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WoodyBiomassforBiofuels
Woody Biomass Workshop
Ukiah, CA
December 2, 2010
JohnR.Shelly,UCBerkeley
JohnShelly,Universityof CaliforniaatBerkeley,CooperativeExtension December 2,2010
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12
8
10
lons
4
6
illionGa
0
2
B
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Year
Source: Renewable Fuels Association 2010
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Conversion Pathways
Combustion
Electricity
Biochemical
Anaerobic digestion Alcohol Other organic chemicals
Thermochemical Pyrolysis
Gasification
HeatElectricity
Bio-oil
Alcohol
Other organic chemicals
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BiochemicalPotential
Softwoods Hardwoods
- -
Hemicellulose 25-29 25-35
Lignin 25-31 16-24
- -
Ash < 1 < 1
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Solid Wood(chips,chunks,densified)
Charcoal Ligninresidues
Biooil(lowviscositytar)
Biodiesel
t ano t y a co o
Methanol(methylalcohol)
Biobutanol(butylalcohol)
Gaseous Producergas(syngas)
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Biofuel Pathways
Feedstocks Conversion Fuel Product
Grains:
Corn, Wheat, Rice, etc.
Sugarbeet
Su arcane
Starch & Sugar
Fermentation (biochemical)Ethanol
(Butanol also possible)
Transesterification
(Physicochemical)
(fatty-acid alkyl-esters)
Compressed Biomethane
Plant oils, wastefats/oils,
(Algae, not yet commercial)
(renewable natural gas)
moisture:
food and processor
residues, manures, green
and mixed waste, landfill
and digester gas, etc. Hydrogen
Cellulosic Ethanol:
Hydrolysis (Enzymatic/Acid)followed by Sugar Fermentation
Fischer-Tropsch Liquids
(Hydrocarbons:Diesel/
Gasoline)
Methanol or mixed alcohols
Gasification
(with post processing)
Lignocellulosic matls.
Stover, cobs, straws,
etc. wood residue &
Energy crops:
Synthetic Natural Gas
(compressed)
Pyrolysis(Bio-Oils)
Hydrotreatment/Cracking
.,
rotation trees, etc.
. .,
Operations)
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Competing Cellulosic Feedstocks for Biofuels
Cellulose Hemi-
Cellulose
Energy
Cont ent
(BTU/lb)
Yield
(tons/acre)
Bulk Den.
(kg/m3)
Conversion
ratio
-
grass,
Miscanthus 45 24 7,700 60 80 5
Corn Stover 35 25 7,300 40 < 1-1.2
Bagasse 40 22 7,500 60
Wood 42 25 8,000 10 450 0.8 - 1
ranspor a on cos s an energy convers on ra o are mp .
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ConcentratedSulfuric
Acid
DiluteSulfuricAcid
DiluteNitricAcid
Enz matic
ThermalReduction/ChemicalConversion
Gasification Catal ticConversion FischerTro sch
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H r l i F rm n i n Dilutenitricacidhydrolysis
eparatest e an car onsugars romt e
lignin
eas ermen a on
Convertssugars
to
alcohol
John Shelly, UC Berkeley Cooperative Extension Presented, Bioenery Conf.
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W Bi m
E h n lHydrolysis
Gasoline
FermentationConcentrated or
E EE EWoodyBiomass
r
organisms
ac Dilute acid
Enzymeor
50%
Cellulose
G-G-G-G
Lignin
25% Distillation
SGSG
SGSG
EEEE
EEEES-S-S-S
Lignin
G = Glucose (a type of sugar)
S = Other sugars
Low-grade
steam Power PlantElectricityHeat
= anoModified from source slide supplied by USDOE
NREL
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FirstGenerationBiofuel
Whatis
the
best
feedstock?
Corn
CornCellulose(stover)
Switchgrass
WoodyBiomass
Bagasse
Others?
