World War II: Setting the stage
Totalitarianism Government that takes ____________ control over every aspect of life...public & private Led by charismatic ______________! Economic problems & __________________________ opened the door for totalitarian
regimes to gain power…o Fascism: Italy, ________________ (Nazism) & Spaino Communism: Soviet Uniono Militarism: ___________________
Largest war in _________________ history
Involved countries, colonies, & territories around the entire world
By the end, over __________ million were dead
It lasted from 1939 until 1945
Germany lost land to surrounding nations War reparations : o Allies collect $ to pay back war debts to U.S.o Germany pays ___________________ (modern day equivalent)o Germans are bankrupt, embarrassed, guilt ridden, and
______________________Desperate people turn to desperate ________________________!!!!
CausesWWI & the Treaty of VersaillesAppeasementRise of Totalitarianism
The Rise of Totalitarianism
What Was WWII?
WWI & the Treaty of Versailles
FASCism
Political movement that emphasizes loyalty to the ____________ and obedience to its leader
___________________ serves the state
Extreme _____________________ (all others are inferior)
Extreme militarism ______ Party (opposition banned!) Anti-democratic (democracy is for
the weak) _______________________: support
private property & distinct classes
Fascist Leaders Maintain Control Through…
Heavy ________________
______________ Police Propaganda & youth
__________________ Racism
Mussolini (“il Duce”) (1922-1943)
Constitutional monarchy
(democratic!) Major __________________problems,
resentment & social unrest Mussolini founded Fascist Party &
vowed to give Italy strong ________________________
Gained support from __________________________ who feared a communist revolution would take place
October 1922, 30,000 _____________ marched on Rome
King handed over power to ________________________
Hitler (“der Fuhrer”)(1933-1945)
Weimar Republic (democratic!) Major ____________________ problems,
resentment & social unrest National Socialist German Workers Party
(___________________) begins to grow and gain support
1923: Tries to _____________________ in Munich – fails! While in jail, writes __________________ (My Struggle)o Germans “Aryans” were ______________
raceo Called Treaty of Versailles an outrage o Germany needed ____________________ –
“living space” Growing support from __________________ for
fascism;1932 - Nazis were the largest political party
1933 – Hitler appointed __________________ by President Hindenburg; Used secret police to eliminate opposition; Dictator – 1934: Creates a totalitarian
Communism under Stalin (1929-1953) Under Stalin, ___________________
controlled all aspects of citizens lives ____________________________ – to industrialize &
develop Soviet Union’s economy Seized ___________________ & created collective
farms ALSO…strong ______________________ Youth ________________________ Secret police; ________________________ & loss of
civil liberties Purges of opposition; _______________ persecutionHey – that sounds a lot like fascism! In theory, fascism & communism are on
opposite ends of political spectrum; in practice, they are VERY similar!
Major differences?o Fascism = private property & social classeso Communism = no private property and no
How & Why Did Fascists Rise to Power?Fascism in Italy Fascism in Germany
Communism in the Soviet Union
Emperor Hirohito (1926-1989)
Emperor was a ______________ of state power
Influenced by ________________ (military leaders)
Extreme ___________________ Wanted to solve Japan’s
economic problems by foreign ________________________
GOAL = __________________ (included a conquered China)
Militarism in Japan
Spanish civil war
1931: Spain becomes a republic 1936: General ____________________ leads rebellion Hitler & Mussolini help Franco & his fascists No formal support from _________________ for Republicans 1939: Franco wins civil war; Franco becomes Spain’s fascist
_______________ Hitler used Spanish Civil War as a “practice round” What does
this mean?
