2- kinetics and reaction
mechanisms at the atomic scale in
key mineralfluid systems
3- understanding of
mineralwatergas reactivity
IS THERE (STILL) A
PLACE FOR THE
HALLIMOND TUBE
ADVANTAGE ease to
operate and small amount
of ldquoorerdquo
DISADVANTAGES
physical process of
flotation ()
particle size
bubble size
agitation processes
froth structure
synergy between (different)
mineral particles
IS THERE (STILL) A PLACE FOR
THE HALLIMOND TUBE
advanced synchrotron-based interfacial x-ray tools for in-
situ studies of solid-liquid
high (lt1 Aring) resolution X-ray scattering techniques
element-specific sub-profiles and interfacial density profiles
from XR data
NANOBUBBLES
Nanobubbles
hydrophobic effect
heterocoagulation and
hydrodynamics in
flotation
Heinrich Schubert
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
AVOIDING blaacuteblaacuteblaacute httpwwwdundeeacukcepmlpgatewayindexphpnews=28248
Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
LOGICAL FORMALIZATIONS are needed regarding the concepts of
Sustainable Development and even Sustainable Ore body and Sustainable
Mine as referred to the minerals extraction industries
If this is done several MISCONCEPTIONS will be prevented and
EVERYONE will know what is been meant by such words
Likewise it seems that the old proposition of drawing a distinction between
RENEWABLE amp NON RENEWABLE resources does not quite fit anymore
as such within the current sustainable development framework for the sake of
resource exploration and development through its more recent paths and
practices
Therefore the suggestion of conceptualizing SUSTAINABLE amp NON
SUSTAINABLE resources for that matter subject to societal agreements as
proposed
Boreal Forest (Taiga) 17 million km2 worldacutes leading producer of NATURAL GOODS
Boreal Canadaacute maore than 100 (active) mines with 45 of the mineral production aroun
600 tribes
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
Amazon Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
Whatthenare the challenges httpwwwdundeeacukcepmlpgatewayindexphpnews=28248
Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
)(ii dddd SsSSSs
RENEWABLE amp NON RENEWABLE OR SUSTAINABLE
amp NON SUSTAINABLE Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
Albanese 2010 Rio Tinto CEO
ldquoI would like to close this section by
dispelling the myth that
resources are finite a notion
some policymakers sometimes
like to promote
Resources will only become finite if
limits are placed on exploration
because a country has suddenly
become less attractive for
investmentrdquo
Resources Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
R set of all resources
R1 natural
R2 environmental
R3 energy
R4 investment capital
R5 people
Rn any other
Ro when NO resources are available
What is DEVELOPMENT Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
W R D
W a transform say WORK R set of resources as seen D set of development stages
Hypothesis of Development Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
given a set of hypothesis of development n is the
number of subsidiary hypothesis characterizing Si
respect D
ni
n
ii SSS 1
1
VISIONS of SD Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
54321 dddddd SSSSSDS
Visions of SD in Mining mineral processing included
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
Sd1 set of minimum(al) use of natural resources
Sd2 set of optimum(al) use or maximum(al) of
physical flow resources
Sd3 set of minimum(al) use of energetic resources
Sd4 set of minimum(al) use of environmental
resources
Sd5 set of maximum(al) AGREED STAGES of
social satisfaction
Visions of SD in Mining mineral processing included
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
Sd = set of VISIONS or scenarios of SD
belonging to D and having Sdi as
AGREED parameters
)(ii dddd SsSSSs
SD Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
targets and objectives of a GIVEN AGREEMENT establishing a set of SD steps
in mining mp included
5
1idS
Indicators of SD Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
To MEASURE an indicator is necessary
Let define as effort (E) a FUNCTION that attributes a POSITIVE NUMBER to all and any productive operation () or process
NPE
AGREEMENT (a measure of an)
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
A (x y p)= E (x y p)ndash E (y x p) ndash T (p)
Subjected to
5
1idS
A (x y p)= E (x y p)ndash E (y x p) ndash T (p)
x = society community country
y = mining industry mining enterprise hellip
p = mine plant hellip
T(p) = capital expenditure in p hellip
Degree of Agreement
A (x y p) = 0
equal gains
A (x y p) lt 0
x X loses
A (x y p) gt 0
y Y gain less than x
Sustainable Ore bodies Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
ASi (x y p) gt 0
iii SSS ARO
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
iii SSS ARO
SUSTAINABLE MINERAL PROCESSING
PRACTICES AND FUNDAMENTALS
OR VICE-VERSA
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
SOME PRACTICES
Georgius Agricola De Re Metallica 1556
DE RE METALLICA SUSTAINABILITY
MINING CLOSURE Aboriginal
Joint Venture for Aboriginal Firms
Colomac MINE Canadaacute
HEAP LEACHING Mulato MINE Sonora Meacutexico (14000 tday)
ldquoManaging mine drainage
water quality is a critical
concern for all mining
operations because discharges
must typically meet stringent
water quality standards set by
local regional and national
governments ldquo
ldquoAcidic drainage remains the
most significant issue due to
high concentrations of metals
and costs of treatment to
achieve acceptable levels ldquo
WATER MINE 7500 m 3 hoUr
Mina de Vazante Votorantim metais
Lack scarcity WATER CHUQUICAMARACHILE
UraniUm WATER MINE
INB Caetiteacute Bahia
URANIUM
INACTIVE Uranium mine ndash INB CALDAS MINAS GERAIS
PHOSPHOGYPSUM MOSAIC FLORIDAUSA PHOSPHOGYPSUM HEAPS ( heavy
metals amp Radionucliacutedes)
PHOSPHOGYPSUM aerial view ndash CATALAtildeO MINE GOIAS BRASIL amp phosphogypsum waste
Suncor
Syncrude
(Mildred Lake)
Shell
CNRL Exxon
Syncrude
(Aurora)
5 km
ldquoIndeed it is claimed that when an underground mine
is established anywhere in the world 70ndash90 of the required
technology comes from either Finland or Swedenrdquo
Elijaumlrvi chromite - Open Pit in February
Outokumpu Oyj Floresta Boreal
MinING BOREAL FOREST
a Solution Not a problem
FINLAND VISION 2050
ldquoFinland is a global leader in the sustainable utilization of mineral resources and the minerals sector is one of the key foundations of the Finnish national economyrdquo
RENEWABLE amp NON RENEWABLE OR
SUSTAINABLE amp NON SUSTAINABLE
ldquoI would like to close this
section by dispelling the
myth that resources are
finite a notion some
policymakers sometimes
like to promote
Resources will only
become finite if limits are
placed on exploration
because a country has
suddenly become less
attractive for investmentrdquo TOM ALBANESE RioTinto
CEO(2010)
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
FUNDAMENTALS
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas
CETEM
SD in the MINERAL INDUSTRY is
MINIMIZING
MASSES
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
MAXIMIZING
SATISFACcedilAtildeO
SOCIAL
ldquosocial satisfaction is the
degree of societal
acceptance of a given
policy or political
agendardquo
A (x y p) gt 0 AS SEEN SUSTAINABLE PRJECT
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
ASi (x y p) gt 0
The roles of x y and p
iii SSS ARO
INTERPHASE
PHENOMENA
ARGONNE
UNDERSTANDING
1- molecular structure of mineral
surfaces and other phases
2- ordering of fluids adjacent to
these phases
3- electrical double-layer
structure and distribution
4- dynamical processes
LEADING TO
1- specific reaction mechanisms
at mineralfluid interfphase
2- kinetics and reaction
mechanisms at the atomic scale in
key mineralfluid systems
3- understanding of
mineralwatergas reactivity
IS THERE (STILL) A
PLACE FOR THE
HALLIMOND TUBE
ADVANTAGE ease to
operate and small amount
of ldquoorerdquo
DISADVANTAGES
physical process of
flotation ()
particle size
bubble size
agitation processes
froth structure
synergy between (different)
mineral particles
IS THERE (STILL) A PLACE FOR
THE HALLIMOND TUBE
advanced synchrotron-based interfacial x-ray tools for in-
situ studies of solid-liquid
high (lt1 Aring) resolution X-ray scattering techniques
element-specific sub-profiles and interfacial density profiles
from XR data
NANOBUBBLES
Nanobubbles
hydrophobic effect
heterocoagulation and
hydrodynamics in
flotation
Heinrich Schubert
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
Boreal Forest (Taiga) 17 million km2 worldacutes leading producer of NATURAL GOODS
Boreal Canadaacute maore than 100 (active) mines with 45 of the mineral production aroun
600 tribes
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
Amazon Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
Whatthenare the challenges httpwwwdundeeacukcepmlpgatewayindexphpnews=28248
Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
)(ii dddd SsSSSs
RENEWABLE amp NON RENEWABLE OR SUSTAINABLE
amp NON SUSTAINABLE Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
Albanese 2010 Rio Tinto CEO
ldquoI would like to close this section by
dispelling the myth that
resources are finite a notion
some policymakers sometimes
like to promote
Resources will only become finite if
limits are placed on exploration
because a country has suddenly
become less attractive for
investmentrdquo
Resources Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
R set of all resources
R1 natural
R2 environmental
R3 energy
R4 investment capital
R5 people
Rn any other
Ro when NO resources are available
What is DEVELOPMENT Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
W R D
W a transform say WORK R set of resources as seen D set of development stages
Hypothesis of Development Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
given a set of hypothesis of development n is the
number of subsidiary hypothesis characterizing Si
respect D
ni
n
ii SSS 1
1
VISIONS of SD Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
54321 dddddd SSSSSDS
Visions of SD in Mining mineral processing included
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
Sd1 set of minimum(al) use of natural resources
Sd2 set of optimum(al) use or maximum(al) of
physical flow resources
Sd3 set of minimum(al) use of energetic resources
Sd4 set of minimum(al) use of environmental
resources
Sd5 set of maximum(al) AGREED STAGES of
social satisfaction
Visions of SD in Mining mineral processing included
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
Sd = set of VISIONS or scenarios of SD
belonging to D and having Sdi as
AGREED parameters
)(ii dddd SsSSSs
SD Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
targets and objectives of a GIVEN AGREEMENT establishing a set of SD steps
in mining mp included
5
1idS
Indicators of SD Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
To MEASURE an indicator is necessary
Let define as effort (E) a FUNCTION that attributes a POSITIVE NUMBER to all and any productive operation () or process
NPE
AGREEMENT (a measure of an)
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
A (x y p)= E (x y p)ndash E (y x p) ndash T (p)
Subjected to
5
1idS
A (x y p)= E (x y p)ndash E (y x p) ndash T (p)
x = society community country
y = mining industry mining enterprise hellip
p = mine plant hellip
T(p) = capital expenditure in p hellip
Degree of Agreement
A (x y p) = 0
equal gains
A (x y p) lt 0
x X loses
A (x y p) gt 0
y Y gain less than x
Sustainable Ore bodies Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
ASi (x y p) gt 0
iii SSS ARO
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
iii SSS ARO
SUSTAINABLE MINERAL PROCESSING
PRACTICES AND FUNDAMENTALS
OR VICE-VERSA
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
SOME PRACTICES
Georgius Agricola De Re Metallica 1556
DE RE METALLICA SUSTAINABILITY
MINING CLOSURE Aboriginal
Joint Venture for Aboriginal Firms
Colomac MINE Canadaacute
HEAP LEACHING Mulato MINE Sonora Meacutexico (14000 tday)
ldquoManaging mine drainage
water quality is a critical
concern for all mining
operations because discharges
must typically meet stringent
water quality standards set by
local regional and national
governments ldquo
ldquoAcidic drainage remains the
most significant issue due to
high concentrations of metals
and costs of treatment to
achieve acceptable levels ldquo
WATER MINE 7500 m 3 hoUr
Mina de Vazante Votorantim metais
Lack scarcity WATER CHUQUICAMARACHILE
UraniUm WATER MINE
INB Caetiteacute Bahia
URANIUM
INACTIVE Uranium mine ndash INB CALDAS MINAS GERAIS
PHOSPHOGYPSUM MOSAIC FLORIDAUSA PHOSPHOGYPSUM HEAPS ( heavy
metals amp Radionucliacutedes)
PHOSPHOGYPSUM aerial view ndash CATALAtildeO MINE GOIAS BRASIL amp phosphogypsum waste
Suncor
Syncrude
(Mildred Lake)
Shell
CNRL Exxon
Syncrude
(Aurora)
5 km
ldquoIndeed it is claimed that when an underground mine
is established anywhere in the world 70ndash90 of the required
technology comes from either Finland or Swedenrdquo
Elijaumlrvi chromite - Open Pit in February
Outokumpu Oyj Floresta Boreal
MinING BOREAL FOREST
a Solution Not a problem
FINLAND VISION 2050
ldquoFinland is a global leader in the sustainable utilization of mineral resources and the minerals sector is one of the key foundations of the Finnish national economyrdquo
RENEWABLE amp NON RENEWABLE OR
SUSTAINABLE amp NON SUSTAINABLE
ldquoI would like to close this
section by dispelling the
myth that resources are
finite a notion some
policymakers sometimes
like to promote
Resources will only
become finite if limits are
placed on exploration
because a country has
suddenly become less
attractive for investmentrdquo TOM ALBANESE RioTinto
CEO(2010)
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
FUNDAMENTALS
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas
CETEM
SD in the MINERAL INDUSTRY is
MINIMIZING
MASSES
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
MAXIMIZING
SATISFACcedilAtildeO
SOCIAL
ldquosocial satisfaction is the
degree of societal
acceptance of a given
policy or political
agendardquo
A (x y p) gt 0 AS SEEN SUSTAINABLE PRJECT
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
ASi (x y p) gt 0
The roles of x y and p
iii SSS ARO
INTERPHASE
PHENOMENA
ARGONNE
UNDERSTANDING
1- molecular structure of mineral
surfaces and other phases
2- ordering of fluids adjacent to
these phases
3- electrical double-layer
structure and distribution
4- dynamical processes
LEADING TO
1- specific reaction mechanisms
at mineralfluid interfphase
2- kinetics and reaction
mechanisms at the atomic scale in
key mineralfluid systems
3- understanding of
mineralwatergas reactivity
IS THERE (STILL) A
PLACE FOR THE
HALLIMOND TUBE
ADVANTAGE ease to
operate and small amount
of ldquoorerdquo
DISADVANTAGES
physical process of
flotation ()
particle size
bubble size
agitation processes
froth structure
synergy between (different)
mineral particles
IS THERE (STILL) A PLACE FOR
THE HALLIMOND TUBE
advanced synchrotron-based interfacial x-ray tools for in-
situ studies of solid-liquid
high (lt1 Aring) resolution X-ray scattering techniques
element-specific sub-profiles and interfacial density profiles
from XR data
NANOBUBBLES
Nanobubbles
hydrophobic effect
heterocoagulation and
hydrodynamics in
flotation
Heinrich Schubert
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
Amazon Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
Whatthenare the challenges httpwwwdundeeacukcepmlpgatewayindexphpnews=28248
Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
)(ii dddd SsSSSs
RENEWABLE amp NON RENEWABLE OR SUSTAINABLE
amp NON SUSTAINABLE Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
Albanese 2010 Rio Tinto CEO
ldquoI would like to close this section by
dispelling the myth that
resources are finite a notion
some policymakers sometimes
like to promote
Resources will only become finite if
limits are placed on exploration
because a country has suddenly
become less attractive for
investmentrdquo
Resources Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
R set of all resources
R1 natural
R2 environmental
R3 energy
R4 investment capital
R5 people
Rn any other
Ro when NO resources are available
What is DEVELOPMENT Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
W R D
W a transform say WORK R set of resources as seen D set of development stages
Hypothesis of Development Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
given a set of hypothesis of development n is the
number of subsidiary hypothesis characterizing Si
respect D
ni
n
ii SSS 1
1
VISIONS of SD Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
54321 dddddd SSSSSDS
Visions of SD in Mining mineral processing included
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
Sd1 set of minimum(al) use of natural resources
Sd2 set of optimum(al) use or maximum(al) of
physical flow resources
Sd3 set of minimum(al) use of energetic resources
Sd4 set of minimum(al) use of environmental
resources
Sd5 set of maximum(al) AGREED STAGES of
social satisfaction
Visions of SD in Mining mineral processing included
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
Sd = set of VISIONS or scenarios of SD
belonging to D and having Sdi as
AGREED parameters
)(ii dddd SsSSSs
SD Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
targets and objectives of a GIVEN AGREEMENT establishing a set of SD steps
in mining mp included
5
1idS
Indicators of SD Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
To MEASURE an indicator is necessary
Let define as effort (E) a FUNCTION that attributes a POSITIVE NUMBER to all and any productive operation () or process
NPE
AGREEMENT (a measure of an)
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
A (x y p)= E (x y p)ndash E (y x p) ndash T (p)
Subjected to
5
1idS
A (x y p)= E (x y p)ndash E (y x p) ndash T (p)
x = society community country
y = mining industry mining enterprise hellip
p = mine plant hellip
T(p) = capital expenditure in p hellip
Degree of Agreement
A (x y p) = 0
equal gains
A (x y p) lt 0
x X loses
A (x y p) gt 0
y Y gain less than x
Sustainable Ore bodies Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
ASi (x y p) gt 0
iii SSS ARO
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
iii SSS ARO
SUSTAINABLE MINERAL PROCESSING
PRACTICES AND FUNDAMENTALS
OR VICE-VERSA
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
SOME PRACTICES
Georgius Agricola De Re Metallica 1556
DE RE METALLICA SUSTAINABILITY
MINING CLOSURE Aboriginal
Joint Venture for Aboriginal Firms
Colomac MINE Canadaacute
HEAP LEACHING Mulato MINE Sonora Meacutexico (14000 tday)
ldquoManaging mine drainage
water quality is a critical
concern for all mining
operations because discharges
must typically meet stringent
water quality standards set by
local regional and national
governments ldquo
ldquoAcidic drainage remains the
most significant issue due to
high concentrations of metals
and costs of treatment to
achieve acceptable levels ldquo
WATER MINE 7500 m 3 hoUr
Mina de Vazante Votorantim metais
Lack scarcity WATER CHUQUICAMARACHILE
UraniUm WATER MINE
INB Caetiteacute Bahia
URANIUM
