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Status of Word
Linguistic Grammatical
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Word linguistic Status
Noun
Verb Adjective
A set of ordinary Noun, Verb and adjective is called lexical morpheme
Examples
It is lexical Morpheme because it belongs to the category of noun.
Lexical Morpheme
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• It is used as nounWord grammatical
status
• What happened in your own words.
• I can’t remember her exact words.
Example
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What is word?
• word is a phenomena , without it there is no existence of language
• Word is part and parcel of each and every language
• Our communication, dialogues, conversation, speeches, writing are based on word
• It is obvious to say that word is a basic unit and pillar of any communicative and writing system
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Examples
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Continue….
• Although word is a part and parcel of every language but not a single grammar book define word in such a way that happily define other grammatical elements like ,noun verb phrase etc. Let us try to define word.
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Word definition No1
A systematic and meaningful arrangement of alphabet is called word.
Example
A ,b ,c , d, e………z
Adgf……combination of alphabets but not word not giving meaning
Able ….combination of alphabets but a word(give meaning)
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Continue…….Question Arises:-
How we are able to know the systematic and meaningful arrangement of the words?
Duty of grammar not me and you
We can make new words by adding morphemes to stem words (Respectful, unknown etc
But not stem word
Just make acronyms word Such as RAM: Read only memory , NUML
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Identification of Word
We can only identify/count words in writing by given spaces
Example:
If teacher say write paragraph (260 paragraph)
By space but how spoken?
Is the written and spoken words are same?
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RulesThere are three rules1. In speaking we can make distinction between word because of
accent, pronunciation such as da:n……drensIn writing we can’t make distinction2. Frank Palmer• In fact there are no spaces between word in speech• It would be surprising for the people • Spaces they feel in speaking it just of their influences of writing.• Some grammarian say there are slight pauses in spoken word
,they are misleading • Actually these pauses only comes after clause, phrase an at the en
of expressionExample
French lady
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Three different approaches to identify word in speech
1. Semantic
2. Phonological
3. Linguists
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1.Semantics
• According to semantics words are linguistic unit that has a single meaning.
Examples
Cat_____________ linguist unit single meaning
Chair____________ linguist unit single meaning
Singer___________ linguist unit but not giving single meaning ( a person who singing song,giving two meaning)
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2.phonological
(a)Vowel harmony:o openness,closeness, rounding, of lips and teeth
o Turkish language have vowel harmony
o In Turkish language word end with vowel and another or second word start with vowel through vowel counting is possible.
o Example ….ev (house) “e” vowel so, it is single word
o Evun (My house) here two vowel in turkish word (“e” “u”) so these are two words
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2.Phonological continue….
(b) Stress Pattern:
English language do not have fixed stress pattern.
Examples
Blackbird________ no stress mean bird name
Black Bird_________ stress mean black colour bird.
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2.Phonological continue….
(c) Juncture
• The shape in which words come together,due to juncture in English language we can’t count words in speech.
• Examples
A nice cake _____ due to Juncture (anice cake)
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3.Linguists
(i) Potential pause
(ii)Word as indivisible
unit
(ii)Bloomfield said
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(i)Potential Pause
• While speaking putting stress on the word.
• A pause between a word in sentence in speaking is called potential pause
• With the potential pause we can count word in speech linguists said that
Negligible Pause
• Negligible pause a pause which can’t notice but called pause .
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(i)Potential Pause continue…
Negligible pause Continue…
• When we spell word there also pause between alphabets, Is alphabets word ?
• Example
• Cat______ c_a_t
• Obliviously not
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(ii)WORD AS AN INDIVISIBLE
UNIT
• Word is a linguistic unit
which does not permit the
insertion of any linguistic
material.
Example
• There are two words ‘Little
boy’ if I insert English as
‘Little English boy’ it
would not wrong, because
here insertion is not in a one
word while between two
words.
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Continue….
• On the other hand there is word ‘singing’ It
would be turn out false if we divide into such
as ‘sing’ and ‘ing’ and unable to add any new
linguistic material between sing’ and ‘ing’
because it is a one and complete word.
• It is true that insertion can’t be make in one
word but still we are unable to establish what
is word?
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(ii)DEFINITION OF WORD
“Minimum Free Form” Bloom Field
• Minimum (smallest)
• Free Form (Individual can exist)
It means smallest bit of speech can occur in
isolation.
But how can we distinct this isolation in speech
just on the basis of writing because we have
already seen it in the written form
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Example
• In writing: He is a man.
• In speaking: He’s aman
We can just distinct 2nd one on the basis of above
sentence
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• But after this discussion we have to face
difficulty to find some words in isolation such
as:
• The : The book is on the table.
• A : He is a boy.
• My : I have lost my pen.
• Frank Palmer / Descriptive of the view that
word can exist in isolation than why “The, A,
My” can’t exist?
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Bloomfield said that some words can stand in isolation.
• Frank Palmer mentions that then why the word ‘a, the, and mine’ can’t exist alone? It seems that they are not words.
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In case of ‘ity, and ish’.
Palmer explains that according to Bloomfield, inanswer to any question,
1) ‘ity’ would be consider a word, but it’smeaningless and can’t stand in isolation.
2) Same situation is in case of ‘ish’.
So these are bogus words.
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In case of ‘My, and Mine
1) ‘My’ can’t exist without a proper sentence,and according to Bloomfield it can’t be aword.
2) In contrast ‘Mine’ can stand alone in theanswer of the question “Whose book isthis?”.
Palmer says which word we will use for ‘My’ if itis not a word?
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In case of ‘Your, and Yours’
1) ‘Your’ can’t exist in isolation, and accordingto Bloomfield it is also not a word.
2) In contrast ‘Yours’ can stand alone.
Palmer says which word we will use for ‘Your’ ifit is not a word?
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