Path to World War II: Aggression & appeasementJapanese aggression
Japan needs _______________, especially iron & coal
1931: invade/conquer __________________, a province of China; China protests to the _________________________
League orders Japan to return Manchuria Japan _________________ from the League of
Nations! 1937: Japanese troops march into China’s
capital city, ______________________ ___________ tens of thousands of captured
soldiers and civilians and ___________ Chinese women in what is known as Rape of Nanjing
Italian aggression
1935: Italy attacks _______________
Ethiopian Emperor appeals to League of Nations for ___________
League condemns attack, but members do ______________________
1936: Italy __________________ Ethiopia
Hitler makes a move! Soon after becoming chancellor, Hitler
begins rearming Germany, ________________ the Treaty of Versailles
League only issues a mild condemnation 1936: Hitler moves troops into the
______________________ (demilitarized zone formed as a buffer between FR/Germany)
League of Nations does ___________! Turning point towards war!
o Strengthened Hitler’s ____________& prestige
o France & Belgium now _________to attack
o Encouraged Hitler to _______________ his expansion
Building the Third Reich Wanted the land of neighboring
nations as part of __________________________ (Empire)
Needed resources & “__________________” (living space)
1st target: Austria - Most Austrians ___________________unification with Germany
1938: Germany entered Austria; faced NO ____________________________
Official union (Anschluss) Next Czechoslovakia : Demands ________________________
(western border region of Czechoslovakia)
be given to Germany
HITLER VIOLATES TREATY!
Hitler wants Poland!
6 months later takes the ___________ of Czechoslovakia! Next…sets his sights on _________________; But first… What could happen if Hitler attacked Poland? Hitler’s Predicament? Solution? Nonaggression Pact (1939)
o Germany & Soviet Union: Agree not to go to war _______________ each othero Hitler & Stalin also promise to ________________Poland between them
Sept 1939 Hitler invades Poland & utilizes ___________________, or “lightning war”o Sudden & massive attack that _____________________ air and ground forceso France & Great Britain ____________________ on Germanyo Hitler takes most of ___________________; Stalin invades from the east & takes
overWorld War II has begun!!…
APPEASEMENT Czechs ask France & G.B. for help 1938: ___________________ Conference Meeting of Germany, Fr, Britain & Italy
(Czechs not invited! The _____________________Agreement: Allowed Hitler to have Czechoslovakia as
his “last territorial demand” Policy of Appeasement : granting
concessions to maintain _________________
Chamberlin (Great Britain’s PM) believes peace has been made…BUT…
Who Will Stop Hitler?
HOW DID WWII
START?
World War II: Axis aggressionThe Fall of France
France & Great Britain stood by __________________ while Germany _________________ Poland, Denmark, Norway, Netherlands & Belgium; “Sitzkrieg”
French & British troops were trapped by Germany’s rapid advance; 300,000 French & British troops were _______________ at beaches of Dunkirk to Great Britain
June 14, 1940: German enter Paris & France ________________________ Germans occupy Northern France Vichy France: __________________ government set up in Southern France;
Willingly ______________________ with Nazi Germany General _______________________ led the government in exile – Free French French _______________ fighters continued to try to ______________ German
occupation of France with assassination & sabotageThe battle of britain
Britain is basically all alone! Winston Churchill = PM; Vows to never ___________________ Hitler plans invasion of Britain Summer 1940 Germany began a massive
___________________campaign Sept: the “Blitz” (bombing) of __________________ (57 consecutive
nights!) Luftwaffe (German Air Force) v. the ____________________________
(RAF) British use RAF, ________________, & code-breaking to resist the
America’s Supporting role
FDR = President U.S. wants to remain _______________ &
avoid war, but FDR wants to strengthen Allies to resist Germany
Cash & Carry : Allowed Allied nations to buy __________________________ from the United States
Provisions:o Required to pay in ________________o Required to transport the goods on
their ____________________ Lend-Lease Plan: lend war
equipment/goods to any country fighting against ____________________
Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis
Tripartite Pact (1940): Military ___________________
of the AXIS Powers Nazi __________________,
Fascist _______________ & ____________________ Japan
(Affirmed right of every nation to “receive the space to which it is entitled & pledged to cooperate to reach that goal as well as to come to one another’s aid if attacked)
World War II: Axis powers on the attackAxis powers attack north africa!