INACTIVE Uranium mine ndash INB CALDAS MINAS GERAIS
PHOSPHOGYPSUM MOSAIC FLORIDAUSA PHOSPHOGYPSUM HEAPS ( heavy
metals amp Radionucliacutedes)
PHOSPHOGYPSUM aerial view ndash CATALAtildeO MINE GOIAS BRASIL amp phosphogypsum waste
Suncor
Syncrude
(Mildred Lake)
Shell
CNRL Exxon
Syncrude
(Aurora)
5 km
ldquoIndeed it is claimed that when an underground mine
is established anywhere in the world 70ndash90 of the required
technology comes from either Finland or Swedenrdquo
Elijaumlrvi chromite - Open Pit in February
Outokumpu Oyj Floresta Boreal
MinING BOREAL FOREST
a Solution Not a problem
FINLAND VISION 2050
ldquoFinland is a global leader in the sustainable utilization of mineral resources and the minerals sector is one of the key foundations of the Finnish national economyrdquo
RENEWABLE amp NON RENEWABLE OR
SUSTAINABLE amp NON SUSTAINABLE
ldquoI would like to close this
section by dispelling the
myth that resources are
finite a notion some
policymakers sometimes
like to promote
Resources will only
become finite if limits are
placed on exploration
because a country has
suddenly become less
attractive for investmentrdquo TOM ALBANESE RioTinto
CEO(2010)
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
FUNDAMENTALS
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas
CETEM
SD in the MINERAL INDUSTRY is
MINIMIZING
MASSES
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
MAXIMIZING
SATISFACcedilAtildeO
SOCIAL
ldquosocial satisfaction is the
degree of societal
acceptance of a given
policy or political
agendardquo
A (x y p) gt 0 AS SEEN SUSTAINABLE PRJECT
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
ASi (x y p) gt 0
The roles of x y and p
iii SSS ARO
INTERPHASE
PHENOMENA
ARGONNE
UNDERSTANDING
1- molecular structure of mineral
surfaces and other phases
2- ordering of fluids adjacent to
these phases
3- electrical double-layer
structure and distribution
4- dynamical processes
LEADING TO
1- specific reaction mechanisms
at mineralfluid interfphase
2- kinetics and reaction
mechanisms at the atomic scale in
key mineralfluid systems
3- understanding of
mineralwatergas reactivity
IS THERE (STILL) A
PLACE FOR THE
HALLIMOND TUBE
ADVANTAGE ease to
operate and small amount
of ldquoorerdquo
DISADVANTAGES
physical process of
flotation ()
particle size
bubble size
agitation processes
froth structure
synergy between (different)
mineral particles
IS THERE (STILL) A PLACE FOR
THE HALLIMOND TUBE
advanced synchrotron-based interfacial x-ray tools for in-
situ studies of solid-liquid
high (lt1 Aring) resolution X-ray scattering techniques
element-specific sub-profiles and interfacial density profiles
from XR data
NANOBUBBLES
Nanobubbles
hydrophobic effect
heterocoagulation and
hydrodynamics in
flotation
Heinrich Schubert
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
Whatthenare the challenges httpwwwdundeeacukcepmlpgatewayindexphpnews=28248
Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
)(ii dddd SsSSSs
RENEWABLE amp NON RENEWABLE OR SUSTAINABLE
amp NON SUSTAINABLE Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
Albanese 2010 Rio Tinto CEO
ldquoI would like to close this section by
dispelling the myth that
resources are finite a notion
some policymakers sometimes
like to promote
Resources will only become finite if
limits are placed on exploration
because a country has suddenly
become less attractive for
investmentrdquo
Resources Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
R set of all resources
R1 natural
R2 environmental
R3 energy
R4 investment capital
R5 people
Rn any other
Ro when NO resources are available
What is DEVELOPMENT Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
W R D
W a transform say WORK R set of resources as seen D set of development stages
Hypothesis of Development Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
given a set of hypothesis of development n is the
number of subsidiary hypothesis characterizing Si
respect D
ni
n
ii SSS 1
1
VISIONS of SD Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
54321 dddddd SSSSSDS
Visions of SD in Mining mineral processing included
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
Sd1 set of minimum(al) use of natural resources
Sd2 set of optimum(al) use or maximum(al) of
physical flow resources
Sd3 set of minimum(al) use of energetic resources
Sd4 set of minimum(al) use of environmental
resources
Sd5 set of maximum(al) AGREED STAGES of
social satisfaction
Visions of SD in Mining mineral processing included
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
Sd = set of VISIONS or scenarios of SD
belonging to D and having Sdi as
AGREED parameters
)(ii dddd SsSSSs
SD Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
targets and objectives of a GIVEN AGREEMENT establishing a set of SD steps
in mining mp included
5
1idS
Indicators of SD Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
To MEASURE an indicator is necessary
Let define as effort (E) a FUNCTION that attributes a POSITIVE NUMBER to all and any productive operation () or process
NPE
AGREEMENT (a measure of an)
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
A (x y p)= E (x y p)ndash E (y x p) ndash T (p)
Subjected to
5
1idS
A (x y p)= E (x y p)ndash E (y x p) ndash T (p)
x = society community country
y = mining industry mining enterprise hellip
p = mine plant hellip
T(p) = capital expenditure in p hellip
Degree of Agreement
A (x y p) = 0
equal gains
A (x y p) lt 0
x X loses
A (x y p) gt 0
y Y gain less than x
Sustainable Ore bodies Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
ASi (x y p) gt 0
iii SSS ARO
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
iii SSS ARO
SUSTAINABLE MINERAL PROCESSING
PRACTICES AND FUNDAMENTALS
OR VICE-VERSA
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
SOME PRACTICES
Georgius Agricola De Re Metallica 1556
DE RE METALLICA SUSTAINABILITY
MINING CLOSURE Aboriginal
Joint Venture for Aboriginal Firms
Colomac MINE Canadaacute
HEAP LEACHING Mulato MINE Sonora Meacutexico (14000 tday)
ldquoManaging mine drainage
water quality is a critical
concern for all mining
operations because discharges
must typically meet stringent
water quality standards set by
local regional and national
governments ldquo
ldquoAcidic drainage remains the
most significant issue due to
high concentrations of metals
and costs of treatment to
achieve acceptable levels ldquo
WATER MINE 7500 m 3 hoUr
Mina de Vazante Votorantim metais
Lack scarcity WATER CHUQUICAMARACHILE
UraniUm WATER MINE
INB Caetiteacute Bahia
URANIUM
INACTIVE Uranium mine ndash INB CALDAS MINAS GERAIS
PHOSPHOGYPSUM MOSAIC FLORIDAUSA PHOSPHOGYPSUM HEAPS ( heavy
metals amp Radionucliacutedes)
PHOSPHOGYPSUM aerial view ndash CATALAtildeO MINE GOIAS BRASIL amp phosphogypsum waste
Suncor
Syncrude
(Mildred Lake)
Shell
CNRL Exxon
Syncrude
(Aurora)
5 km
ldquoIndeed it is claimed that when an underground mine
is established anywhere in the world 70ndash90 of the required
technology comes from either Finland or Swedenrdquo
Elijaumlrvi chromite - Open Pit in February
Outokumpu Oyj Floresta Boreal
MinING BOREAL FOREST
a Solution Not a problem
FINLAND VISION 2050
ldquoFinland is a global leader in the sustainable utilization of mineral resources and the minerals sector is one of the key foundations of the Finnish national economyrdquo
RENEWABLE amp NON RENEWABLE OR
SUSTAINABLE amp NON SUSTAINABLE
ldquoI would like to close this
section by dispelling the
myth that resources are
finite a notion some
policymakers sometimes
like to promote
Resources will only
become finite if limits are
placed on exploration
because a country has
suddenly become less
attractive for investmentrdquo TOM ALBANESE RioTinto
CEO(2010)
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
FUNDAMENTALS
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas
CETEM
SD in the MINERAL INDUSTRY is
MINIMIZING
MASSES
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
MAXIMIZING
SATISFACcedilAtildeO
SOCIAL
ldquosocial satisfaction is the
degree of societal
acceptance of a given
policy or political
agendardquo
A (x y p) gt 0 AS SEEN SUSTAINABLE PRJECT
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
ASi (x y p) gt 0
The roles of x y and p
iii SSS ARO
INTERPHASE
PHENOMENA
ARGONNE
UNDERSTANDING
1- molecular structure of mineral
surfaces and other phases
2- ordering of fluids adjacent to
these phases
3- electrical double-layer
structure and distribution
4- dynamical processes
LEADING TO
1- specific reaction mechanisms
at mineralfluid interfphase
2- kinetics and reaction
mechanisms at the atomic scale in
key mineralfluid systems
3- understanding of
mineralwatergas reactivity
IS THERE (STILL) A
PLACE FOR THE
HALLIMOND TUBE
ADVANTAGE ease to
operate and small amount
of ldquoorerdquo
DISADVANTAGES
physical process of
flotation ()
particle size
bubble size
agitation processes
froth structure
synergy between (different)
mineral particles
IS THERE (STILL) A PLACE FOR
THE HALLIMOND TUBE
advanced synchrotron-based interfacial x-ray tools for in-
situ studies of solid-liquid
high (lt1 Aring) resolution X-ray scattering techniques
element-specific sub-profiles and interfacial density profiles
from XR data
NANOBUBBLES
Nanobubbles
hydrophobic effect
heterocoagulation and
hydrodynamics in
flotation
Heinrich Schubert
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
RENEWABLE amp NON RENEWABLE OR SUSTAINABLE
amp NON SUSTAINABLE Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
Albanese 2010 Rio Tinto CEO
ldquoI would like to close this section by
dispelling the myth that
resources are finite a notion
some policymakers sometimes
like to promote
Resources will only become finite if
limits are placed on exploration
because a country has suddenly
become less attractive for
investmentrdquo
Resources Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
R set of all resources
R1 natural
R2 environmental
R3 energy
R4 investment capital
R5 people
Rn any other
Ro when NO resources are available
What is DEVELOPMENT Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
W R D
W a transform say WORK R set of resources as seen D set of development stages
Hypothesis of Development Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
given a set of hypothesis of development n is the
number of subsidiary hypothesis characterizing Si
respect D
ni
n
ii SSS 1
1
VISIONS of SD Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
54321 dddddd SSSSSDS
Visions of SD in Mining mineral processing included
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
Sd1 set of minimum(al) use of natural resources
Sd2 set of optimum(al) use or maximum(al) of
physical flow resources
Sd3 set of minimum(al) use of energetic resources
Sd4 set of minimum(al) use of environmental
resources
Sd5 set of maximum(al) AGREED STAGES of
social satisfaction
Visions of SD in Mining mineral processing included
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
Sd = set of VISIONS or scenarios of SD
belonging to D and having Sdi as
AGREED parameters
)(ii dddd SsSSSs
SD Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
targets and objectives of a GIVEN AGREEMENT establishing a set of SD steps
in mining mp included
5
1idS
Indicators of SD Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
To MEASURE an indicator is necessary
Let define as effort (E) a FUNCTION that attributes a POSITIVE NUMBER to all and any productive operation () or process
NPE
AGREEMENT (a measure of an)
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
A (x y p)= E (x y p)ndash E (y x p) ndash T (p)
Subjected to
5
1idS
A (x y p)= E (x y p)ndash E (y x p) ndash T (p)
x = society community country
y = mining industry mining enterprise hellip
p = mine plant hellip
T(p) = capital expenditure in p hellip
Degree of Agreement
A (x y p) = 0
equal gains
A (x y p) lt 0
x X loses
A (x y p) gt 0
y Y gain less than x
Sustainable Ore bodies Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
ASi (x y p) gt 0
iii SSS ARO
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
iii SSS ARO
SUSTAINABLE MINERAL PROCESSING
PRACTICES AND FUNDAMENTALS
OR VICE-VERSA
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
SOME PRACTICES
Georgius Agricola De Re Metallica 1556
DE RE METALLICA SUSTAINABILITY
MINING CLOSURE Aboriginal
Joint Venture for Aboriginal Firms
Colomac MINE Canadaacute
HEAP LEACHING Mulato MINE Sonora Meacutexico (14000 tday)
ldquoManaging mine drainage
water quality is a critical
concern for all mining
operations because discharges
must typically meet stringent
water quality standards set by
local regional and national
governments ldquo
ldquoAcidic drainage remains the
most significant issue due to
high concentrations of metals
and costs of treatment to
achieve acceptable levels ldquo
WATER MINE 7500 m 3 hoUr
Mina de Vazante Votorantim metais
Lack scarcity WATER CHUQUICAMARACHILE
UraniUm WATER MINE
INB Caetiteacute Bahia
URANIUM
INACTIVE Uranium mine ndash INB CALDAS MINAS GERAIS
PHOSPHOGYPSUM MOSAIC FLORIDAUSA PHOSPHOGYPSUM HEAPS ( heavy
metals amp Radionucliacutedes)
PHOSPHOGYPSUM aerial view ndash CATALAtildeO MINE GOIAS BRASIL amp phosphogypsum waste
Suncor
Syncrude
(Mildred Lake)
Shell
CNRL Exxon
Syncrude
(Aurora)
5 km
ldquoIndeed it is claimed that when an underground mine
is established anywhere in the world 70ndash90 of the required
technology comes from either Finland or Swedenrdquo
Elijaumlrvi chromite - Open Pit in February
Outokumpu Oyj Floresta Boreal
MinING BOREAL FOREST
a Solution Not a problem
FINLAND VISION 2050
ldquoFinland is a global leader in the sustainable utilization of mineral resources and the minerals sector is one of the key foundations of the Finnish national economyrdquo
RENEWABLE amp NON RENEWABLE OR
SUSTAINABLE amp NON SUSTAINABLE
ldquoI would like to close this
section by dispelling the
myth that resources are
finite a notion some
policymakers sometimes
like to promote
Resources will only
become finite if limits are
placed on exploration
because a country has
suddenly become less
attractive for investmentrdquo TOM ALBANESE RioTinto
CEO(2010)
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
FUNDAMENTALS
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas
CETEM
SD in the MINERAL INDUSTRY is
MINIMIZING
MASSES
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
MAXIMIZING
SATISFACcedilAtildeO
SOCIAL
ldquosocial satisfaction is the
degree of societal
acceptance of a given
policy or political
agendardquo
A (x y p) gt 0 AS SEEN SUSTAINABLE PRJECT
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
ASi (x y p) gt 0
The roles of x y and p
iii SSS ARO
INTERPHASE
PHENOMENA
ARGONNE
UNDERSTANDING
1- molecular structure of mineral
surfaces and other phases
2- ordering of fluids adjacent to
these phases
3- electrical double-layer
structure and distribution
4- dynamical processes
LEADING TO
1- specific reaction mechanisms
at mineralfluid interfphase
2- kinetics and reaction
mechanisms at the atomic scale in
key mineralfluid systems
3- understanding of
mineralwatergas reactivity
IS THERE (STILL) A
PLACE FOR THE
HALLIMOND TUBE
ADVANTAGE ease to
operate and small amount
of ldquoorerdquo
DISADVANTAGES
physical process of
flotation ()
particle size
bubble size
agitation processes
froth structure
synergy between (different)
mineral particles
IS THERE (STILL) A PLACE FOR
THE HALLIMOND TUBE
advanced synchrotron-based interfacial x-ray tools for in-
situ studies of solid-liquid
high (lt1 Aring) resolution X-ray scattering techniques
element-specific sub-profiles and interfacial density profiles
from XR data
NANOBUBBLES
Nanobubbles
hydrophobic effect
heterocoagulation and
hydrodynamics in
flotation
Heinrich Schubert
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
Resources Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
R set of all resources
R1 natural
R2 environmental
R3 energy
R4 investment capital
R5 people
Rn any other
Ro when NO resources are available
What is DEVELOPMENT Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
W R D
W a transform say WORK R set of resources as seen D set of development stages
Hypothesis of Development Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
given a set of hypothesis of development n is the
number of subsidiary hypothesis characterizing Si
respect D
ni
n
ii SSS 1
1
VISIONS of SD Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
54321 dddddd SSSSSDS
Visions of SD in Mining mineral processing included
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
Sd1 set of minimum(al) use of natural resources
Sd2 set of optimum(al) use or maximum(al) of
physical flow resources
Sd3 set of minimum(al) use of energetic resources
Sd4 set of minimum(al) use of environmental
resources
Sd5 set of maximum(al) AGREED STAGES of
social satisfaction
Visions of SD in Mining mineral processing included
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
Sd = set of VISIONS or scenarios of SD
belonging to D and having Sdi as
AGREED parameters
)(ii dddd SsSSSs
SD Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
targets and objectives of a GIVEN AGREEMENT establishing a set of SD steps
in mining mp included
5
1idS
Indicators of SD Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
To MEASURE an indicator is necessary
Let define as effort (E) a FUNCTION that attributes a POSITIVE NUMBER to all and any productive operation () or process
NPE
AGREEMENT (a measure of an)
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
A (x y p)= E (x y p)ndash E (y x p) ndash T (p)
Subjected to
5
1idS
A (x y p)= E (x y p)ndash E (y x p) ndash T (p)
x = society community country
y = mining industry mining enterprise hellip
p = mine plant hellip
T(p) = capital expenditure in p hellip
Degree of Agreement
A (x y p) = 0
equal gains
A (x y p) lt 0
x X loses
A (x y p) gt 0
y Y gain less than x
Sustainable Ore bodies Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
ASi (x y p) gt 0
iii SSS ARO
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
iii SSS ARO
SUSTAINABLE MINERAL PROCESSING
PRACTICES AND FUNDAMENTALS
OR VICE-VERSA
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
SOME PRACTICES
Georgius Agricola De Re Metallica 1556
DE RE METALLICA SUSTAINABILITY
MINING CLOSURE Aboriginal
Joint Venture for Aboriginal Firms
Colomac MINE Canadaacute
HEAP LEACHING Mulato MINE Sonora Meacutexico (14000 tday)
ldquoManaging mine drainage
water quality is a critical
concern for all mining
operations because discharges
must typically meet stringent
water quality standards set by
local regional and national
governments ldquo
ldquoAcidic drainage remains the
most significant issue due to
high concentrations of metals
and costs of treatment to
achieve acceptable levels ldquo
WATER MINE 7500 m 3 hoUr
Mina de Vazante Votorantim metais
Lack scarcity WATER CHUQUICAMARACHILE
UraniUm WATER MINE
INB Caetiteacute Bahia
URANIUM
INACTIVE Uranium mine ndash INB CALDAS MINAS GERAIS
PHOSPHOGYPSUM MOSAIC FLORIDAUSA PHOSPHOGYPSUM HEAPS ( heavy
metals amp Radionucliacutedes)
PHOSPHOGYPSUM aerial view ndash CATALAtildeO MINE GOIAS BRASIL amp phosphogypsum waste
Suncor
Syncrude
(Mildred Lake)
Shell
CNRL Exxon
Syncrude
(Aurora)
5 km