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Bio-oil tar, condensable liquids
(200 - 600 C)
(acidic, high oxygen content, high water content)
Char & Ash (Charcoal)
Heat
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Producer gas (In excess of 600
oC)
Oxidant (air
or O2)
monoxide, carbon
dioxide, hydrogen,
and nitrogenChar & Ash
CharConversion
Char &
AshHeat
Ash & Exhaust Gases
CombustionHeat
SO2 ~ 0.15 lbs per million BTUNOx ~ 0.05 lbs per million BTUCO ~ 0.05 lbs per million BTUParticulates ~ 0.025 lbs per million BTU
Gasification -- Partial Oxidation (controlled amount of air or oxygen) to produce a combustible,
gaseous mixture (producer gas) of many compounds that can be used directly as a low BTU fuel gasor cleaned and used to produce higher value products (syngas).
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CatalyticConversion of
Syngas
GasificationC, O, H
Producer gas
ar c ar
Syngas
Catalytic
-Ethanol
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ThermochemicalProcessingCatalyticConversionOptionsCatalyticConversionOptions
Ni, Fe, Cu-Zn
ETHANOL,
MIXED ALCOHOLS
METHANOL, DME
Cu-Zn,
Cu-Co
Cu-ZnO
OLEFINS
FTL
LPG
NAPHTHA
KEROSENE/DIESELSYNGASNi
,
Cr2O3
Fe
Co/KUPGRADE
Producer
MeOH
Mixed Bases
Na, Ca
Cu-ZnO ZeoliteWAXES
GASOLINE
OXOCHEMICALS
e.g., KETONES
Ni/Mg
CaCN AMMONIA
SNG
Source: NREL
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Life Cycle Inventory Analysis
Raw Material
CollectionEmissionsE
Transportation
E
Feedstock Prep.
Residue
E
Process Residue handlingE
Product E
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Pyrolysis
Thermaldecompositionwithoutthepresenceofoxygen>Externalheating
Classifiedbytimeandtemperaturetreatment
.F).Optimizedforbiooilproduction,minimalcharandgasproduced
SlowPyrolysis[carbonization]:lowtemperature(400750F) longtime (30mins.todays).Biochar,ActivatedCarbon,Charcoal,TorrifiedBiomass.
PyrolysisChar
(biochar)Torrified ToTransport
To Soils??
Bio-oil
Pyrolysis
Biomass combustionor gasification
Upgrade to
gas
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PROS CONS
Maturetec no ogy
(thinkvodka)
Notan ea
transportationfuel
ap a e o many
feedstocks
,
totransport)
withfoodresources
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PROS CONS
Pro ucesaversat e ue
gasthat
can
be:
LowerBTUva uet an
naturalgas
or
LPG
combustedtoproduce
heat
g pro uc oncos s
(capitalandoperating)
Usedtosynthesizeother
chemicals
gasandmustbe
Loweremissions
than
combustion
uses
Charashma bea
disposalproblem
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PROS CONS
Canpro uce
hydrocarbongases,
B oo s avea g
moisturecontent
and
a
,
product(e.g.charcoal)
chemicalsandarenot
ver
com atiblewith
propertiessimilarto
thatofcoalandcanbe
otherfueloils
Marketsforproducts
usedto
co
fire
coal
combustionunitsare
untested
Relativelylowcosts
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EnergytoDeliver1millionBTU
fromSource
to
Vehicle
Fuel
Tank
Fuel TotalEnergy(BTU) FossilEnergy(BTU)Gasoline 240,000 240,000ETOH(cornstarch) 500,000 500,000
ETOH (corn
cellulose,stover)
1,230,000 230,000
ETOH
(herbaceous)
1,200,000 100,000
ETOH(Wood) 800,000
1,600,000100,000
Source: Argonne National Laboratory, 2001
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AWoodScientistsOpinion
Theim ortanceo wood biomassasaraw
materialwill
increase
dramatically
through
the21st centur becomin thechoice or
manycarbonbasedmaterials,including
arto
the
solution
to
re lacin
ossil
uels
fortransportation.
Thechallengeremainstodoiteconomically
.
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