______________ & ________________ attacked French and British land holdings in North Africa
Summer 1942: German forces under Erwin Rommel (aka “the Desert Fox”) drive ________________ out of Libya
Axis forces in Balkans
Hitler invades _____________ countries to set up bases for attacking Soviet Union
Uses _______________________ to get Hungary, Romania, & Bulgaria join Axis powers
Yugoslavia & _____________ resist but ___________________ quickly
Operation barbarossa
Hitler’s plan for ___________________ of Soviet Union Hitler needed _________________________; oil & grain Planned a 3-pronged attack on the Soviet Union: Leningrad,
Moscow, Stalingrad Stalin responded with the _________________________ policy Russian _____________+ Soviet counterattack = German
___________
HITLER INVADES
SOVIET UNION!
Japanese aggression in asia
Japan attempted to take Dutch & French colonial land holdings in the ____________________ The United States responded with a _______________________ against Japan (cuts off oil
shipments)
PEARL HARBOR Dec 7, 1941 Japanese bombers attacked the US Pacific fleet based
in ____________________ 2 hours = most US ___________________________ destroyed & more than
2,300 people killed; BUT…aircraft carriers not in port! Dec 8, 1941: FDR declares war!
JAPANESE VICTORIES Japanese attack ___________________________ defended by U.S.; Fall to Japanese in 1942 Japan captures Hong Kong Singapore, Dutch East Indies, & Burma – sets sights on India Japanese forces treat conquered peoples & POWs ____________________
“A Day That Will Live in
Infamy”
Axis powers
Germany - HitlerItaly - MussoliniJapan - Hirohito/Tojo
allied powersGreat Britain – ChurchillSoviet Union – StalinUnited States – RooseveltGovernment in Exile - “Free French” - DeGaulle
WWIIBelligerents
World War II: Allied Advance
Stalin’s Request: Starting in December 1941, Stalin kept asking the Allies to launch an invasion to open up a 2nd front in the West…Why?...but Allies take their
American victories in the pacific The Allies Strike Back (April, 1942) U.S. bombers attack __________________; Shows that Japan is ________________ (psychological move!)
Battle of the Coral Sea : (May 1942) Air battle ; Allied forces successfully _________________ the Japanese advance on
________________ Significance: For the first time since Pearl Harbor a Japanese invasion had been
___________________!
Battle of Midway : (June 1942 Americans _______________________________; knew where they were headed… Japanese lost 4 aircraft carriers & 332 planes; The “avengement of Pearl Harbor” _________________________ in the Pacific! Led to a new ___________________ for the Allies; Douglas MacArthur: American
___________________ in the Pacific; Plans to “Island hop” past strongholds & attack weaker Japanese islands to get closer to Japan
Turning points
War in the Desert: north Africa The German advance in North Africa
was led by _____________________, the “Desert Fox”
British surprise attack at El Alamein forces Rommel to _______________
Americans land in 1942 under General ____________________________________
Rommel’s Afrika Korps ______________ by British & American tanks
By May 1943, the Allies _________________
Battle of Stalingrad
Prolonged German ___________________ to take industrial city
Initially, Germany gained control of _____ of the city
However…the Germans had severely underestimated the Russian ______________!
Neither Stalin nor Hitler would allow troops to ____________________
Russian forces were able to launch a counteroffensive & ___________________ the German army
Cut off _____________________ & forced their surrender! (Soviets start pushing west!)