ldquoIndeed it is claimed that when an underground mine
is established anywhere in the world 70ndash90 of the required
technology comes from either Finland or Swedenrdquo
Elijaumlrvi chromite - Open Pit in February
Outokumpu Oyj Floresta Boreal
MinING BOREAL FOREST
a Solution Not a problem
FINLAND VISION 2050
ldquoFinland is a global leader in the sustainable utilization of mineral resources and the minerals sector is one of the key foundations of the Finnish national economyrdquo
RENEWABLE amp NON RENEWABLE OR
SUSTAINABLE amp NON SUSTAINABLE
ldquoI would like to close this
section by dispelling the
myth that resources are
finite a notion some
policymakers sometimes
like to promote
Resources will only
become finite if limits are
placed on exploration
because a country has
suddenly become less
attractive for investmentrdquo TOM ALBANESE RioTinto
CEO(2010)
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
FUNDAMENTALS
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas
CETEM
SD in the MINERAL INDUSTRY is
MINIMIZING
MASSES
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
MAXIMIZING
SATISFACcedilAtildeO
SOCIAL
ldquosocial satisfaction is the
degree of societal
acceptance of a given
policy or political
agendardquo
A (x y p) gt 0 AS SEEN SUSTAINABLE PRJECT
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
ASi (x y p) gt 0
The roles of x y and p
iii SSS ARO
INTERPHASE
PHENOMENA
ARGONNE
UNDERSTANDING
1- molecular structure of mineral
surfaces and other phases
2- ordering of fluids adjacent to
these phases
3- electrical double-layer
structure and distribution
4- dynamical processes
LEADING TO
1- specific reaction mechanisms
at mineralfluid interfphase
2- kinetics and reaction
mechanisms at the atomic scale in
key mineralfluid systems
3- understanding of
mineralwatergas reactivity
IS THERE (STILL) A
PLACE FOR THE
HALLIMOND TUBE
ADVANTAGE ease to
operate and small amount
of ldquoorerdquo
DISADVANTAGES
physical process of
flotation ()
particle size
bubble size
agitation processes
froth structure
synergy between (different)
mineral particles
IS THERE (STILL) A PLACE FOR
THE HALLIMOND TUBE
advanced synchrotron-based interfacial x-ray tools for in-
situ studies of solid-liquid
high (lt1 Aring) resolution X-ray scattering techniques
element-specific sub-profiles and interfacial density profiles
from XR data
NANOBUBBLES
Nanobubbles
hydrophobic effect
heterocoagulation and
hydrodynamics in
flotation
Heinrich Schubert
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
What is DEVELOPMENT Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
W R D
W a transform say WORK R set of resources as seen D set of development stages
Hypothesis of Development Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
given a set of hypothesis of development n is the
number of subsidiary hypothesis characterizing Si
respect D
ni
n
ii SSS 1
1
VISIONS of SD Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
54321 dddddd SSSSSDS
Visions of SD in Mining mineral processing included
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
Sd1 set of minimum(al) use of natural resources
Sd2 set of optimum(al) use or maximum(al) of
physical flow resources
Sd3 set of minimum(al) use of energetic resources
Sd4 set of minimum(al) use of environmental
resources
Sd5 set of maximum(al) AGREED STAGES of
social satisfaction
Visions of SD in Mining mineral processing included
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
Sd = set of VISIONS or scenarios of SD
belonging to D and having Sdi as
AGREED parameters
)(ii dddd SsSSSs
SD Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
targets and objectives of a GIVEN AGREEMENT establishing a set of SD steps
in mining mp included
5
1idS
Indicators of SD Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
To MEASURE an indicator is necessary
Let define as effort (E) a FUNCTION that attributes a POSITIVE NUMBER to all and any productive operation () or process
NPE
AGREEMENT (a measure of an)
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
A (x y p)= E (x y p)ndash E (y x p) ndash T (p)
Subjected to
5
1idS
A (x y p)= E (x y p)ndash E (y x p) ndash T (p)
x = society community country
y = mining industry mining enterprise hellip
p = mine plant hellip
T(p) = capital expenditure in p hellip
Degree of Agreement
A (x y p) = 0
equal gains
A (x y p) lt 0
x X loses
A (x y p) gt 0
y Y gain less than x
Sustainable Ore bodies Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
ASi (x y p) gt 0
iii SSS ARO
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
iii SSS ARO
SUSTAINABLE MINERAL PROCESSING
PRACTICES AND FUNDAMENTALS
OR VICE-VERSA
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
SOME PRACTICES
Georgius Agricola De Re Metallica 1556
DE RE METALLICA SUSTAINABILITY
MINING CLOSURE Aboriginal
Joint Venture for Aboriginal Firms
Colomac MINE Canadaacute
HEAP LEACHING Mulato MINE Sonora Meacutexico (14000 tday)
ldquoManaging mine drainage
water quality is a critical
concern for all mining
operations because discharges
must typically meet stringent
water quality standards set by
local regional and national
governments ldquo
ldquoAcidic drainage remains the
most significant issue due to
high concentrations of metals
and costs of treatment to
achieve acceptable levels ldquo
WATER MINE 7500 m 3 hoUr
Mina de Vazante Votorantim metais
Lack scarcity WATER CHUQUICAMARACHILE
UraniUm WATER MINE
INB Caetiteacute Bahia
URANIUM
INACTIVE Uranium mine ndash INB CALDAS MINAS GERAIS
PHOSPHOGYPSUM MOSAIC FLORIDAUSA PHOSPHOGYPSUM HEAPS ( heavy
metals amp Radionucliacutedes)
PHOSPHOGYPSUM aerial view ndash CATALAtildeO MINE GOIAS BRASIL amp phosphogypsum waste
Suncor
Syncrude
(Mildred Lake)
Shell
CNRL Exxon
Syncrude
(Aurora)
5 km
ldquoIndeed it is claimed that when an underground mine
is established anywhere in the world 70ndash90 of the required
technology comes from either Finland or Swedenrdquo
Elijaumlrvi chromite - Open Pit in February
Outokumpu Oyj Floresta Boreal
MinING BOREAL FOREST
a Solution Not a problem
FINLAND VISION 2050
ldquoFinland is a global leader in the sustainable utilization of mineral resources and the minerals sector is one of the key foundations of the Finnish national economyrdquo
RENEWABLE amp NON RENEWABLE OR
SUSTAINABLE amp NON SUSTAINABLE
ldquoI would like to close this
section by dispelling the
myth that resources are
finite a notion some
policymakers sometimes
like to promote
Resources will only
become finite if limits are
placed on exploration
because a country has
suddenly become less
attractive for investmentrdquo TOM ALBANESE RioTinto
CEO(2010)
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
FUNDAMENTALS
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas
CETEM
SD in the MINERAL INDUSTRY is
MINIMIZING
MASSES
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
MAXIMIZING
SATISFACcedilAtildeO
SOCIAL
ldquosocial satisfaction is the
degree of societal
acceptance of a given
policy or political
agendardquo
A (x y p) gt 0 AS SEEN SUSTAINABLE PRJECT
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
ASi (x y p) gt 0
The roles of x y and p
iii SSS ARO
INTERPHASE
PHENOMENA
ARGONNE
UNDERSTANDING
1- molecular structure of mineral
surfaces and other phases
2- ordering of fluids adjacent to
these phases
3- electrical double-layer
structure and distribution
4- dynamical processes
LEADING TO
1- specific reaction mechanisms
at mineralfluid interfphase
2- kinetics and reaction
mechanisms at the atomic scale in
key mineralfluid systems
3- understanding of
mineralwatergas reactivity
IS THERE (STILL) A
PLACE FOR THE
HALLIMOND TUBE
ADVANTAGE ease to
operate and small amount
of ldquoorerdquo
DISADVANTAGES
physical process of
flotation ()
particle size
bubble size
agitation processes
froth structure
synergy between (different)
mineral particles
IS THERE (STILL) A PLACE FOR
THE HALLIMOND TUBE
advanced synchrotron-based interfacial x-ray tools for in-
situ studies of solid-liquid
high (lt1 Aring) resolution X-ray scattering techniques
element-specific sub-profiles and interfacial density profiles
from XR data
NANOBUBBLES
Nanobubbles
hydrophobic effect
heterocoagulation and
hydrodynamics in
flotation
Heinrich Schubert
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
Hypothesis of Development Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
given a set of hypothesis of development n is the
number of subsidiary hypothesis characterizing Si
respect D
ni
n
ii SSS 1
1
VISIONS of SD Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
54321 dddddd SSSSSDS
Visions of SD in Mining mineral processing included
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
Sd1 set of minimum(al) use of natural resources
Sd2 set of optimum(al) use or maximum(al) of
physical flow resources
Sd3 set of minimum(al) use of energetic resources
Sd4 set of minimum(al) use of environmental
resources
Sd5 set of maximum(al) AGREED STAGES of
social satisfaction
Visions of SD in Mining mineral processing included
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
Sd = set of VISIONS or scenarios of SD
belonging to D and having Sdi as
AGREED parameters
)(ii dddd SsSSSs
SD Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
targets and objectives of a GIVEN AGREEMENT establishing a set of SD steps
in mining mp included
5
1idS
Indicators of SD Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
To MEASURE an indicator is necessary
Let define as effort (E) a FUNCTION that attributes a POSITIVE NUMBER to all and any productive operation () or process
NPE
AGREEMENT (a measure of an)
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
A (x y p)= E (x y p)ndash E (y x p) ndash T (p)
Subjected to
5
1idS
A (x y p)= E (x y p)ndash E (y x p) ndash T (p)
x = society community country
y = mining industry mining enterprise hellip
p = mine plant hellip
T(p) = capital expenditure in p hellip
Degree of Agreement
A (x y p) = 0
equal gains
A (x y p) lt 0
x X loses
A (x y p) gt 0
y Y gain less than x
Sustainable Ore bodies Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
ASi (x y p) gt 0
iii SSS ARO
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
iii SSS ARO
SUSTAINABLE MINERAL PROCESSING
PRACTICES AND FUNDAMENTALS
OR VICE-VERSA
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
SOME PRACTICES
Georgius Agricola De Re Metallica 1556
DE RE METALLICA SUSTAINABILITY
MINING CLOSURE Aboriginal
Joint Venture for Aboriginal Firms
Colomac MINE Canadaacute
HEAP LEACHING Mulato MINE Sonora Meacutexico (14000 tday)
ldquoManaging mine drainage
water quality is a critical
concern for all mining
operations because discharges
must typically meet stringent
water quality standards set by
local regional and national
governments ldquo
ldquoAcidic drainage remains the
most significant issue due to
high concentrations of metals
and costs of treatment to
achieve acceptable levels ldquo
WATER MINE 7500 m 3 hoUr
Mina de Vazante Votorantim metais
Lack scarcity WATER CHUQUICAMARACHILE
UraniUm WATER MINE
INB Caetiteacute Bahia
URANIUM
INACTIVE Uranium mine ndash INB CALDAS MINAS GERAIS
PHOSPHOGYPSUM MOSAIC FLORIDAUSA PHOSPHOGYPSUM HEAPS ( heavy
metals amp Radionucliacutedes)
PHOSPHOGYPSUM aerial view ndash CATALAtildeO MINE GOIAS BRASIL amp phosphogypsum waste
Suncor
Syncrude
(Mildred Lake)
Shell
CNRL Exxon
Syncrude
(Aurora)
5 km
ldquoIndeed it is claimed that when an underground mine
is established anywhere in the world 70ndash90 of the required
technology comes from either Finland or Swedenrdquo
Elijaumlrvi chromite - Open Pit in February
Outokumpu Oyj Floresta Boreal
MinING BOREAL FOREST
a Solution Not a problem
FINLAND VISION 2050
ldquoFinland is a global leader in the sustainable utilization of mineral resources and the minerals sector is one of the key foundations of the Finnish national economyrdquo
RENEWABLE amp NON RENEWABLE OR
SUSTAINABLE amp NON SUSTAINABLE
ldquoI would like to close this
section by dispelling the
myth that resources are
finite a notion some
policymakers sometimes
like to promote
Resources will only
become finite if limits are
placed on exploration
because a country has
suddenly become less
attractive for investmentrdquo TOM ALBANESE RioTinto
CEO(2010)
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
FUNDAMENTALS
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas
CETEM
SD in the MINERAL INDUSTRY is
MINIMIZING
MASSES
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
MAXIMIZING
SATISFACcedilAtildeO
SOCIAL
ldquosocial satisfaction is the
degree of societal
acceptance of a given
policy or political
agendardquo
A (x y p) gt 0 AS SEEN SUSTAINABLE PRJECT
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
ASi (x y p) gt 0
The roles of x y and p
iii SSS ARO
INTERPHASE
PHENOMENA
ARGONNE
UNDERSTANDING
1- molecular structure of mineral
surfaces and other phases
2- ordering of fluids adjacent to
these phases
3- electrical double-layer
structure and distribution
4- dynamical processes
LEADING TO
1- specific reaction mechanisms
at mineralfluid interfphase
2- kinetics and reaction
mechanisms at the atomic scale in
key mineralfluid systems
3- understanding of
mineralwatergas reactivity
IS THERE (STILL) A
PLACE FOR THE
HALLIMOND TUBE
ADVANTAGE ease to
operate and small amount
of ldquoorerdquo
DISADVANTAGES
physical process of
flotation ()
particle size
bubble size
agitation processes
froth structure
synergy between (different)
mineral particles
IS THERE (STILL) A PLACE FOR
THE HALLIMOND TUBE
advanced synchrotron-based interfacial x-ray tools for in-
situ studies of solid-liquid
high (lt1 Aring) resolution X-ray scattering techniques
element-specific sub-profiles and interfacial density profiles
from XR data
NANOBUBBLES
Nanobubbles
hydrophobic effect
heterocoagulation and
hydrodynamics in
flotation
Heinrich Schubert
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
VISIONS of SD Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
54321 dddddd SSSSSDS
Visions of SD in Mining mineral processing included
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
Sd1 set of minimum(al) use of natural resources
Sd2 set of optimum(al) use or maximum(al) of
physical flow resources
Sd3 set of minimum(al) use of energetic resources
Sd4 set of minimum(al) use of environmental
resources
Sd5 set of maximum(al) AGREED STAGES of
social satisfaction
Visions of SD in Mining mineral processing included
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
Sd = set of VISIONS or scenarios of SD
belonging to D and having Sdi as
AGREED parameters
)(ii dddd SsSSSs
SD Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
targets and objectives of a GIVEN AGREEMENT establishing a set of SD steps
in mining mp included
5
1idS
Indicators of SD Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
To MEASURE an indicator is necessary
Let define as effort (E) a FUNCTION that attributes a POSITIVE NUMBER to all and any productive operation () or process
NPE
AGREEMENT (a measure of an)
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
A (x y p)= E (x y p)ndash E (y x p) ndash T (p)
Subjected to
5
1idS
A (x y p)= E (x y p)ndash E (y x p) ndash T (p)
x = society community country
y = mining industry mining enterprise hellip
p = mine plant hellip
T(p) = capital expenditure in p hellip
Degree of Agreement
A (x y p) = 0
equal gains
A (x y p) lt 0
x X loses
A (x y p) gt 0
y Y gain less than x
Sustainable Ore bodies Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
ASi (x y p) gt 0
iii SSS ARO
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
iii SSS ARO
SUSTAINABLE MINERAL PROCESSING
PRACTICES AND FUNDAMENTALS
OR VICE-VERSA
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
SOME PRACTICES
Georgius Agricola De Re Metallica 1556
DE RE METALLICA SUSTAINABILITY
MINING CLOSURE Aboriginal
Joint Venture for Aboriginal Firms
Colomac MINE Canadaacute
HEAP LEACHING Mulato MINE Sonora Meacutexico (14000 tday)
ldquoManaging mine drainage
water quality is a critical
concern for all mining
operations because discharges
must typically meet stringent
water quality standards set by
local regional and national
governments ldquo
ldquoAcidic drainage remains the
most significant issue due to
high concentrations of metals
and costs of treatment to
achieve acceptable levels ldquo
WATER MINE 7500 m 3 hoUr
Mina de Vazante Votorantim metais
Lack scarcity WATER CHUQUICAMARACHILE
UraniUm WATER MINE
INB Caetiteacute Bahia
URANIUM
INACTIVE Uranium mine ndash INB CALDAS MINAS GERAIS
PHOSPHOGYPSUM MOSAIC FLORIDAUSA PHOSPHOGYPSUM HEAPS ( heavy
metals amp Radionucliacutedes)
PHOSPHOGYPSUM aerial view ndash CATALAtildeO MINE GOIAS BRASIL amp phosphogypsum waste
Suncor
Syncrude
(Mildred Lake)
Shell
CNRL Exxon
Syncrude
(Aurora)
5 km
ldquoIndeed it is claimed that when an underground mine
is established anywhere in the world 70ndash90 of the required
technology comes from either Finland or Swedenrdquo
Elijaumlrvi chromite - Open Pit in February
Outokumpu Oyj Floresta Boreal
MinING BOREAL FOREST
a Solution Not a problem
FINLAND VISION 2050
ldquoFinland is a global leader in the sustainable utilization of mineral resources and the minerals sector is one of the key foundations of the Finnish national economyrdquo
RENEWABLE amp NON RENEWABLE OR
SUSTAINABLE amp NON SUSTAINABLE
ldquoI would like to close this
section by dispelling the
myth that resources are
finite a notion some
policymakers sometimes
like to promote
Resources will only
become finite if limits are
placed on exploration
because a country has
suddenly become less
attractive for investmentrdquo TOM ALBANESE RioTinto
CEO(2010)
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
FUNDAMENTALS
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas
CETEM
SD in the MINERAL INDUSTRY is
MINIMIZING
MASSES
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
MAXIMIZING
SATISFACcedilAtildeO
SOCIAL
ldquosocial satisfaction is the
degree of societal
acceptance of a given
policy or political
agendardquo
A (x y p) gt 0 AS SEEN SUSTAINABLE PRJECT
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
ASi (x y p) gt 0
The roles of x y and p
iii SSS ARO
INTERPHASE
PHENOMENA
ARGONNE
UNDERSTANDING
1- molecular structure of mineral
surfaces and other phases
2- ordering of fluids adjacent to
these phases
3- electrical double-layer
structure and distribution
4- dynamical processes
LEADING TO
1- specific reaction mechanisms
at mineralfluid interfphase
2- kinetics and reaction
mechanisms at the atomic scale in
key mineralfluid systems
3- understanding of
mineralwatergas reactivity
IS THERE (STILL) A
PLACE FOR THE
HALLIMOND TUBE
ADVANTAGE ease to
operate and small amount
of ldquoorerdquo
DISADVANTAGES
physical process of
flotation ()
particle size
bubble size
agitation processes
froth structure
synergy between (different)
mineral particles
IS THERE (STILL) A PLACE FOR
THE HALLIMOND TUBE
advanced synchrotron-based interfacial x-ray tools for in-
situ studies of solid-liquid
high (lt1 Aring) resolution X-ray scattering techniques
element-specific sub-profiles and interfacial density profiles
from XR data
NANOBUBBLES
Nanobubbles
hydrophobic effect
heterocoagulation and
hydrodynamics in
flotation
Heinrich Schubert
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
Visions of SD in Mining mineral processing included
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
Sd1 set of minimum(al) use of natural resources
Sd2 set of optimum(al) use or maximum(al) of
physical flow resources
Sd3 set of minimum(al) use of energetic resources
Sd4 set of minimum(al) use of environmental
resources
Sd5 set of maximum(al) AGREED STAGES of
social satisfaction
Visions of SD in Mining mineral processing included
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
Sd = set of VISIONS or scenarios of SD
belonging to D and having Sdi as
AGREED parameters
)(ii dddd SsSSSs
SD Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
targets and objectives of a GIVEN AGREEMENT establishing a set of SD steps
in mining mp included
5
1idS
Indicators of SD Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
To MEASURE an indicator is necessary
Let define as effort (E) a FUNCTION that attributes a POSITIVE NUMBER to all and any productive operation () or process
NPE
AGREEMENT (a measure of an)
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
A (x y p)= E (x y p)ndash E (y x p) ndash T (p)
Subjected to
5
1idS
A (x y p)= E (x y p)ndash E (y x p) ndash T (p)
x = society community country
y = mining industry mining enterprise hellip
p = mine plant hellip
T(p) = capital expenditure in p hellip
Degree of Agreement
A (x y p) = 0
equal gains
A (x y p) lt 0
x X loses
A (x y p) gt 0
y Y gain less than x
Sustainable Ore bodies Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
ASi (x y p) gt 0
iii SSS ARO
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
iii SSS ARO
SUSTAINABLE MINERAL PROCESSING
PRACTICES AND FUNDAMENTALS
OR VICE-VERSA
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
SOME PRACTICES
Georgius Agricola De Re Metallica 1556
DE RE METALLICA SUSTAINABILITY
MINING CLOSURE Aboriginal
Joint Venture for Aboriginal Firms
Colomac MINE Canadaacute
HEAP LEACHING Mulato MINE Sonora Meacutexico (14000 tday)
ldquoManaging mine drainage
water quality is a critical
concern for all mining
operations because discharges
must typically meet stringent
water quality standards set by
local regional and national
governments ldquo
ldquoAcidic drainage remains the
most significant issue due to
high concentrations of metals
and costs of treatment to
achieve acceptable levels ldquo
WATER MINE 7500 m 3 hoUr
Mina de Vazante Votorantim metais
Lack scarcity WATER CHUQUICAMARACHILE
UraniUm WATER MINE
INB Caetiteacute Bahia
URANIUM
INACTIVE Uranium mine ndash INB CALDAS MINAS GERAIS
PHOSPHOGYPSUM MOSAIC FLORIDAUSA PHOSPHOGYPSUM HEAPS ( heavy
metals amp Radionucliacutedes)
PHOSPHOGYPSUM aerial view ndash CATALAtildeO MINE GOIAS BRASIL amp phosphogypsum waste
Suncor
Syncrude
(Mildred Lake)
Shell
CNRL Exxon
Syncrude
(Aurora)
5 km
ldquoIndeed it is claimed that when an underground mine
is established anywhere in the world 70ndash90 of the required
technology comes from either Finland or Swedenrdquo
Elijaumlrvi chromite - Open Pit in February
Outokumpu Oyj Floresta Boreal
MinING BOREAL FOREST
a Solution Not a problem
FINLAND VISION 2050
ldquoFinland is a global leader in the sustainable utilization of mineral resources and the minerals sector is one of the key foundations of the Finnish national economyrdquo
RENEWABLE amp NON RENEWABLE OR
SUSTAINABLE amp NON SUSTAINABLE
ldquoI would like to close this
section by dispelling the
myth that resources are
finite a notion some
policymakers sometimes
like to promote
Resources will only
become finite if limits are
placed on exploration
because a country has
suddenly become less
attractive for investmentrdquo TOM ALBANESE RioTinto
CEO(2010)
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
FUNDAMENTALS
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas
CETEM
SD in the MINERAL INDUSTRY is
MINIMIZING
MASSES
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
MAXIMIZING
SATISFACcedilAtildeO
SOCIAL
ldquosocial satisfaction is the
degree of societal
acceptance of a given
policy or political
agendardquo
A (x y p) gt 0 AS SEEN SUSTAINABLE PRJECT
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
ASi (x y p) gt 0
The roles of x y and p
iii SSS ARO
INTERPHASE
PHENOMENA
ARGONNE
UNDERSTANDING
1- molecular structure of mineral
surfaces and other phases
2- ordering of fluids adjacent to
these phases
3- electrical double-layer
structure and distribution
4- dynamical processes
LEADING TO
1- specific reaction mechanisms
at mineralfluid interfphase
2- kinetics and reaction
mechanisms at the atomic scale in
key mineralfluid systems
3- understanding of
mineralwatergas reactivity
IS THERE (STILL) A
PLACE FOR THE
HALLIMOND TUBE
ADVANTAGE ease to
operate and small amount
of ldquoorerdquo
DISADVANTAGES
physical process of
flotation ()
particle size
bubble size
agitation processes
froth structure
synergy between (different)
mineral particles
IS THERE (STILL) A PLACE FOR
THE HALLIMOND TUBE
advanced synchrotron-based interfacial x-ray tools for in-
situ studies of solid-liquid
high (lt1 Aring) resolution X-ray scattering techniques
element-specific sub-profiles and interfacial density profiles
from XR data
NANOBUBBLES
Nanobubbles
hydrophobic effect
heterocoagulation and
hydrodynamics in
flotation
Heinrich Schubert
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
Visions of SD in Mining mineral processing included
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
Sd = set of VISIONS or scenarios of SD
belonging to D and having Sdi as
AGREED parameters
)(ii dddd SsSSSs
SD Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
targets and objectives of a GIVEN AGREEMENT establishing a set of SD steps
in mining mp included
5
1idS
Indicators of SD Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
To MEASURE an indicator is necessary
Let define as effort (E) a FUNCTION that attributes a POSITIVE NUMBER to all and any productive operation () or process
NPE
AGREEMENT (a measure of an)
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
A (x y p)= E (x y p)ndash E (y x p) ndash T (p)
Subjected to
5
1idS
A (x y p)= E (x y p)ndash E (y x p) ndash T (p)
x = society community country
y = mining industry mining enterprise hellip
p = mine plant hellip
T(p) = capital expenditure in p hellip
Degree of Agreement
A (x y p) = 0
equal gains
A (x y p) lt 0
x X loses
A (x y p) gt 0
y Y gain less than x
Sustainable Ore bodies Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
ASi (x y p) gt 0
iii SSS ARO
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
iii SSS ARO
SUSTAINABLE MINERAL PROCESSING
PRACTICES AND FUNDAMENTALS
OR VICE-VERSA
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
SOME PRACTICES
Georgius Agricola De Re Metallica 1556
DE RE METALLICA SUSTAINABILITY
MINING CLOSURE Aboriginal
Joint Venture for Aboriginal Firms
Colomac MINE Canadaacute
HEAP LEACHING Mulato MINE Sonora Meacutexico (14000 tday)
ldquoManaging mine drainage
water quality is a critical
concern for all mining
operations because discharges
must typically meet stringent
water quality standards set by
local regional and national
governments ldquo
ldquoAcidic drainage remains the
most significant issue due to
high concentrations of metals
and costs of treatment to
achieve acceptable levels ldquo
WATER MINE 7500 m 3 hoUr
Mina de Vazante Votorantim metais
Lack scarcity WATER CHUQUICAMARACHILE
UraniUm WATER MINE
INB Caetiteacute Bahia
URANIUM
INACTIVE Uranium mine ndash INB CALDAS MINAS GERAIS
PHOSPHOGYPSUM MOSAIC FLORIDAUSA PHOSPHOGYPSUM HEAPS ( heavy
metals amp Radionucliacutedes)
PHOSPHOGYPSUM aerial view ndash CATALAtildeO MINE GOIAS BRASIL amp phosphogypsum waste
Suncor
Syncrude
(Mildred Lake)
Shell
CNRL Exxon
Syncrude
(Aurora)
5 km
ldquoIndeed it is claimed that when an underground mine
is established anywhere in the world 70ndash90 of the required
technology comes from either Finland or Swedenrdquo
Elijaumlrvi chromite - Open Pit in February
Outokumpu Oyj Floresta Boreal
MinING BOREAL FOREST
a Solution Not a problem
FINLAND VISION 2050
ldquoFinland is a global leader in the sustainable utilization of mineral resources and the minerals sector is one of the key foundations of the Finnish national economyrdquo
RENEWABLE amp NON RENEWABLE OR
SUSTAINABLE amp NON SUSTAINABLE
ldquoI would like to close this
section by dispelling the
myth that resources are
finite a notion some
policymakers sometimes
like to promote
Resources will only
become finite if limits are
placed on exploration
because a country has
suddenly become less
attractive for investmentrdquo TOM ALBANESE RioTinto
CEO(2010)
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
FUNDAMENTALS
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas
CETEM
SD in the MINERAL INDUSTRY is
MINIMIZING
MASSES
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
MAXIMIZING
SATISFACcedilAtildeO
SOCIAL
ldquosocial satisfaction is the
degree of societal
acceptance of a given
policy or political
agendardquo
A (x y p) gt 0 AS SEEN SUSTAINABLE PRJECT
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
ASi (x y p) gt 0
The roles of x y and p
iii SSS ARO
INTERPHASE
PHENOMENA
ARGONNE
UNDERSTANDING
1- molecular structure of mineral
surfaces and other phases
2- ordering of fluids adjacent to
these phases
3- electrical double-layer
structure and distribution
4- dynamical processes
LEADING TO
1- specific reaction mechanisms
at mineralfluid interfphase
2- kinetics and reaction
mechanisms at the atomic scale in
key mineralfluid systems
3- understanding of
mineralwatergas reactivity
IS THERE (STILL) A
PLACE FOR THE
HALLIMOND TUBE
ADVANTAGE ease to
operate and small amount
of ldquoorerdquo
DISADVANTAGES
physical process of
flotation ()
particle size
bubble size
agitation processes
froth structure
synergy between (different)
mineral particles
IS THERE (STILL) A PLACE FOR
THE HALLIMOND TUBE
advanced synchrotron-based interfacial x-ray tools for in-
situ studies of solid-liquid
high (lt1 Aring) resolution X-ray scattering techniques
element-specific sub-profiles and interfacial density profiles
from XR data
NANOBUBBLES
Nanobubbles
hydrophobic effect
heterocoagulation and
hydrodynamics in
flotation
Heinrich Schubert
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
SD Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
targets and objectives of a GIVEN AGREEMENT establishing a set of SD steps
in mining mp included
5
1idS
Indicators of SD Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
To MEASURE an indicator is necessary
Let define as effort (E) a FUNCTION that attributes a POSITIVE NUMBER to all and any productive operation () or process
NPE
AGREEMENT (a measure of an)
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
A (x y p)= E (x y p)ndash E (y x p) ndash T (p)
Subjected to
5
1idS
A (x y p)= E (x y p)ndash E (y x p) ndash T (p)
x = society community country
y = mining industry mining enterprise hellip
p = mine plant hellip
T(p) = capital expenditure in p hellip
Degree of Agreement
A (x y p) = 0
equal gains
A (x y p) lt 0
x X loses
A (x y p) gt 0
y Y gain less than x
Sustainable Ore bodies Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
ASi (x y p) gt 0
iii SSS ARO
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
iii SSS ARO
SUSTAINABLE MINERAL PROCESSING
PRACTICES AND FUNDAMENTALS
OR VICE-VERSA
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
SOME PRACTICES
Georgius Agricola De Re Metallica 1556
DE RE METALLICA SUSTAINABILITY
MINING CLOSURE Aboriginal
Joint Venture for Aboriginal Firms
Colomac MINE Canadaacute
HEAP LEACHING Mulato MINE Sonora Meacutexico (14000 tday)
ldquoManaging mine drainage
water quality is a critical
concern for all mining
operations because discharges
must typically meet stringent
water quality standards set by
local regional and national
governments ldquo
ldquoAcidic drainage remains the
most significant issue due to
high concentrations of metals
and costs of treatment to
achieve acceptable levels ldquo
WATER MINE 7500 m 3 hoUr
Mina de Vazante Votorantim metais
Lack scarcity WATER CHUQUICAMARACHILE
UraniUm WATER MINE
INB Caetiteacute Bahia
URANIUM
INACTIVE Uranium mine ndash INB CALDAS MINAS GERAIS
PHOSPHOGYPSUM MOSAIC FLORIDAUSA PHOSPHOGYPSUM HEAPS ( heavy
metals amp Radionucliacutedes)
PHOSPHOGYPSUM aerial view ndash CATALAtildeO MINE GOIAS BRASIL amp phosphogypsum waste
Suncor
Syncrude
(Mildred Lake)
Shell
CNRL Exxon
Syncrude
(Aurora)
5 km
ldquoIndeed it is claimed that when an underground mine
is established anywhere in the world 70ndash90 of the required
technology comes from either Finland or Swedenrdquo
Elijaumlrvi chromite - Open Pit in February
Outokumpu Oyj Floresta Boreal
MinING BOREAL FOREST
a Solution Not a problem
FINLAND VISION 2050
ldquoFinland is a global leader in the sustainable utilization of mineral resources and the minerals sector is one of the key foundations of the Finnish national economyrdquo
RENEWABLE amp NON RENEWABLE OR
SUSTAINABLE amp NON SUSTAINABLE
ldquoI would like to close this
section by dispelling the
myth that resources are
finite a notion some
policymakers sometimes
like to promote
Resources will only
become finite if limits are
placed on exploration
because a country has
suddenly become less
attractive for investmentrdquo TOM ALBANESE RioTinto
CEO(2010)
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
FUNDAMENTALS
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas
CETEM
SD in the MINERAL INDUSTRY is
MINIMIZING
MASSES
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
MAXIMIZING
SATISFACcedilAtildeO
SOCIAL
ldquosocial satisfaction is the
degree of societal
acceptance of a given
policy or political
agendardquo
A (x y p) gt 0 AS SEEN SUSTAINABLE PRJECT
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
ASi (x y p) gt 0
The roles of x y and p
iii SSS ARO
INTERPHASE
PHENOMENA
ARGONNE
UNDERSTANDING
1- molecular structure of mineral
surfaces and other phases
2- ordering of fluids adjacent to
these phases
3- electrical double-layer
structure and distribution
4- dynamical processes
LEADING TO
1- specific reaction mechanisms
at mineralfluid interfphase
2- kinetics and reaction
mechanisms at the atomic scale in
key mineralfluid systems
3- understanding of
mineralwatergas reactivity
IS THERE (STILL) A
PLACE FOR THE
HALLIMOND TUBE
ADVANTAGE ease to
operate and small amount
of ldquoorerdquo
DISADVANTAGES
physical process of
flotation ()
particle size
bubble size
agitation processes
froth structure
synergy between (different)
mineral particles
IS THERE (STILL) A PLACE FOR
THE HALLIMOND TUBE
advanced synchrotron-based interfacial x-ray tools for in-
situ studies of solid-liquid
high (lt1 Aring) resolution X-ray scattering techniques
element-specific sub-profiles and interfacial density profiles
from XR data
NANOBUBBLES
Nanobubbles
hydrophobic effect
heterocoagulation and
hydrodynamics in
flotation
Heinrich Schubert
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
Indicators of SD Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
To MEASURE an indicator is necessary
Let define as effort (E) a FUNCTION that attributes a POSITIVE NUMBER to all and any productive operation () or process
NPE
AGREEMENT (a measure of an)
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
A (x y p)= E (x y p)ndash E (y x p) ndash T (p)
Subjected to
5
1idS
A (x y p)= E (x y p)ndash E (y x p) ndash T (p)
x = society community country
y = mining industry mining enterprise hellip
p = mine plant hellip
T(p) = capital expenditure in p hellip
Degree of Agreement
A (x y p) = 0
equal gains
A (x y p) lt 0
x X loses
A (x y p) gt 0
y Y gain less than x
Sustainable Ore bodies Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
ASi (x y p) gt 0
iii SSS ARO
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
iii SSS ARO
SUSTAINABLE MINERAL PROCESSING
PRACTICES AND FUNDAMENTALS
OR VICE-VERSA
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
SOME PRACTICES
Georgius Agricola De Re Metallica 1556
DE RE METALLICA SUSTAINABILITY
MINING CLOSURE Aboriginal
Joint Venture for Aboriginal Firms
Colomac MINE Canadaacute
HEAP LEACHING Mulato MINE Sonora Meacutexico (14000 tday)
ldquoManaging mine drainage
water quality is a critical
concern for all mining
operations because discharges
must typically meet stringent
water quality standards set by
local regional and national
governments ldquo
ldquoAcidic drainage remains the
most significant issue due to
high concentrations of metals
and costs of treatment to
achieve acceptable levels ldquo
WATER MINE 7500 m 3 hoUr
Mina de Vazante Votorantim metais
Lack scarcity WATER CHUQUICAMARACHILE
UraniUm WATER MINE
INB Caetiteacute Bahia
URANIUM
INACTIVE Uranium mine ndash INB CALDAS MINAS GERAIS
PHOSPHOGYPSUM MOSAIC FLORIDAUSA PHOSPHOGYPSUM HEAPS ( heavy
metals amp Radionucliacutedes)
PHOSPHOGYPSUM aerial view ndash CATALAtildeO MINE GOIAS BRASIL amp phosphogypsum waste
Suncor
Syncrude
(Mildred Lake)
Shell
CNRL Exxon
Syncrude
(Aurora)
5 km
ldquoIndeed it is claimed that when an underground mine
is established anywhere in the world 70ndash90 of the required
technology comes from either Finland or Swedenrdquo
Elijaumlrvi chromite - Open Pit in February
Outokumpu Oyj Floresta Boreal
MinING BOREAL FOREST
a Solution Not a problem
FINLAND VISION 2050
ldquoFinland is a global leader in the sustainable utilization of mineral resources and the minerals sector is one of the key foundations of the Finnish national economyrdquo
RENEWABLE amp NON RENEWABLE OR
SUSTAINABLE amp NON SUSTAINABLE
ldquoI would like to close this
section by dispelling the
myth that resources are
finite a notion some
policymakers sometimes
like to promote
Resources will only
become finite if limits are
placed on exploration
because a country has
suddenly become less
attractive for investmentrdquo TOM ALBANESE RioTinto
CEO(2010)
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
FUNDAMENTALS
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas
CETEM
SD in the MINERAL INDUSTRY is
MINIMIZING
MASSES
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
MAXIMIZING
SATISFACcedilAtildeO
SOCIAL
ldquosocial satisfaction is the
degree of societal
acceptance of a given
policy or political
agendardquo
A (x y p) gt 0 AS SEEN SUSTAINABLE PRJECT
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
ASi (x y p) gt 0
The roles of x y and p
iii SSS ARO
INTERPHASE
PHENOMENA
ARGONNE
UNDERSTANDING
1- molecular structure of mineral
surfaces and other phases
2- ordering of fluids adjacent to
these phases
3- electrical double-layer
structure and distribution
4- dynamical processes
LEADING TO
1- specific reaction mechanisms
at mineralfluid interfphase
2- kinetics and reaction
mechanisms at the atomic scale in
key mineralfluid systems
3- understanding of
mineralwatergas reactivity
IS THERE (STILL) A
PLACE FOR THE
HALLIMOND TUBE
ADVANTAGE ease to
operate and small amount
of ldquoorerdquo
DISADVANTAGES
physical process of
flotation ()
particle size
bubble size
agitation processes
froth structure
synergy between (different)
mineral particles
IS THERE (STILL) A PLACE FOR
THE HALLIMOND TUBE
advanced synchrotron-based interfacial x-ray tools for in-