INvasion of Italy July 1943: The Allies launched an ___________________________ from North Africa Capture it from Italians & Germans; Mussolini was ________________ by the Italian gov’t Sept 3, Italy surrenders but Hitler sends in troops, controls ______________________ and
puts Mussolini back in charge By June 1944: Allies enter ________________; Germans keep fighting in N. Italy until war is
over Italian fighters find ____________________ – shoot him & hang his body
Stalin is still waiting for an invasion of France…but FDR & Churchill decide to
The end of the warD-Day
June 6, 1944: Allied forces launched a ____________________________of German -occupied France at ___________________(Operation Overlord)
Largest ___________________ attack in history; Heavy casualties, but invasion is successful Within a month, ______ million Allied troops were stationed in Europe Allies quickly __________________: August 25, 1944 & begin to make their way across
Europe While the U.S. & Great Britain were pushing west, Russian troops advanced into eastern
Europe and Germany Liberated ________________________
Battle of the bulge
A desperate Hitler ordered one last ____________________ as Allies close in on both sides
German failure! Germans __________
By spring of 1945, Allied armies approach Germany from ____________________: Soviets from the East, Americans, etc…from the West
Soviets finally ___________________ Berlin in April 1945
Hitler _____________________ with Evan Braun (April 30, 1945)
One week later on May 8, 1945 (V-E Day) the Germans _____________________
War in Europe is over!!
Allies move to retake Philippines in 1944 Face kamikazes: Japanese pilots who fly
_______________________________ 1945: Americans capture Iwo Jima &
Okinawa Japan suffers huge ___________________ Advisors warn Truman invasion of Japan
will cost many lives Manhattan Project: secret program to
develop the __________________________
August 6, 1945: Little Boy, Hiroshima, _____________
deaths August 9, 1945: Fat Man, Nagasaki,
_____________ deaths August 14, 1945: _______________________
(V-J Day)
Yalta Conference (February 4, 1945) The BIG THREE: Roosevelt, Churchill & Stalin Meet to discuss the terms of German surrender Stalin also agreed to join in the war against
______________ within 90 days of Germany’s defeat U.S. President FDR dies on April 12, 1945;
Replaced by ___________________
Meanwhile…
Victory in Europe!! Victory in Japan!!
The aftermath
Europe
Allies divide Germany & Berlin into ___________________ of military occupation
Would be occupied by the US, Soviet Union, Great Britain & France
Helps start the ________________________ Nuremburg ____________ are held in Germany to try
the people responsible for the war Many are executed and jailed for _______________ &
crimes against _________________
Japan
____________________________ takes charge of U.S. occupation of Japan
________________ Japan & brings military leaders to trial for war crimes
Democratizes (creates a gov’t elected by people)o Japanese people adopt new ____________________o Emperor stays, but loses powero Japan becomes a ___________________________________o Article 9 – Japan cannot make ___________
MacArthur puts __________________reforms in place U.S. occupation ends in 1951 U.S. & Japan become __________________!
The Holocaust: Steps to Genocide 1933 -1945
What Was the Holocaust? holocaust (noun): Greek word meaning “sacrifice by fire” The Holocaust (proper noun): The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic,
state-sponsored persecution and murder of approximately _________________ Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators
Genocide (noun): The crime of destroying a group of people because of their ethnic, national, racial, or religious identity
STEP 1: You cannot live among us as Jews Anti-Semitism (noun): Hostility toward or discrimination against Jews as a religious, ethnic, or racial group “The Nuremberg Laws” turned prejudice & discrimination into systemic racism EXAMPLES : Lost the right to ___________; deny couples the right to ___________; required to carry
__________________ cards; required to wear the yellow “_____________________” Nov 9-10, 1938: Kristallnacht ( Night of the Broken Glass ) Nazis attack Jewish _____________ businesses & synagogues; Jews ___________, injured &
arrested
STEP 2: You cannot live among us Jewish Refugees : Nazis try to force Jewish _____________________ After admitting tens of thousands of Jewish refugees, France, GB, and the U.S.
____________their doors Jewish Ghettos: After emigration plan failed to get rid of all of the Jews, Hitler ordered Jews in all
countries under his control to be ___________________to designated cities Ghettos: __________________________________
STEP 3: You cannot live THE FINAL SOLUTION : The code name for the planned _______________________ of the
Jews of Europe Jews were rounded up & sent to concentration/labor camps By 1942, Nazis built extermination camps (“death camps”) with _____________________
that could kill as many as 6,000 people a day Around 6 million European Jews died in the death camps and Nazi massacres; less than
4 million survived
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