situ studies of solid-liquid
high (lt1 Aring) resolution X-ray scattering techniques
element-specific sub-profiles and interfacial density profiles
from XR data
NANOBUBBLES
Nanobubbles
hydrophobic effect
heterocoagulation and
hydrodynamics in
flotation
Heinrich Schubert
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
AGREEMENT (a measure of an)
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas CETEM
A (x y p)= E (x y p)ndash E (y x p) ndash T (p)
Subjected to
5
1idS
A (x y p)= E (x y p)ndash E (y x p) ndash T (p)
x = society community country
y = mining industry mining enterprise hellip
p = mine plant hellip
T(p) = capital expenditure in p hellip
Degree of Agreement
A (x y p) = 0
equal gains
A (x y p) lt 0
x X loses
A (x y p) gt 0
y Y gain less than x
Sustainable Ore bodies Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
ASi (x y p) gt 0
iii SSS ARO
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
iii SSS ARO
SUSTAINABLE MINERAL PROCESSING
PRACTICES AND FUNDAMENTALS
OR VICE-VERSA
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
SOME PRACTICES
Georgius Agricola De Re Metallica 1556
DE RE METALLICA SUSTAINABILITY
MINING CLOSURE Aboriginal
Joint Venture for Aboriginal Firms
Colomac MINE Canadaacute
HEAP LEACHING Mulato MINE Sonora Meacutexico (14000 tday)
ldquoManaging mine drainage
water quality is a critical
concern for all mining
operations because discharges
must typically meet stringent
water quality standards set by
local regional and national
governments ldquo
ldquoAcidic drainage remains the
most significant issue due to
high concentrations of metals
and costs of treatment to
achieve acceptable levels ldquo
WATER MINE 7500 m 3 hoUr
Mina de Vazante Votorantim metais
Lack scarcity WATER CHUQUICAMARACHILE
UraniUm WATER MINE
INB Caetiteacute Bahia
URANIUM
INACTIVE Uranium mine ndash INB CALDAS MINAS GERAIS
PHOSPHOGYPSUM MOSAIC FLORIDAUSA PHOSPHOGYPSUM HEAPS ( heavy
metals amp Radionucliacutedes)
PHOSPHOGYPSUM aerial view ndash CATALAtildeO MINE GOIAS BRASIL amp phosphogypsum waste
Suncor
Syncrude
(Mildred Lake)
Shell
CNRL Exxon
Syncrude
(Aurora)
5 km
ldquoIndeed it is claimed that when an underground mine
is established anywhere in the world 70ndash90 of the required
technology comes from either Finland or Swedenrdquo
Elijaumlrvi chromite - Open Pit in February
Outokumpu Oyj Floresta Boreal
MinING BOREAL FOREST
a Solution Not a problem
FINLAND VISION 2050
ldquoFinland is a global leader in the sustainable utilization of mineral resources and the minerals sector is one of the key foundations of the Finnish national economyrdquo
RENEWABLE amp NON RENEWABLE OR
SUSTAINABLE amp NON SUSTAINABLE
ldquoI would like to close this
section by dispelling the
myth that resources are
finite a notion some
policymakers sometimes
like to promote
Resources will only
become finite if limits are
placed on exploration
because a country has
suddenly become less
attractive for investmentrdquo TOM ALBANESE RioTinto
CEO(2010)
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
FUNDAMENTALS
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas
CETEM
SD in the MINERAL INDUSTRY is
MINIMIZING
MASSES
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
MAXIMIZING
SATISFACcedilAtildeO
SOCIAL
ldquosocial satisfaction is the
degree of societal
acceptance of a given
policy or political
agendardquo
A (x y p) gt 0 AS SEEN SUSTAINABLE PRJECT
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
ASi (x y p) gt 0
The roles of x y and p
iii SSS ARO
INTERPHASE
PHENOMENA
ARGONNE
UNDERSTANDING
1- molecular structure of mineral
surfaces and other phases
2- ordering of fluids adjacent to
these phases
3- electrical double-layer
structure and distribution
4- dynamical processes
LEADING TO
1- specific reaction mechanisms
at mineralfluid interfphase
2- kinetics and reaction
mechanisms at the atomic scale in
key mineralfluid systems
3- understanding of
mineralwatergas reactivity
IS THERE (STILL) A
PLACE FOR THE
HALLIMOND TUBE
ADVANTAGE ease to
operate and small amount
of ldquoorerdquo
DISADVANTAGES
physical process of
flotation ()
particle size
bubble size
agitation processes
froth structure
synergy between (different)
mineral particles
IS THERE (STILL) A PLACE FOR
THE HALLIMOND TUBE
advanced synchrotron-based interfacial x-ray tools for in-
situ studies of solid-liquid
high (lt1 Aring) resolution X-ray scattering techniques
element-specific sub-profiles and interfacial density profiles
from XR data
NANOBUBBLES
Nanobubbles
hydrophobic effect
heterocoagulation and
hydrodynamics in
flotation
Heinrich Schubert
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
A (x y p)= E (x y p)ndash E (y x p) ndash T (p)
x = society community country
y = mining industry mining enterprise hellip
p = mine plant hellip
T(p) = capital expenditure in p hellip
Degree of Agreement
A (x y p) = 0
equal gains
A (x y p) lt 0
x X loses
A (x y p) gt 0
y Y gain less than x
Sustainable Ore bodies Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
ASi (x y p) gt 0
iii SSS ARO
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
iii SSS ARO
SUSTAINABLE MINERAL PROCESSING
PRACTICES AND FUNDAMENTALS
OR VICE-VERSA
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
SOME PRACTICES
Georgius Agricola De Re Metallica 1556
DE RE METALLICA SUSTAINABILITY
MINING CLOSURE Aboriginal
Joint Venture for Aboriginal Firms
Colomac MINE Canadaacute
HEAP LEACHING Mulato MINE Sonora Meacutexico (14000 tday)
ldquoManaging mine drainage
water quality is a critical
concern for all mining
operations because discharges
must typically meet stringent
water quality standards set by
local regional and national
governments ldquo
ldquoAcidic drainage remains the
most significant issue due to
high concentrations of metals
and costs of treatment to
achieve acceptable levels ldquo
WATER MINE 7500 m 3 hoUr
Mina de Vazante Votorantim metais
Lack scarcity WATER CHUQUICAMARACHILE
UraniUm WATER MINE
INB Caetiteacute Bahia
URANIUM
INACTIVE Uranium mine ndash INB CALDAS MINAS GERAIS
PHOSPHOGYPSUM MOSAIC FLORIDAUSA PHOSPHOGYPSUM HEAPS ( heavy
metals amp Radionucliacutedes)
PHOSPHOGYPSUM aerial view ndash CATALAtildeO MINE GOIAS BRASIL amp phosphogypsum waste
Suncor
Syncrude
(Mildred Lake)
Shell
CNRL Exxon
Syncrude
(Aurora)
5 km
ldquoIndeed it is claimed that when an underground mine
is established anywhere in the world 70ndash90 of the required
technology comes from either Finland or Swedenrdquo
Elijaumlrvi chromite - Open Pit in February
Outokumpu Oyj Floresta Boreal
MinING BOREAL FOREST
a Solution Not a problem
FINLAND VISION 2050
ldquoFinland is a global leader in the sustainable utilization of mineral resources and the minerals sector is one of the key foundations of the Finnish national economyrdquo
RENEWABLE amp NON RENEWABLE OR
SUSTAINABLE amp NON SUSTAINABLE
ldquoI would like to close this
section by dispelling the
myth that resources are
finite a notion some
policymakers sometimes
like to promote
Resources will only
become finite if limits are
placed on exploration
because a country has
suddenly become less
attractive for investmentrdquo TOM ALBANESE RioTinto
CEO(2010)
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
FUNDAMENTALS
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas
CETEM
SD in the MINERAL INDUSTRY is
MINIMIZING
MASSES
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
MAXIMIZING
SATISFACcedilAtildeO
SOCIAL
ldquosocial satisfaction is the
degree of societal
acceptance of a given
policy or political
agendardquo
A (x y p) gt 0 AS SEEN SUSTAINABLE PRJECT
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
ASi (x y p) gt 0
The roles of x y and p
iii SSS ARO
INTERPHASE
PHENOMENA
ARGONNE
UNDERSTANDING
1- molecular structure of mineral
surfaces and other phases
2- ordering of fluids adjacent to
these phases
3- electrical double-layer
structure and distribution
4- dynamical processes
LEADING TO
1- specific reaction mechanisms
at mineralfluid interfphase
2- kinetics and reaction
mechanisms at the atomic scale in
key mineralfluid systems
3- understanding of
mineralwatergas reactivity
IS THERE (STILL) A
PLACE FOR THE
HALLIMOND TUBE
ADVANTAGE ease to
operate and small amount
of ldquoorerdquo
DISADVANTAGES
physical process of
flotation ()
particle size
bubble size
agitation processes
froth structure
synergy between (different)
mineral particles
IS THERE (STILL) A PLACE FOR
THE HALLIMOND TUBE
advanced synchrotron-based interfacial x-ray tools for in-
situ studies of solid-liquid
high (lt1 Aring) resolution X-ray scattering techniques
element-specific sub-profiles and interfacial density profiles
from XR data
NANOBUBBLES
Nanobubbles
hydrophobic effect
heterocoagulation and
hydrodynamics in
flotation
Heinrich Schubert
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
Degree of Agreement
A (x y p) = 0
equal gains
A (x y p) lt 0
x X loses
A (x y p) gt 0
y Y gain less than x
Sustainable Ore bodies Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
ASi (x y p) gt 0
iii SSS ARO
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
iii SSS ARO
SUSTAINABLE MINERAL PROCESSING
PRACTICES AND FUNDAMENTALS
OR VICE-VERSA
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
SOME PRACTICES
Georgius Agricola De Re Metallica 1556
DE RE METALLICA SUSTAINABILITY
MINING CLOSURE Aboriginal
Joint Venture for Aboriginal Firms
Colomac MINE Canadaacute
HEAP LEACHING Mulato MINE Sonora Meacutexico (14000 tday)
ldquoManaging mine drainage
water quality is a critical
concern for all mining
operations because discharges
must typically meet stringent
water quality standards set by
local regional and national
governments ldquo
ldquoAcidic drainage remains the
most significant issue due to
high concentrations of metals
and costs of treatment to
achieve acceptable levels ldquo
WATER MINE 7500 m 3 hoUr
Mina de Vazante Votorantim metais
Lack scarcity WATER CHUQUICAMARACHILE
UraniUm WATER MINE
INB Caetiteacute Bahia
URANIUM
INACTIVE Uranium mine ndash INB CALDAS MINAS GERAIS
PHOSPHOGYPSUM MOSAIC FLORIDAUSA PHOSPHOGYPSUM HEAPS ( heavy
metals amp Radionucliacutedes)
PHOSPHOGYPSUM aerial view ndash CATALAtildeO MINE GOIAS BRASIL amp phosphogypsum waste
Suncor
Syncrude
(Mildred Lake)
Shell
CNRL Exxon
Syncrude
(Aurora)
5 km
ldquoIndeed it is claimed that when an underground mine
is established anywhere in the world 70ndash90 of the required
technology comes from either Finland or Swedenrdquo
Elijaumlrvi chromite - Open Pit in February
Outokumpu Oyj Floresta Boreal
MinING BOREAL FOREST
a Solution Not a problem
FINLAND VISION 2050
ldquoFinland is a global leader in the sustainable utilization of mineral resources and the minerals sector is one of the key foundations of the Finnish national economyrdquo
RENEWABLE amp NON RENEWABLE OR
SUSTAINABLE amp NON SUSTAINABLE
ldquoI would like to close this
section by dispelling the
myth that resources are
finite a notion some
policymakers sometimes
like to promote
Resources will only
become finite if limits are
placed on exploration
because a country has
suddenly become less
attractive for investmentrdquo TOM ALBANESE RioTinto
CEO(2010)
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
FUNDAMENTALS
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas
CETEM
SD in the MINERAL INDUSTRY is
MINIMIZING
MASSES
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
MAXIMIZING
SATISFACcedilAtildeO
SOCIAL
ldquosocial satisfaction is the
degree of societal
acceptance of a given
policy or political
agendardquo
A (x y p) gt 0 AS SEEN SUSTAINABLE PRJECT
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
ASi (x y p) gt 0
The roles of x y and p
iii SSS ARO
INTERPHASE
PHENOMENA
ARGONNE
UNDERSTANDING
1- molecular structure of mineral
surfaces and other phases
2- ordering of fluids adjacent to
these phases
3- electrical double-layer
structure and distribution
4- dynamical processes
LEADING TO
1- specific reaction mechanisms
at mineralfluid interfphase
2- kinetics and reaction
mechanisms at the atomic scale in
key mineralfluid systems
3- understanding of
mineralwatergas reactivity
IS THERE (STILL) A
PLACE FOR THE
HALLIMOND TUBE
ADVANTAGE ease to
operate and small amount
of ldquoorerdquo
DISADVANTAGES
physical process of
flotation ()
particle size
bubble size
agitation processes
froth structure
synergy between (different)
mineral particles
IS THERE (STILL) A PLACE FOR
THE HALLIMOND TUBE
advanced synchrotron-based interfacial x-ray tools for in-
situ studies of solid-liquid
high (lt1 Aring) resolution X-ray scattering techniques
element-specific sub-profiles and interfacial density profiles
from XR data
NANOBUBBLES
Nanobubbles
hydrophobic effect
heterocoagulation and
hydrodynamics in
flotation
Heinrich Schubert
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
Sustainable Ore bodies Roberto C Villas Bocircas CETEM
ASi (x y p) gt 0
iii SSS ARO
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
iii SSS ARO
SUSTAINABLE MINERAL PROCESSING
PRACTICES AND FUNDAMENTALS
OR VICE-VERSA
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
SOME PRACTICES
Georgius Agricola De Re Metallica 1556
DE RE METALLICA SUSTAINABILITY
MINING CLOSURE Aboriginal
Joint Venture for Aboriginal Firms
Colomac MINE Canadaacute
HEAP LEACHING Mulato MINE Sonora Meacutexico (14000 tday)
ldquoManaging mine drainage
water quality is a critical
concern for all mining
operations because discharges
must typically meet stringent
water quality standards set by
local regional and national
governments ldquo
ldquoAcidic drainage remains the
most significant issue due to
high concentrations of metals
and costs of treatment to
achieve acceptable levels ldquo
WATER MINE 7500 m 3 hoUr
Mina de Vazante Votorantim metais
Lack scarcity WATER CHUQUICAMARACHILE
UraniUm WATER MINE
INB Caetiteacute Bahia
URANIUM
INACTIVE Uranium mine ndash INB CALDAS MINAS GERAIS
PHOSPHOGYPSUM MOSAIC FLORIDAUSA PHOSPHOGYPSUM HEAPS ( heavy
metals amp Radionucliacutedes)
PHOSPHOGYPSUM aerial view ndash CATALAtildeO MINE GOIAS BRASIL amp phosphogypsum waste
Suncor
Syncrude
(Mildred Lake)
Shell
CNRL Exxon
Syncrude
(Aurora)
5 km
ldquoIndeed it is claimed that when an underground mine
is established anywhere in the world 70ndash90 of the required
technology comes from either Finland or Swedenrdquo
Elijaumlrvi chromite - Open Pit in February
Outokumpu Oyj Floresta Boreal
MinING BOREAL FOREST
a Solution Not a problem
FINLAND VISION 2050
ldquoFinland is a global leader in the sustainable utilization of mineral resources and the minerals sector is one of the key foundations of the Finnish national economyrdquo
RENEWABLE amp NON RENEWABLE OR
SUSTAINABLE amp NON SUSTAINABLE
ldquoI would like to close this
section by dispelling the
myth that resources are
finite a notion some
policymakers sometimes
like to promote
Resources will only
become finite if limits are
placed on exploration
because a country has
suddenly become less
attractive for investmentrdquo TOM ALBANESE RioTinto
CEO(2010)
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
FUNDAMENTALS
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas
CETEM
SD in the MINERAL INDUSTRY is
MINIMIZING
MASSES
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
MAXIMIZING
SATISFACcedilAtildeO
SOCIAL
ldquosocial satisfaction is the
degree of societal
acceptance of a given
policy or political
agendardquo
A (x y p) gt 0 AS SEEN SUSTAINABLE PRJECT
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
ASi (x y p) gt 0
The roles of x y and p
iii SSS ARO
INTERPHASE
PHENOMENA
ARGONNE
UNDERSTANDING
1- molecular structure of mineral
surfaces and other phases
2- ordering of fluids adjacent to
these phases
3- electrical double-layer
structure and distribution
4- dynamical processes
LEADING TO
1- specific reaction mechanisms
at mineralfluid interfphase
2- kinetics and reaction
mechanisms at the atomic scale in
key mineralfluid systems
3- understanding of
mineralwatergas reactivity
IS THERE (STILL) A
PLACE FOR THE
HALLIMOND TUBE
ADVANTAGE ease to
operate and small amount
of ldquoorerdquo
DISADVANTAGES
physical process of
flotation ()
particle size
bubble size
agitation processes
froth structure
synergy between (different)
mineral particles
IS THERE (STILL) A PLACE FOR
THE HALLIMOND TUBE
advanced synchrotron-based interfacial x-ray tools for in-
situ studies of solid-liquid
high (lt1 Aring) resolution X-ray scattering techniques
element-specific sub-profiles and interfacial density profiles
from XR data
NANOBUBBLES
Nanobubbles
hydrophobic effect
heterocoagulation and
hydrodynamics in
flotation
Heinrich Schubert
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
iii SSS ARO
SUSTAINABLE MINERAL PROCESSING
PRACTICES AND FUNDAMENTALS
OR VICE-VERSA
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
SOME PRACTICES
Georgius Agricola De Re Metallica 1556
DE RE METALLICA SUSTAINABILITY
MINING CLOSURE Aboriginal
Joint Venture for Aboriginal Firms
Colomac MINE Canadaacute
HEAP LEACHING Mulato MINE Sonora Meacutexico (14000 tday)
ldquoManaging mine drainage
water quality is a critical
concern for all mining
operations because discharges
must typically meet stringent
water quality standards set by
local regional and national
governments ldquo
ldquoAcidic drainage remains the
most significant issue due to
high concentrations of metals
and costs of treatment to
achieve acceptable levels ldquo
WATER MINE 7500 m 3 hoUr
Mina de Vazante Votorantim metais
Lack scarcity WATER CHUQUICAMARACHILE
UraniUm WATER MINE
INB Caetiteacute Bahia
URANIUM
INACTIVE Uranium mine ndash INB CALDAS MINAS GERAIS
PHOSPHOGYPSUM MOSAIC FLORIDAUSA PHOSPHOGYPSUM HEAPS ( heavy
metals amp Radionucliacutedes)
PHOSPHOGYPSUM aerial view ndash CATALAtildeO MINE GOIAS BRASIL amp phosphogypsum waste
Suncor
Syncrude
(Mildred Lake)
Shell
CNRL Exxon
Syncrude
(Aurora)
5 km
ldquoIndeed it is claimed that when an underground mine
is established anywhere in the world 70ndash90 of the required
technology comes from either Finland or Swedenrdquo
Elijaumlrvi chromite - Open Pit in February
Outokumpu Oyj Floresta Boreal
MinING BOREAL FOREST
a Solution Not a problem
FINLAND VISION 2050
ldquoFinland is a global leader in the sustainable utilization of mineral resources and the minerals sector is one of the key foundations of the Finnish national economyrdquo
RENEWABLE amp NON RENEWABLE OR
SUSTAINABLE amp NON SUSTAINABLE
ldquoI would like to close this
section by dispelling the
myth that resources are
finite a notion some
policymakers sometimes
like to promote
Resources will only
become finite if limits are
placed on exploration
because a country has
suddenly become less
attractive for investmentrdquo TOM ALBANESE RioTinto
CEO(2010)
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
FUNDAMENTALS
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas
CETEM
SD in the MINERAL INDUSTRY is
MINIMIZING
MASSES
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
MAXIMIZING
SATISFACcedilAtildeO
SOCIAL
ldquosocial satisfaction is the
degree of societal
acceptance of a given
policy or political
agendardquo
A (x y p) gt 0 AS SEEN SUSTAINABLE PRJECT
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
ASi (x y p) gt 0
The roles of x y and p
iii SSS ARO
INTERPHASE
PHENOMENA
ARGONNE
UNDERSTANDING
1- molecular structure of mineral
surfaces and other phases
2- ordering of fluids adjacent to
these phases
3- electrical double-layer
structure and distribution
4- dynamical processes
LEADING TO
1- specific reaction mechanisms
at mineralfluid interfphase
2- kinetics and reaction
mechanisms at the atomic scale in
key mineralfluid systems
3- understanding of
mineralwatergas reactivity
IS THERE (STILL) A
PLACE FOR THE
HALLIMOND TUBE
ADVANTAGE ease to
operate and small amount
of ldquoorerdquo
DISADVANTAGES
physical process of
flotation ()
particle size
bubble size
agitation processes
froth structure
synergy between (different)
mineral particles
IS THERE (STILL) A PLACE FOR
THE HALLIMOND TUBE
advanced synchrotron-based interfacial x-ray tools for in-
situ studies of solid-liquid
high (lt1 Aring) resolution X-ray scattering techniques
element-specific sub-profiles and interfacial density profiles
from XR data
NANOBUBBLES
Nanobubbles
hydrophobic effect
heterocoagulation and
hydrodynamics in
flotation
Heinrich Schubert
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
SUSTAINABLE MINERAL PROCESSING
PRACTICES AND FUNDAMENTALS
OR VICE-VERSA
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
SOME PRACTICES
Georgius Agricola De Re Metallica 1556
DE RE METALLICA SUSTAINABILITY
MINING CLOSURE Aboriginal
Joint Venture for Aboriginal Firms
Colomac MINE Canadaacute
HEAP LEACHING Mulato MINE Sonora Meacutexico (14000 tday)
ldquoManaging mine drainage
water quality is a critical
concern for all mining
operations because discharges
must typically meet stringent
water quality standards set by
local regional and national
governments ldquo
ldquoAcidic drainage remains the
most significant issue due to
high concentrations of metals
and costs of treatment to
achieve acceptable levels ldquo
WATER MINE 7500 m 3 hoUr
Mina de Vazante Votorantim metais
Lack scarcity WATER CHUQUICAMARACHILE
UraniUm WATER MINE
INB Caetiteacute Bahia
URANIUM
INACTIVE Uranium mine ndash INB CALDAS MINAS GERAIS
PHOSPHOGYPSUM MOSAIC FLORIDAUSA PHOSPHOGYPSUM HEAPS ( heavy
metals amp Radionucliacutedes)
PHOSPHOGYPSUM aerial view ndash CATALAtildeO MINE GOIAS BRASIL amp phosphogypsum waste
Suncor
Syncrude
(Mildred Lake)
Shell
CNRL Exxon
Syncrude
(Aurora)
5 km
ldquoIndeed it is claimed that when an underground mine
is established anywhere in the world 70ndash90 of the required
technology comes from either Finland or Swedenrdquo
Elijaumlrvi chromite - Open Pit in February
Outokumpu Oyj Floresta Boreal
MinING BOREAL FOREST
a Solution Not a problem
FINLAND VISION 2050
ldquoFinland is a global leader in the sustainable utilization of mineral resources and the minerals sector is one of the key foundations of the Finnish national economyrdquo
RENEWABLE amp NON RENEWABLE OR
SUSTAINABLE amp NON SUSTAINABLE
ldquoI would like to close this
section by dispelling the
myth that resources are
finite a notion some
policymakers sometimes
like to promote
Resources will only
become finite if limits are
placed on exploration
because a country has
suddenly become less
attractive for investmentrdquo TOM ALBANESE RioTinto
CEO(2010)
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
FUNDAMENTALS
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas
CETEM
SD in the MINERAL INDUSTRY is
MINIMIZING
MASSES
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
MAXIMIZING
SATISFACcedilAtildeO
SOCIAL
ldquosocial satisfaction is the
degree of societal
acceptance of a given
policy or political
agendardquo
A (x y p) gt 0 AS SEEN SUSTAINABLE PRJECT
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
ASi (x y p) gt 0
The roles of x y and p
iii SSS ARO
INTERPHASE
PHENOMENA
ARGONNE
UNDERSTANDING
1- molecular structure of mineral
surfaces and other phases
2- ordering of fluids adjacent to
these phases
3- electrical double-layer
structure and distribution
4- dynamical processes
LEADING TO
1- specific reaction mechanisms
at mineralfluid interfphase
2- kinetics and reaction
mechanisms at the atomic scale in
key mineralfluid systems
3- understanding of
mineralwatergas reactivity
IS THERE (STILL) A
PLACE FOR THE
HALLIMOND TUBE
ADVANTAGE ease to
operate and small amount
of ldquoorerdquo
DISADVANTAGES
physical process of
flotation ()
particle size
bubble size
agitation processes
froth structure
synergy between (different)
mineral particles
IS THERE (STILL) A PLACE FOR
THE HALLIMOND TUBE
advanced synchrotron-based interfacial x-ray tools for in-
situ studies of solid-liquid
high (lt1 Aring) resolution X-ray scattering techniques
element-specific sub-profiles and interfacial density profiles
from XR data
NANOBUBBLES
Nanobubbles
hydrophobic effect
heterocoagulation and
hydrodynamics in
flotation
Heinrich Schubert
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
SOME PRACTICES
Georgius Agricola De Re Metallica 1556
DE RE METALLICA SUSTAINABILITY
MINING CLOSURE Aboriginal
Joint Venture for Aboriginal Firms
Colomac MINE Canadaacute
HEAP LEACHING Mulato MINE Sonora Meacutexico (14000 tday)
ldquoManaging mine drainage
water quality is a critical
concern for all mining
operations because discharges
must typically meet stringent
water quality standards set by
local regional and national
governments ldquo
ldquoAcidic drainage remains the
most significant issue due to
high concentrations of metals
and costs of treatment to
achieve acceptable levels ldquo
WATER MINE 7500 m 3 hoUr
Mina de Vazante Votorantim metais
Lack scarcity WATER CHUQUICAMARACHILE
UraniUm WATER MINE
INB Caetiteacute Bahia
URANIUM
INACTIVE Uranium mine ndash INB CALDAS MINAS GERAIS
PHOSPHOGYPSUM MOSAIC FLORIDAUSA PHOSPHOGYPSUM HEAPS ( heavy
metals amp Radionucliacutedes)
PHOSPHOGYPSUM aerial view ndash CATALAtildeO MINE GOIAS BRASIL amp phosphogypsum waste
Suncor
Syncrude
(Mildred Lake)
Shell
CNRL Exxon
Syncrude
(Aurora)
5 km
ldquoIndeed it is claimed that when an underground mine
is established anywhere in the world 70ndash90 of the required
technology comes from either Finland or Swedenrdquo
Elijaumlrvi chromite - Open Pit in February
Outokumpu Oyj Floresta Boreal
MinING BOREAL FOREST
a Solution Not a problem
FINLAND VISION 2050
ldquoFinland is a global leader in the sustainable utilization of mineral resources and the minerals sector is one of the key foundations of the Finnish national economyrdquo
RENEWABLE amp NON RENEWABLE OR
SUSTAINABLE amp NON SUSTAINABLE
ldquoI would like to close this
section by dispelling the
myth that resources are
finite a notion some
policymakers sometimes
like to promote
Resources will only
become finite if limits are
placed on exploration
because a country has
suddenly become less
attractive for investmentrdquo TOM ALBANESE RioTinto
CEO(2010)
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
FUNDAMENTALS
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas
CETEM
SD in the MINERAL INDUSTRY is
MINIMIZING
MASSES
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
MAXIMIZING
SATISFACcedilAtildeO
SOCIAL
ldquosocial satisfaction is the
degree of societal
acceptance of a given
policy or political
agendardquo
A (x y p) gt 0 AS SEEN SUSTAINABLE PRJECT
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
ASi (x y p) gt 0
The roles of x y and p
iii SSS ARO
INTERPHASE
PHENOMENA
ARGONNE
UNDERSTANDING
1- molecular structure of mineral
surfaces and other phases
2- ordering of fluids adjacent to
these phases
3- electrical double-layer
structure and distribution
4- dynamical processes
LEADING TO
1- specific reaction mechanisms
at mineralfluid interfphase
2- kinetics and reaction
mechanisms at the atomic scale in
key mineralfluid systems
3- understanding of
mineralwatergas reactivity
IS THERE (STILL) A
PLACE FOR THE
HALLIMOND TUBE
ADVANTAGE ease to
operate and small amount
of ldquoorerdquo
DISADVANTAGES
physical process of
flotation ()
particle size
bubble size
agitation processes
froth structure
synergy between (different)
mineral particles
IS THERE (STILL) A PLACE FOR
THE HALLIMOND TUBE
advanced synchrotron-based interfacial x-ray tools for in-
situ studies of solid-liquid
high (lt1 Aring) resolution X-ray scattering techniques
element-specific sub-profiles and interfacial density profiles
from XR data
NANOBUBBLES
Nanobubbles
hydrophobic effect
heterocoagulation and
hydrodynamics in
flotation
Heinrich Schubert
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
Georgius Agricola De Re Metallica 1556
DE RE METALLICA SUSTAINABILITY
MINING CLOSURE Aboriginal
Joint Venture for Aboriginal Firms
Colomac MINE Canadaacute
HEAP LEACHING Mulato MINE Sonora Meacutexico (14000 tday)
ldquoManaging mine drainage
water quality is a critical
concern for all mining
operations because discharges
must typically meet stringent
water quality standards set by
local regional and national
governments ldquo
ldquoAcidic drainage remains the
most significant issue due to
high concentrations of metals
and costs of treatment to
achieve acceptable levels ldquo
WATER MINE 7500 m 3 hoUr
Mina de Vazante Votorantim metais
Lack scarcity WATER CHUQUICAMARACHILE
UraniUm WATER MINE
INB Caetiteacute Bahia
URANIUM
INACTIVE Uranium mine ndash INB CALDAS MINAS GERAIS
PHOSPHOGYPSUM MOSAIC FLORIDAUSA PHOSPHOGYPSUM HEAPS ( heavy
metals amp Radionucliacutedes)
PHOSPHOGYPSUM aerial view ndash CATALAtildeO MINE GOIAS BRASIL amp phosphogypsum waste
Suncor
Syncrude
(Mildred Lake)
Shell
CNRL Exxon
Syncrude
(Aurora)
5 km
ldquoIndeed it is claimed that when an underground mine
is established anywhere in the world 70ndash90 of the required
technology comes from either Finland or Swedenrdquo
Elijaumlrvi chromite - Open Pit in February
Outokumpu Oyj Floresta Boreal
MinING BOREAL FOREST
a Solution Not a problem
FINLAND VISION 2050
ldquoFinland is a global leader in the sustainable utilization of mineral resources and the minerals sector is one of the key foundations of the Finnish national economyrdquo
RENEWABLE amp NON RENEWABLE OR
SUSTAINABLE amp NON SUSTAINABLE
ldquoI would like to close this
section by dispelling the
myth that resources are
finite a notion some
policymakers sometimes
like to promote
Resources will only
become finite if limits are
placed on exploration
because a country has
suddenly become less
attractive for investmentrdquo TOM ALBANESE RioTinto
CEO(2010)
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
FUNDAMENTALS
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas
CETEM
SD in the MINERAL INDUSTRY is
MINIMIZING
MASSES
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
MAXIMIZING
SATISFACcedilAtildeO
SOCIAL
ldquosocial satisfaction is the
degree of societal
acceptance of a given
policy or political
agendardquo
A (x y p) gt 0 AS SEEN SUSTAINABLE PRJECT
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
ASi (x y p) gt 0
The roles of x y and p
iii SSS ARO
INTERPHASE
PHENOMENA
ARGONNE
UNDERSTANDING
1- molecular structure of mineral
surfaces and other phases
2- ordering of fluids adjacent to
these phases
3- electrical double-layer
structure and distribution
4- dynamical processes
LEADING TO
1- specific reaction mechanisms
at mineralfluid interfphase
2- kinetics and reaction
mechanisms at the atomic scale in
key mineralfluid systems
3- understanding of
mineralwatergas reactivity
IS THERE (STILL) A
PLACE FOR THE
HALLIMOND TUBE
ADVANTAGE ease to
operate and small amount
of ldquoorerdquo
DISADVANTAGES
physical process of
flotation ()
particle size
bubble size
agitation processes
froth structure
synergy between (different)
mineral particles
IS THERE (STILL) A PLACE FOR
THE HALLIMOND TUBE
advanced synchrotron-based interfacial x-ray tools for in-
situ studies of solid-liquid
high (lt1 Aring) resolution X-ray scattering techniques
element-specific sub-profiles and interfacial density profiles
from XR data
NANOBUBBLES
Nanobubbles
hydrophobic effect
heterocoagulation and
hydrodynamics in
flotation
Heinrich Schubert
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
MINING CLOSURE Aboriginal
Joint Venture for Aboriginal Firms
Colomac MINE Canadaacute
HEAP LEACHING Mulato MINE Sonora Meacutexico (14000 tday)
ldquoManaging mine drainage
water quality is a critical
concern for all mining
operations because discharges
must typically meet stringent
water quality standards set by
local regional and national
governments ldquo
ldquoAcidic drainage remains the
most significant issue due to
high concentrations of metals
and costs of treatment to
achieve acceptable levels ldquo
WATER MINE 7500 m 3 hoUr
Mina de Vazante Votorantim metais
Lack scarcity WATER CHUQUICAMARACHILE
UraniUm WATER MINE
INB Caetiteacute Bahia
URANIUM
INACTIVE Uranium mine ndash INB CALDAS MINAS GERAIS
PHOSPHOGYPSUM MOSAIC FLORIDAUSA PHOSPHOGYPSUM HEAPS ( heavy
metals amp Radionucliacutedes)
PHOSPHOGYPSUM aerial view ndash CATALAtildeO MINE GOIAS BRASIL amp phosphogypsum waste
Suncor
Syncrude
(Mildred Lake)
Shell
CNRL Exxon
Syncrude
(Aurora)
5 km
ldquoIndeed it is claimed that when an underground mine
is established anywhere in the world 70ndash90 of the required
technology comes from either Finland or Swedenrdquo
Elijaumlrvi chromite - Open Pit in February
Outokumpu Oyj Floresta Boreal
MinING BOREAL FOREST
a Solution Not a problem
FINLAND VISION 2050
ldquoFinland is a global leader in the sustainable utilization of mineral resources and the minerals sector is one of the key foundations of the Finnish national economyrdquo
RENEWABLE amp NON RENEWABLE OR
SUSTAINABLE amp NON SUSTAINABLE
ldquoI would like to close this
section by dispelling the
myth that resources are
finite a notion some
policymakers sometimes
like to promote
Resources will only
become finite if limits are
placed on exploration
because a country has
suddenly become less
attractive for investmentrdquo TOM ALBANESE RioTinto
CEO(2010)
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
FUNDAMENTALS
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas
CETEM
SD in the MINERAL INDUSTRY is
MINIMIZING
MASSES
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
MAXIMIZING
SATISFACcedilAtildeO
SOCIAL
ldquosocial satisfaction is the
degree of societal
acceptance of a given
policy or political
agendardquo
A (x y p) gt 0 AS SEEN SUSTAINABLE PRJECT
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
ASi (x y p) gt 0
The roles of x y and p
iii SSS ARO
INTERPHASE
PHENOMENA
ARGONNE
UNDERSTANDING
1- molecular structure of mineral
surfaces and other phases
2- ordering of fluids adjacent to
these phases
3- electrical double-layer
structure and distribution
4- dynamical processes
LEADING TO
1- specific reaction mechanisms
at mineralfluid interfphase
2- kinetics and reaction
mechanisms at the atomic scale in
key mineralfluid systems
3- understanding of
mineralwatergas reactivity
IS THERE (STILL) A
PLACE FOR THE
HALLIMOND TUBE
ADVANTAGE ease to
operate and small amount
of ldquoorerdquo
DISADVANTAGES
physical process of
flotation ()
particle size
bubble size
agitation processes
froth structure
synergy between (different)
mineral particles
IS THERE (STILL) A PLACE FOR
THE HALLIMOND TUBE
advanced synchrotron-based interfacial x-ray tools for in-
situ studies of solid-liquid
high (lt1 Aring) resolution X-ray scattering techniques
element-specific sub-profiles and interfacial density profiles
from XR data
NANOBUBBLES
Nanobubbles
hydrophobic effect
heterocoagulation and
hydrodynamics in
flotation
Heinrich Schubert
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
HEAP LEACHING Mulato MINE Sonora Meacutexico (14000 tday)
ldquoManaging mine drainage
water quality is a critical
concern for all mining
operations because discharges
must typically meet stringent
water quality standards set by
local regional and national
governments ldquo
ldquoAcidic drainage remains the
most significant issue due to
high concentrations of metals
and costs of treatment to
achieve acceptable levels ldquo
WATER MINE 7500 m 3 hoUr
Mina de Vazante Votorantim metais
Lack scarcity WATER CHUQUICAMARACHILE
UraniUm WATER MINE
INB Caetiteacute Bahia
URANIUM
INACTIVE Uranium mine ndash INB CALDAS MINAS GERAIS
PHOSPHOGYPSUM MOSAIC FLORIDAUSA PHOSPHOGYPSUM HEAPS ( heavy
metals amp Radionucliacutedes)
PHOSPHOGYPSUM aerial view ndash CATALAtildeO MINE GOIAS BRASIL amp phosphogypsum waste
Suncor
Syncrude
(Mildred Lake)
Shell
CNRL Exxon
Syncrude
(Aurora)
5 km
ldquoIndeed it is claimed that when an underground mine
is established anywhere in the world 70ndash90 of the required
technology comes from either Finland or Swedenrdquo
Elijaumlrvi chromite - Open Pit in February
Outokumpu Oyj Floresta Boreal
MinING BOREAL FOREST
a Solution Not a problem
FINLAND VISION 2050
ldquoFinland is a global leader in the sustainable utilization of mineral resources and the minerals sector is one of the key foundations of the Finnish national economyrdquo
RENEWABLE amp NON RENEWABLE OR
SUSTAINABLE amp NON SUSTAINABLE
ldquoI would like to close this
section by dispelling the
myth that resources are
finite a notion some
policymakers sometimes
like to promote
Resources will only
become finite if limits are
placed on exploration
because a country has
suddenly become less
attractive for investmentrdquo TOM ALBANESE RioTinto
CEO(2010)
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
FUNDAMENTALS
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas
CETEM
SD in the MINERAL INDUSTRY is
MINIMIZING
MASSES
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
MAXIMIZING
SATISFACcedilAtildeO
SOCIAL
ldquosocial satisfaction is the
degree of societal
acceptance of a given
policy or political
agendardquo
A (x y p) gt 0 AS SEEN SUSTAINABLE PRJECT
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
ASi (x y p) gt 0
The roles of x y and p
iii SSS ARO
INTERPHASE
PHENOMENA
ARGONNE
UNDERSTANDING
1- molecular structure of mineral
surfaces and other phases
2- ordering of fluids adjacent to
these phases
3- electrical double-layer
structure and distribution
4- dynamical processes
LEADING TO
1- specific reaction mechanisms
at mineralfluid interfphase
2- kinetics and reaction
mechanisms at the atomic scale in
key mineralfluid systems
3- understanding of
mineralwatergas reactivity
IS THERE (STILL) A
PLACE FOR THE
HALLIMOND TUBE
ADVANTAGE ease to
operate and small amount
of ldquoorerdquo
DISADVANTAGES
physical process of
flotation ()
particle size
bubble size
agitation processes
froth structure
synergy between (different)
mineral particles
IS THERE (STILL) A PLACE FOR
THE HALLIMOND TUBE
advanced synchrotron-based interfacial x-ray tools for in-
situ studies of solid-liquid
high (lt1 Aring) resolution X-ray scattering techniques
element-specific sub-profiles and interfacial density profiles
from XR data
NANOBUBBLES
Nanobubbles
hydrophobic effect
heterocoagulation and
hydrodynamics in
flotation
Heinrich Schubert
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
WATER MINE 7500 m 3 hoUr
Mina de Vazante Votorantim metais
Lack scarcity WATER CHUQUICAMARACHILE
UraniUm WATER MINE
INB Caetiteacute Bahia
URANIUM
INACTIVE Uranium mine ndash INB CALDAS MINAS GERAIS
PHOSPHOGYPSUM MOSAIC FLORIDAUSA PHOSPHOGYPSUM HEAPS ( heavy
metals amp Radionucliacutedes)
PHOSPHOGYPSUM aerial view ndash CATALAtildeO MINE GOIAS BRASIL amp phosphogypsum waste
Suncor
Syncrude
(Mildred Lake)
Shell
CNRL Exxon
Syncrude
(Aurora)
5 km
ldquoIndeed it is claimed that when an underground mine
is established anywhere in the world 70ndash90 of the required
technology comes from either Finland or Swedenrdquo
Elijaumlrvi chromite - Open Pit in February
Outokumpu Oyj Floresta Boreal
MinING BOREAL FOREST
a Solution Not a problem
FINLAND VISION 2050
ldquoFinland is a global leader in the sustainable utilization of mineral resources and the minerals sector is one of the key foundations of the Finnish national economyrdquo
RENEWABLE amp NON RENEWABLE OR
SUSTAINABLE amp NON SUSTAINABLE
ldquoI would like to close this
section by dispelling the
myth that resources are
finite a notion some
policymakers sometimes
like to promote
Resources will only
become finite if limits are
placed on exploration
because a country has
suddenly become less
attractive for investmentrdquo TOM ALBANESE RioTinto
CEO(2010)
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
FUNDAMENTALS
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas
CETEM
SD in the MINERAL INDUSTRY is
MINIMIZING
MASSES
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
MAXIMIZING
SATISFACcedilAtildeO
SOCIAL
ldquosocial satisfaction is the
degree of societal
acceptance of a given
policy or political
agendardquo
A (x y p) gt 0 AS SEEN SUSTAINABLE PRJECT
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
ASi (x y p) gt 0
The roles of x y and p
iii SSS ARO
INTERPHASE
PHENOMENA
ARGONNE
UNDERSTANDING
1- molecular structure of mineral
surfaces and other phases
2- ordering of fluids adjacent to
these phases
3- electrical double-layer
structure and distribution
4- dynamical processes
LEADING TO
1- specific reaction mechanisms
at mineralfluid interfphase
2- kinetics and reaction
mechanisms at the atomic scale in
key mineralfluid systems
3- understanding of
mineralwatergas reactivity
IS THERE (STILL) A
PLACE FOR THE
HALLIMOND TUBE
ADVANTAGE ease to
operate and small amount
of ldquoorerdquo
DISADVANTAGES
physical process of
flotation ()
particle size
bubble size
agitation processes
froth structure
synergy between (different)
mineral particles
IS THERE (STILL) A PLACE FOR
THE HALLIMOND TUBE
advanced synchrotron-based interfacial x-ray tools for in-
situ studies of solid-liquid
high (lt1 Aring) resolution X-ray scattering techniques
element-specific sub-profiles and interfacial density profiles
from XR data
NANOBUBBLES
Nanobubbles
hydrophobic effect
heterocoagulation and
hydrodynamics in
flotation
Heinrich Schubert
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
Lack scarcity WATER CHUQUICAMARACHILE
UraniUm WATER MINE
INB Caetiteacute Bahia
URANIUM
INACTIVE Uranium mine ndash INB CALDAS MINAS GERAIS
PHOSPHOGYPSUM MOSAIC FLORIDAUSA PHOSPHOGYPSUM HEAPS ( heavy
metals amp Radionucliacutedes)
PHOSPHOGYPSUM aerial view ndash CATALAtildeO MINE GOIAS BRASIL amp phosphogypsum waste
Suncor
Syncrude
(Mildred Lake)
Shell
CNRL Exxon
Syncrude
(Aurora)
5 km
ldquoIndeed it is claimed that when an underground mine
is established anywhere in the world 70ndash90 of the required
technology comes from either Finland or Swedenrdquo
Elijaumlrvi chromite - Open Pit in February
Outokumpu Oyj Floresta Boreal
MinING BOREAL FOREST
a Solution Not a problem
FINLAND VISION 2050
ldquoFinland is a global leader in the sustainable utilization of mineral resources and the minerals sector is one of the key foundations of the Finnish national economyrdquo
RENEWABLE amp NON RENEWABLE OR
SUSTAINABLE amp NON SUSTAINABLE
ldquoI would like to close this
section by dispelling the
myth that resources are
finite a notion some
policymakers sometimes
like to promote
Resources will only
become finite if limits are
placed on exploration
because a country has
suddenly become less
attractive for investmentrdquo TOM ALBANESE RioTinto
CEO(2010)
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
FUNDAMENTALS
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas
CETEM
SD in the MINERAL INDUSTRY is
MINIMIZING
MASSES
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
MAXIMIZING
SATISFACcedilAtildeO
SOCIAL
ldquosocial satisfaction is the
degree of societal
acceptance of a given
policy or political
agendardquo
A (x y p) gt 0 AS SEEN SUSTAINABLE PRJECT
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
ASi (x y p) gt 0
The roles of x y and p
iii SSS ARO
INTERPHASE
PHENOMENA
ARGONNE
UNDERSTANDING
1- molecular structure of mineral
surfaces and other phases
2- ordering of fluids adjacent to
these phases
3- electrical double-layer
structure and distribution
4- dynamical processes
LEADING TO
1- specific reaction mechanisms
at mineralfluid interfphase
2- kinetics and reaction
mechanisms at the atomic scale in
key mineralfluid systems
3- understanding of
mineralwatergas reactivity
IS THERE (STILL) A
PLACE FOR THE
HALLIMOND TUBE
ADVANTAGE ease to
operate and small amount
of ldquoorerdquo
DISADVANTAGES
physical process of
flotation ()
particle size
bubble size
agitation processes
froth structure
synergy between (different)
mineral particles
IS THERE (STILL) A PLACE FOR
THE HALLIMOND TUBE
advanced synchrotron-based interfacial x-ray tools for in-
situ studies of solid-liquid
high (lt1 Aring) resolution X-ray scattering techniques
element-specific sub-profiles and interfacial density profiles
from XR data
NANOBUBBLES
Nanobubbles
hydrophobic effect
heterocoagulation and
hydrodynamics in
flotation
Heinrich Schubert
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
UraniUm WATER MINE
INB Caetiteacute Bahia
URANIUM
INACTIVE Uranium mine ndash INB CALDAS MINAS GERAIS
PHOSPHOGYPSUM MOSAIC FLORIDAUSA PHOSPHOGYPSUM HEAPS ( heavy
metals amp Radionucliacutedes)
PHOSPHOGYPSUM aerial view ndash CATALAtildeO MINE GOIAS BRASIL amp phosphogypsum waste
Suncor
Syncrude
(Mildred Lake)
Shell
CNRL Exxon
Syncrude
(Aurora)
5 km
ldquoIndeed it is claimed that when an underground mine
is established anywhere in the world 70ndash90 of the required
technology comes from either Finland or Swedenrdquo
Elijaumlrvi chromite - Open Pit in February
Outokumpu Oyj Floresta Boreal
MinING BOREAL FOREST
a Solution Not a problem
FINLAND VISION 2050
ldquoFinland is a global leader in the sustainable utilization of mineral resources and the minerals sector is one of the key foundations of the Finnish national economyrdquo
RENEWABLE amp NON RENEWABLE OR
SUSTAINABLE amp NON SUSTAINABLE
ldquoI would like to close this
section by dispelling the
myth that resources are
finite a notion some
policymakers sometimes
like to promote
Resources will only
become finite if limits are
placed on exploration
because a country has
suddenly become less
attractive for investmentrdquo TOM ALBANESE RioTinto
CEO(2010)
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
FUNDAMENTALS
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas
CETEM
SD in the MINERAL INDUSTRY is
MINIMIZING
MASSES
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
MAXIMIZING
SATISFACcedilAtildeO
SOCIAL
ldquosocial satisfaction is the
degree of societal
acceptance of a given
policy or political
agendardquo
A (x y p) gt 0 AS SEEN SUSTAINABLE PRJECT
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
ASi (x y p) gt 0
The roles of x y and p
iii SSS ARO
INTERPHASE
PHENOMENA
ARGONNE
UNDERSTANDING
1- molecular structure of mineral
surfaces and other phases
2- ordering of fluids adjacent to
these phases
3- electrical double-layer
structure and distribution
4- dynamical processes
LEADING TO
1- specific reaction mechanisms
at mineralfluid interfphase
2- kinetics and reaction
mechanisms at the atomic scale in
key mineralfluid systems
3- understanding of
mineralwatergas reactivity
IS THERE (STILL) A
PLACE FOR THE
HALLIMOND TUBE
ADVANTAGE ease to
operate and small amount
of ldquoorerdquo
DISADVANTAGES
physical process of
flotation ()
particle size
bubble size
agitation processes
froth structure
synergy between (different)
mineral particles
IS THERE (STILL) A PLACE FOR
THE HALLIMOND TUBE
advanced synchrotron-based interfacial x-ray tools for in-
situ studies of solid-liquid
high (lt1 Aring) resolution X-ray scattering techniques
element-specific sub-profiles and interfacial density profiles
from XR data
NANOBUBBLES
Nanobubbles
hydrophobic effect
heterocoagulation and
hydrodynamics in
flotation
Heinrich Schubert
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
URANIUM
INACTIVE Uranium mine ndash INB CALDAS MINAS GERAIS
PHOSPHOGYPSUM MOSAIC FLORIDAUSA PHOSPHOGYPSUM HEAPS ( heavy
metals amp Radionucliacutedes)
PHOSPHOGYPSUM aerial view ndash CATALAtildeO MINE GOIAS BRASIL amp phosphogypsum waste
Suncor
Syncrude
(Mildred Lake)
Shell
CNRL Exxon
Syncrude
(Aurora)
5 km
ldquoIndeed it is claimed that when an underground mine
is established anywhere in the world 70ndash90 of the required
technology comes from either Finland or Swedenrdquo
Elijaumlrvi chromite - Open Pit in February
Outokumpu Oyj Floresta Boreal
MinING BOREAL FOREST
a Solution Not a problem
FINLAND VISION 2050
ldquoFinland is a global leader in the sustainable utilization of mineral resources and the minerals sector is one of the key foundations of the Finnish national economyrdquo
RENEWABLE amp NON RENEWABLE OR
SUSTAINABLE amp NON SUSTAINABLE
ldquoI would like to close this
section by dispelling the
myth that resources are
finite a notion some
policymakers sometimes
like to promote
Resources will only
become finite if limits are
placed on exploration
because a country has
suddenly become less
attractive for investmentrdquo TOM ALBANESE RioTinto
CEO(2010)
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
FUNDAMENTALS
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas
CETEM
SD in the MINERAL INDUSTRY is
MINIMIZING
MASSES
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
MAXIMIZING
SATISFACcedilAtildeO
SOCIAL
ldquosocial satisfaction is the
degree of societal
acceptance of a given
policy or political
agendardquo
A (x y p) gt 0 AS SEEN SUSTAINABLE PRJECT
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
ASi (x y p) gt 0
The roles of x y and p
iii SSS ARO
INTERPHASE
PHENOMENA
ARGONNE
UNDERSTANDING
1- molecular structure of mineral
surfaces and other phases
2- ordering of fluids adjacent to
these phases
3- electrical double-layer
structure and distribution
4- dynamical processes
LEADING TO
1- specific reaction mechanisms
at mineralfluid interfphase
2- kinetics and reaction
mechanisms at the atomic scale in
key mineralfluid systems
3- understanding of
mineralwatergas reactivity
IS THERE (STILL) A
PLACE FOR THE
HALLIMOND TUBE
ADVANTAGE ease to
operate and small amount
of ldquoorerdquo
DISADVANTAGES
physical process of
flotation ()
particle size
bubble size
agitation processes
froth structure
synergy between (different)
mineral particles
IS THERE (STILL) A PLACE FOR
THE HALLIMOND TUBE
advanced synchrotron-based interfacial x-ray tools for in-
situ studies of solid-liquid
high (lt1 Aring) resolution X-ray scattering techniques
element-specific sub-profiles and interfacial density profiles
from XR data
NANOBUBBLES
Nanobubbles
hydrophobic effect
heterocoagulation and
hydrodynamics in
flotation
Heinrich Schubert
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
PHOSPHOGYPSUM MOSAIC FLORIDAUSA PHOSPHOGYPSUM HEAPS ( heavy
metals amp Radionucliacutedes)
PHOSPHOGYPSUM aerial view ndash CATALAtildeO MINE GOIAS BRASIL amp phosphogypsum waste
Suncor
Syncrude
(Mildred Lake)
Shell
CNRL Exxon
Syncrude
(Aurora)
5 km
ldquoIndeed it is claimed that when an underground mine
is established anywhere in the world 70ndash90 of the required
technology comes from either Finland or Swedenrdquo
Elijaumlrvi chromite - Open Pit in February
Outokumpu Oyj Floresta Boreal
MinING BOREAL FOREST
a Solution Not a problem
FINLAND VISION 2050
ldquoFinland is a global leader in the sustainable utilization of mineral resources and the minerals sector is one of the key foundations of the Finnish national economyrdquo
RENEWABLE amp NON RENEWABLE OR
SUSTAINABLE amp NON SUSTAINABLE
ldquoI would like to close this
section by dispelling the
myth that resources are
finite a notion some
policymakers sometimes
like to promote
Resources will only
become finite if limits are
placed on exploration
because a country has
suddenly become less
attractive for investmentrdquo TOM ALBANESE RioTinto
CEO(2010)
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
FUNDAMENTALS
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas
CETEM
SD in the MINERAL INDUSTRY is
MINIMIZING
MASSES
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
MAXIMIZING
SATISFACcedilAtildeO
SOCIAL
ldquosocial satisfaction is the
degree of societal
acceptance of a given
policy or political
agendardquo
A (x y p) gt 0 AS SEEN SUSTAINABLE PRJECT
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
ASi (x y p) gt 0
The roles of x y and p
iii SSS ARO
INTERPHASE
PHENOMENA
ARGONNE
UNDERSTANDING
1- molecular structure of mineral
surfaces and other phases
2- ordering of fluids adjacent to
these phases
3- electrical double-layer
structure and distribution
4- dynamical processes
LEADING TO
1- specific reaction mechanisms
at mineralfluid interfphase
2- kinetics and reaction
mechanisms at the atomic scale in
key mineralfluid systems
3- understanding of
mineralwatergas reactivity
IS THERE (STILL) A
PLACE FOR THE
HALLIMOND TUBE
ADVANTAGE ease to
operate and small amount
of ldquoorerdquo
DISADVANTAGES
physical process of
flotation ()
particle size
bubble size
agitation processes
froth structure
synergy between (different)
mineral particles
IS THERE (STILL) A PLACE FOR
THE HALLIMOND TUBE
advanced synchrotron-based interfacial x-ray tools for in-
situ studies of solid-liquid
high (lt1 Aring) resolution X-ray scattering techniques
element-specific sub-profiles and interfacial density profiles
from XR data
NANOBUBBLES
Nanobubbles
hydrophobic effect
heterocoagulation and
hydrodynamics in
flotation
Heinrich Schubert
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
PHOSPHOGYPSUM aerial view ndash CATALAtildeO MINE GOIAS BRASIL amp phosphogypsum waste
Suncor
Syncrude
(Mildred Lake)
Shell
CNRL Exxon
Syncrude
(Aurora)
5 km
ldquoIndeed it is claimed that when an underground mine
is established anywhere in the world 70ndash90 of the required
technology comes from either Finland or Swedenrdquo
Elijaumlrvi chromite - Open Pit in February
Outokumpu Oyj Floresta Boreal
MinING BOREAL FOREST
a Solution Not a problem
FINLAND VISION 2050
ldquoFinland is a global leader in the sustainable utilization of mineral resources and the minerals sector is one of the key foundations of the Finnish national economyrdquo
RENEWABLE amp NON RENEWABLE OR
SUSTAINABLE amp NON SUSTAINABLE
ldquoI would like to close this
section by dispelling the
myth that resources are
finite a notion some
policymakers sometimes
like to promote
Resources will only
become finite if limits are
placed on exploration
because a country has
suddenly become less
attractive for investmentrdquo TOM ALBANESE RioTinto
CEO(2010)
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
FUNDAMENTALS
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas
CETEM
SD in the MINERAL INDUSTRY is
MINIMIZING
MASSES
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
MAXIMIZING
SATISFACcedilAtildeO
SOCIAL
ldquosocial satisfaction is the
degree of societal
acceptance of a given
policy or political
agendardquo
A (x y p) gt 0 AS SEEN SUSTAINABLE PRJECT
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
ASi (x y p) gt 0
The roles of x y and p
iii SSS ARO
INTERPHASE
PHENOMENA
ARGONNE
UNDERSTANDING
1- molecular structure of mineral
surfaces and other phases
2- ordering of fluids adjacent to
these phases
3- electrical double-layer
structure and distribution
4- dynamical processes
LEADING TO
1- specific reaction mechanisms
at mineralfluid interfphase
2- kinetics and reaction
mechanisms at the atomic scale in
key mineralfluid systems
3- understanding of
mineralwatergas reactivity
IS THERE (STILL) A
PLACE FOR THE
HALLIMOND TUBE
ADVANTAGE ease to
operate and small amount
of ldquoorerdquo
DISADVANTAGES
physical process of
flotation ()
particle size
bubble size
agitation processes
froth structure
synergy between (different)
mineral particles
IS THERE (STILL) A PLACE FOR
THE HALLIMOND TUBE
advanced synchrotron-based interfacial x-ray tools for in-
situ studies of solid-liquid
high (lt1 Aring) resolution X-ray scattering techniques
element-specific sub-profiles and interfacial density profiles
from XR data
NANOBUBBLES
Nanobubbles
hydrophobic effect
heterocoagulation and
hydrodynamics in
flotation
Heinrich Schubert
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
Suncor
Syncrude
(Mildred Lake)
Shell
CNRL Exxon
Syncrude
(Aurora)
5 km
ldquoIndeed it is claimed that when an underground mine
is established anywhere in the world 70ndash90 of the required
technology comes from either Finland or Swedenrdquo
Elijaumlrvi chromite - Open Pit in February
Outokumpu Oyj Floresta Boreal
MinING BOREAL FOREST
a Solution Not a problem
FINLAND VISION 2050
ldquoFinland is a global leader in the sustainable utilization of mineral resources and the minerals sector is one of the key foundations of the Finnish national economyrdquo
RENEWABLE amp NON RENEWABLE OR
SUSTAINABLE amp NON SUSTAINABLE
ldquoI would like to close this
section by dispelling the
myth that resources are
finite a notion some
policymakers sometimes
like to promote
Resources will only
become finite if limits are
placed on exploration
because a country has
suddenly become less
attractive for investmentrdquo TOM ALBANESE RioTinto
CEO(2010)
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
FUNDAMENTALS
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas
CETEM
SD in the MINERAL INDUSTRY is
MINIMIZING
MASSES
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
MAXIMIZING
SATISFACcedilAtildeO
SOCIAL
ldquosocial satisfaction is the
degree of societal
acceptance of a given
policy or political
agendardquo
A (x y p) gt 0 AS SEEN SUSTAINABLE PRJECT
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
ASi (x y p) gt 0
The roles of x y and p
iii SSS ARO
INTERPHASE
PHENOMENA
ARGONNE
UNDERSTANDING
1- molecular structure of mineral
surfaces and other phases
2- ordering of fluids adjacent to
these phases
3- electrical double-layer
structure and distribution
4- dynamical processes
LEADING TO
1- specific reaction mechanisms
at mineralfluid interfphase
2- kinetics and reaction
mechanisms at the atomic scale in
key mineralfluid systems
3- understanding of
mineralwatergas reactivity
IS THERE (STILL) A
PLACE FOR THE
HALLIMOND TUBE
ADVANTAGE ease to
operate and small amount
of ldquoorerdquo
DISADVANTAGES
physical process of
flotation ()
particle size
bubble size
agitation processes
froth structure
synergy between (different)
mineral particles
IS THERE (STILL) A PLACE FOR
THE HALLIMOND TUBE
advanced synchrotron-based interfacial x-ray tools for in-
situ studies of solid-liquid
high (lt1 Aring) resolution X-ray scattering techniques
element-specific sub-profiles and interfacial density profiles
from XR data
NANOBUBBLES
Nanobubbles
hydrophobic effect
heterocoagulation and
hydrodynamics in
flotation
Heinrich Schubert
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
ldquoIndeed it is claimed that when an underground mine
is established anywhere in the world 70ndash90 of the required
technology comes from either Finland or Swedenrdquo
Elijaumlrvi chromite - Open Pit in February
Outokumpu Oyj Floresta Boreal
MinING BOREAL FOREST
a Solution Not a problem
FINLAND VISION 2050
ldquoFinland is a global leader in the sustainable utilization of mineral resources and the minerals sector is one of the key foundations of the Finnish national economyrdquo
RENEWABLE amp NON RENEWABLE OR
SUSTAINABLE amp NON SUSTAINABLE
ldquoI would like to close this
section by dispelling the
myth that resources are
finite a notion some
policymakers sometimes
like to promote
Resources will only
become finite if limits are
placed on exploration
because a country has
suddenly become less
attractive for investmentrdquo TOM ALBANESE RioTinto
CEO(2010)
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
FUNDAMENTALS
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas
CETEM
SD in the MINERAL INDUSTRY is
MINIMIZING
MASSES
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
MAXIMIZING
SATISFACcedilAtildeO
SOCIAL
ldquosocial satisfaction is the
degree of societal
acceptance of a given
policy or political
agendardquo
A (x y p) gt 0 AS SEEN SUSTAINABLE PRJECT
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
ASi (x y p) gt 0
The roles of x y and p
iii SSS ARO
INTERPHASE
PHENOMENA
ARGONNE
UNDERSTANDING
1- molecular structure of mineral
surfaces and other phases
2- ordering of fluids adjacent to
these phases
3- electrical double-layer
structure and distribution
4- dynamical processes
LEADING TO
1- specific reaction mechanisms
at mineralfluid interfphase
2- kinetics and reaction
mechanisms at the atomic scale in
key mineralfluid systems
3- understanding of
mineralwatergas reactivity
IS THERE (STILL) A
PLACE FOR THE
HALLIMOND TUBE
ADVANTAGE ease to
operate and small amount
of ldquoorerdquo
DISADVANTAGES
physical process of
flotation ()
particle size
bubble size
agitation processes
froth structure
synergy between (different)
mineral particles
IS THERE (STILL) A PLACE FOR
THE HALLIMOND TUBE
advanced synchrotron-based interfacial x-ray tools for in-
situ studies of solid-liquid
high (lt1 Aring) resolution X-ray scattering techniques
element-specific sub-profiles and interfacial density profiles
from XR data
NANOBUBBLES
Nanobubbles
hydrophobic effect
heterocoagulation and
hydrodynamics in
flotation
Heinrich Schubert
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
MinING BOREAL FOREST
a Solution Not a problem
FINLAND VISION 2050
ldquoFinland is a global leader in the sustainable utilization of mineral resources and the minerals sector is one of the key foundations of the Finnish national economyrdquo
RENEWABLE amp NON RENEWABLE OR
SUSTAINABLE amp NON SUSTAINABLE
ldquoI would like to close this
section by dispelling the
myth that resources are
finite a notion some
policymakers sometimes
like to promote
Resources will only
become finite if limits are
placed on exploration
because a country has
suddenly become less
attractive for investmentrdquo TOM ALBANESE RioTinto
CEO(2010)
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
FUNDAMENTALS
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas
CETEM
SD in the MINERAL INDUSTRY is
MINIMIZING
MASSES
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
MAXIMIZING
SATISFACcedilAtildeO
SOCIAL
ldquosocial satisfaction is the
degree of societal
acceptance of a given
policy or political
agendardquo
A (x y p) gt 0 AS SEEN SUSTAINABLE PRJECT
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
ASi (x y p) gt 0
The roles of x y and p
iii SSS ARO
INTERPHASE
PHENOMENA
ARGONNE
UNDERSTANDING
1- molecular structure of mineral
surfaces and other phases
2- ordering of fluids adjacent to
these phases
3- electrical double-layer
structure and distribution
4- dynamical processes
LEADING TO
1- specific reaction mechanisms
at mineralfluid interfphase
2- kinetics and reaction
mechanisms at the atomic scale in
key mineralfluid systems
3- understanding of
mineralwatergas reactivity
IS THERE (STILL) A
PLACE FOR THE
HALLIMOND TUBE
ADVANTAGE ease to
operate and small amount
of ldquoorerdquo
DISADVANTAGES
physical process of
flotation ()
particle size
bubble size
agitation processes
froth structure
synergy between (different)
mineral particles
IS THERE (STILL) A PLACE FOR
THE HALLIMOND TUBE
advanced synchrotron-based interfacial x-ray tools for in-
situ studies of solid-liquid
high (lt1 Aring) resolution X-ray scattering techniques
element-specific sub-profiles and interfacial density profiles
from XR data
NANOBUBBLES
Nanobubbles
hydrophobic effect
heterocoagulation and
hydrodynamics in
flotation
Heinrich Schubert
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
RENEWABLE amp NON RENEWABLE OR
SUSTAINABLE amp NON SUSTAINABLE
ldquoI would like to close this
section by dispelling the
myth that resources are
finite a notion some
policymakers sometimes
like to promote
Resources will only
become finite if limits are
placed on exploration
because a country has
suddenly become less
attractive for investmentrdquo TOM ALBANESE RioTinto
CEO(2010)
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
FUNDAMENTALS
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas
CETEM
SD in the MINERAL INDUSTRY is
MINIMIZING
MASSES
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
MAXIMIZING
SATISFACcedilAtildeO
SOCIAL
ldquosocial satisfaction is the
degree of societal
acceptance of a given
policy or political
agendardquo
A (x y p) gt 0 AS SEEN SUSTAINABLE PRJECT
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
ASi (x y p) gt 0
The roles of x y and p
iii SSS ARO
INTERPHASE
PHENOMENA
ARGONNE
UNDERSTANDING
1- molecular structure of mineral
surfaces and other phases
2- ordering of fluids adjacent to
these phases
3- electrical double-layer
structure and distribution
4- dynamical processes
LEADING TO
1- specific reaction mechanisms
at mineralfluid interfphase
2- kinetics and reaction
mechanisms at the atomic scale in
key mineralfluid systems
3- understanding of
mineralwatergas reactivity
IS THERE (STILL) A
PLACE FOR THE
HALLIMOND TUBE
ADVANTAGE ease to
operate and small amount
of ldquoorerdquo
DISADVANTAGES
physical process of
flotation ()
particle size
bubble size
agitation processes
froth structure
synergy between (different)
mineral particles
IS THERE (STILL) A PLACE FOR
THE HALLIMOND TUBE
advanced synchrotron-based interfacial x-ray tools for in-
situ studies of solid-liquid
high (lt1 Aring) resolution X-ray scattering techniques
element-specific sub-profiles and interfacial density profiles
from XR data
NANOBUBBLES
Nanobubbles
hydrophobic effect
heterocoagulation and
hydrodynamics in
flotation
Heinrich Schubert
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
Sustainable Mineral Processing Practices and
Fundamentals
or vice-versa
FUNDAMENTALS
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas
CETEM
SD in the MINERAL INDUSTRY is
MINIMIZING
MASSES
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
MAXIMIZING
SATISFACcedilAtildeO
SOCIAL
ldquosocial satisfaction is the
degree of societal
acceptance of a given
policy or political
agendardquo
A (x y p) gt 0 AS SEEN SUSTAINABLE PRJECT
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
ASi (x y p) gt 0
The roles of x y and p
iii SSS ARO
INTERPHASE
PHENOMENA
ARGONNE
UNDERSTANDING
1- molecular structure of mineral
surfaces and other phases
2- ordering of fluids adjacent to
these phases
3- electrical double-layer
structure and distribution
4- dynamical processes
LEADING TO
1- specific reaction mechanisms
at mineralfluid interfphase
2- kinetics and reaction
mechanisms at the atomic scale in
key mineralfluid systems
3- understanding of
mineralwatergas reactivity
IS THERE (STILL) A
PLACE FOR THE
HALLIMOND TUBE
ADVANTAGE ease to
operate and small amount
of ldquoorerdquo
DISADVANTAGES
physical process of
flotation ()
particle size
bubble size
agitation processes
froth structure
synergy between (different)
mineral particles
IS THERE (STILL) A PLACE FOR
THE HALLIMOND TUBE
advanced synchrotron-based interfacial x-ray tools for in-
situ studies of solid-liquid
high (lt1 Aring) resolution X-ray scattering techniques
element-specific sub-profiles and interfacial density profiles
from XR data
NANOBUBBLES
Nanobubbles
hydrophobic effect
heterocoagulation and
hydrodynamics in
flotation
Heinrich Schubert
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
Roberto C Villas-Bocircas
CETEM
SD in the MINERAL INDUSTRY is
MINIMIZING
MASSES
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
MAXIMIZING
SATISFACcedilAtildeO
SOCIAL
ldquosocial satisfaction is the
degree of societal
acceptance of a given
policy or political
agendardquo
A (x y p) gt 0 AS SEEN SUSTAINABLE PRJECT
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
ASi (x y p) gt 0
The roles of x y and p
iii SSS ARO
INTERPHASE
PHENOMENA
ARGONNE
UNDERSTANDING
1- molecular structure of mineral
surfaces and other phases
2- ordering of fluids adjacent to
these phases
3- electrical double-layer
structure and distribution
4- dynamical processes
LEADING TO
1- specific reaction mechanisms
at mineralfluid interfphase
2- kinetics and reaction
mechanisms at the atomic scale in
key mineralfluid systems
3- understanding of
mineralwatergas reactivity
IS THERE (STILL) A
PLACE FOR THE
HALLIMOND TUBE
ADVANTAGE ease to
operate and small amount
of ldquoorerdquo
DISADVANTAGES
physical process of
flotation ()
particle size
bubble size
agitation processes
froth structure
synergy between (different)
mineral particles
IS THERE (STILL) A PLACE FOR
THE HALLIMOND TUBE
advanced synchrotron-based interfacial x-ray tools for in-
situ studies of solid-liquid
high (lt1 Aring) resolution X-ray scattering techniques
element-specific sub-profiles and interfacial density profiles
from XR data
NANOBUBBLES
Nanobubbles
hydrophobic effect
heterocoagulation and
hydrodynamics in
flotation
Heinrich Schubert
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
A (x y p) gt 0 AS SEEN SUSTAINABLE PRJECT
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
ASi (x y p) gt 0
The roles of x y and p
iii SSS ARO
INTERPHASE
PHENOMENA
ARGONNE
UNDERSTANDING
1- molecular structure of mineral
surfaces and other phases
2- ordering of fluids adjacent to
these phases
3- electrical double-layer
structure and distribution
4- dynamical processes
LEADING TO
1- specific reaction mechanisms
at mineralfluid interfphase
2- kinetics and reaction
mechanisms at the atomic scale in
key mineralfluid systems
3- understanding of
mineralwatergas reactivity
IS THERE (STILL) A
PLACE FOR THE
HALLIMOND TUBE
ADVANTAGE ease to
operate and small amount
of ldquoorerdquo
DISADVANTAGES
physical process of
flotation ()
particle size
bubble size
agitation processes
froth structure
synergy between (different)
mineral particles
IS THERE (STILL) A PLACE FOR
THE HALLIMOND TUBE
advanced synchrotron-based interfacial x-ray tools for in-
situ studies of solid-liquid
high (lt1 Aring) resolution X-ray scattering techniques
element-specific sub-profiles and interfacial density profiles
from XR data
NANOBUBBLES
Nanobubbles
hydrophobic effect
heterocoagulation and
hydrodynamics in
flotation
Heinrich Schubert
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
Where Sc and RampD+I into SD
ASi (x y p) gt 0
The roles of x y and p
iii SSS ARO
INTERPHASE
PHENOMENA
ARGONNE
UNDERSTANDING
1- molecular structure of mineral
surfaces and other phases
2- ordering of fluids adjacent to
these phases
3- electrical double-layer
structure and distribution
4- dynamical processes
LEADING TO
1- specific reaction mechanisms
at mineralfluid interfphase
2- kinetics and reaction
mechanisms at the atomic scale in
key mineralfluid systems
3- understanding of
mineralwatergas reactivity
IS THERE (STILL) A
PLACE FOR THE
HALLIMOND TUBE
ADVANTAGE ease to
operate and small amount
of ldquoorerdquo
DISADVANTAGES
physical process of
flotation ()
particle size
bubble size
agitation processes
froth structure
synergy between (different)
mineral particles
IS THERE (STILL) A PLACE FOR
THE HALLIMOND TUBE
advanced synchrotron-based interfacial x-ray tools for in-
situ studies of solid-liquid
high (lt1 Aring) resolution X-ray scattering techniques
element-specific sub-profiles and interfacial density profiles
from XR data
NANOBUBBLES
Nanobubbles
hydrophobic effect
heterocoagulation and
hydrodynamics in
flotation
Heinrich Schubert
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
INTERPHASE
PHENOMENA
ARGONNE
UNDERSTANDING
1- molecular structure of mineral
surfaces and other phases
2- ordering of fluids adjacent to
these phases
3- electrical double-layer
structure and distribution
4- dynamical processes
LEADING TO
1- specific reaction mechanisms
at mineralfluid interfphase
2- kinetics and reaction
mechanisms at the atomic scale in
key mineralfluid systems
3- understanding of
mineralwatergas reactivity
IS THERE (STILL) A
PLACE FOR THE
HALLIMOND TUBE
ADVANTAGE ease to
operate and small amount
of ldquoorerdquo
DISADVANTAGES
physical process of
flotation ()
particle size
bubble size
agitation processes
froth structure
synergy between (different)
mineral particles
IS THERE (STILL) A PLACE FOR
THE HALLIMOND TUBE
advanced synchrotron-based interfacial x-ray tools for in-
situ studies of solid-liquid
high (lt1 Aring) resolution X-ray scattering techniques
element-specific sub-profiles and interfacial density profiles
from XR data
NANOBUBBLES
Nanobubbles
hydrophobic effect
heterocoagulation and
hydrodynamics in
flotation
Heinrich Schubert
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
IS THERE (STILL) A
PLACE FOR THE
HALLIMOND TUBE
ADVANTAGE ease to
operate and small amount
of ldquoorerdquo
DISADVANTAGES
physical process of
flotation ()
particle size
bubble size
agitation processes
froth structure
synergy between (different)
mineral particles
IS THERE (STILL) A PLACE FOR
THE HALLIMOND TUBE
advanced synchrotron-based interfacial x-ray tools for in-
situ studies of solid-liquid
high (lt1 Aring) resolution X-ray scattering techniques
element-specific sub-profiles and interfacial density profiles
from XR data
NANOBUBBLES
Nanobubbles
hydrophobic effect
heterocoagulation and
hydrodynamics in
flotation
Heinrich Schubert
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
IS THERE (STILL) A PLACE FOR
THE HALLIMOND TUBE
advanced synchrotron-based interfacial x-ray tools for in-
situ studies of solid-liquid
high (lt1 Aring) resolution X-ray scattering techniques
element-specific sub-profiles and interfacial density profiles
from XR data
NANOBUBBLES
Nanobubbles
hydrophobic effect
heterocoagulation and
hydrodynamics in
flotation
Heinrich Schubert
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
NANOBUBBLES
Nanobubbles
hydrophobic effect
heterocoagulation and
hydrodynamics in
flotation
Heinrich Schubert
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
Aphrons
FELIX SEBBA University of Witwatersrand
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Inorganic amp organic ION
FLOTATION ( 1959 1960 )
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
CalciteApatite Serrana
Fosfertil
Goaisfertil
Copebras
Concentracao de apatita do
carbonatito de Jacupiranga
Estado de Sao Paulo 1967
Tese para concurso a catedra
n⁰33-Lavra de minas e
tratamento de mineraisrsquo EPUSP
Flotation of phosphate containing
materials Int Cl 209-167 amp
US34303783 (1968)
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
SOME
BREAKTHROUGHS
PRACTICE Pioneers
Texada Mines (Van Anda Gold Ltd) closed in 1976
From 1957 to 1970 23645219 g Ag 887401 g
Au 25432020 kg Cu and 7989280251 kg Fe
Mineras Carolina de Michilla (Antofagasta
Minerals) operated for more than 15 years a
flotation plant using sea water before changing to
S-X
Las Cenizas from 1995 at the chalcosite Cu-Au ore
plant in Las Luces-Taltal
SCIENCE
Bajo la direccioacuten de los acadeacutemicos Fernando Concha y
Sergio Castro la iniciativa -en marcha desde 2009- ha
estudiado la factibilidad teacutecnica del uso de agua de mar
en el procesamiento de minerales de cobre para sustituir
total o parcialmente el agua fresca Esto ndashagrega el
profesor Castro- dependeraacute de cada caso ldquopero no
hay duda de que el agua de mar resuelve el
problema de la sustentabilidad hiacutedrica a la industria
minera en el norte de Chilerdquo
SEA WATER
FLOTATION
Klassen amp Mokrousov1963
Rey amp Raffinot1966
Haig-Smillie 1972
Alvarez amp Castro1977
Laskowski amp Castro 2008
Castro amp Laskowski2011
Castro el at2012
Copperndashmolybdenum ores flotation
in sea water Floatability and
frothability in Physicochem Probl
Miner Process 50(1) 2013 17minus29
O RamosS CastroJS Laskowski
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ANATASE
Process for concentration of titanium
containing anatase ore
US 4176159 A - 1976
Jose Marcio Jardim Paixao Paulo
Ayres Falcao de Mendonca
Process for the production of
titanium concentrate from anatase
ores with high utilization of the iron
contents of the ore
US 6346223 B2 - 1997
Marcelo De Matos Lino Rodrigues De
Freitas Ronaldo De Moreira Horta
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
IN MEMORIAM
SOME (POSSIBLE)
BREAKTHROUGHS
ldquoInvisible goldrdquo recovery from
iron ores tailings
Personnal communicationcirca
1990
Elcio Marques Coelho
SPECTRUM from
197Au Moumlssbauer Spectroscopy of
Au25(SG)18-
Tatsuya Tsukuda Yuich Negishi
Yasushi Kobayashi Norimichi Kojima
Chemistry Letters 40 (11) 1292-
1293 (2011)
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
ISSUES
WATER QUALITY
Rao et al 1988
Rao and Finch 1989
Liu et al 1993
Rao and Leja 2004
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE
LAYER INTERACTION
ENERGY
Langmuir1938
Derjaguin-Landau e Verwey-
Overbeek1942
Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau1966
Sad1995
Hoe2006 DLVO Theory in
industrial applications
X-DLVO hellip
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR FROTH
FLOTATION OF
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM SULFIDES
THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF
MINES MINERAL
TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
Fisher amp Rudy1976
Recovery
Water Type Cu Mo
Standard 897+ 12 717 + 10
Sewage 873+ o 9 555 + 1 7
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
NOT MENTIONING
Comminution theory and practice energy and breakage functions
(Claudio)
Fines recoveries and processing challenges and progresses (Armando)
Deep ocean mining and processing challenges and how to
proceed
Asteroid mining and processing opening new theoretical and
feasibility approaches
Deep underground mining and processing challenges to face
Recycling of Building Materials ( Pinto Chaves amp Mariano)
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
IN CONCLUSION
x is asking
minimize use of
RESOURCES
maximize extraction from
used RESOURCES
act sustainably
y is pressured
ASi (x y p) gt 0
p has to
T (p) sustainable
needing
Sc + RampD+I gt gt 0
