Why does a person become malnourished?

Give two signs of malnourishment.

Complete the table to evaluate

slimming products and programmes

What two nutrients do we need in small amounts to maintain good health.

Use the information on the left to work out the BMI for the following people. What dietary and medical advice would you give to each?

State three things that affect metabolic rate:

Define metabolic rate

Name the three major nutrient groups and state why we need each

Name two factors that influence blood cholesterol levels.

Name Mass (kg)

Height (m)

BMI Advice

Mr X

Miss P

Mrs Q

70

65

54

1.90

1.43

1.74

19.4

31.8

17.8

Why do people need different amounts of energy in their diet?.

Slimming method

Advantages Disadvantages

Weightwatchers

Slim fast shakes

Rosemary Connelly diet and exercise class

Atkins diet

What must a person do to stay healthy?

BMI = mass in kg (height in m)2

Underweight <18Normal 19-24Overweight 25 - 29Obese >30

How does a person lose mass?Name a source of:Saturated fat:Unsaturated fat:

Why does a person become malnourished? Their diet is not balancedGive two signs of malnourishment.Overweight / underweightDeficiency disesase

Complete the table to evaluate

slimming products and programmes

What two nutrients do we need in small amounts to maintain good health.Vitamins Minerals

Use the information on the left to work out the BMI for the following people. What dietary and medical advice would you give to each?

State three things that affect metabolic rate:• Activity Levels• The ratio of fat to muscle in the body• Genes (inherited factors)

Define metabolic rateis the rate at which all the chemical reactions in the cells of the body are carried out.

Name the three major nutrient groups and state why we need each• Carbohydrate – energy source• Fat – energy, make hormones,

insulation• Protein – build new cells

Name two factors that influence blood cholesterol levels. Diet Genes

Name Mass (kg)

Height (m)

BMI Advice

Mr X

Miss P

Mrs Q

70

65

54

1.90

1.43

1.74

19.4

31.8

17.8

Healthy

Obese –eat less fat and sugar; exercise

more

Underweight – increase calorie intake

Why do people need different amounts of energy in their diet?Different people have different metabolic rates.Muscle needs more energy than fatty tissue so muscular people have a higher metabolic rate.Men have a higher rate than women.If you are more active or have a more active job the amount of energy required varies..

Slimming method

Advantages Disadvantages

Weightwatchers

Slim fast shakes

Rosemary Connelly diet and exercise class

Atkins diet

Easy to follow

Convienient

Promotes healthy eating and exercise

Cheap and effective

Counting points

May get boring and no be as filling

Expensive

Does not promote a balanced or healthy diet

What must a person do to stay healthy?Eat a balanced diet and take regular exercise

BMI = mass in kg (height in m)2

Underweight <18Normal 19-24Overweight 25 - 29Obese >30

How does a person lose mass?Eat less fat or carbohydrate so you take in less energy and/or do more exercise so that you are using more energy

Name a source of:Saturated fat: Meat, dairy, eggsUnsaturated fat: olive oil, peanuts, corn oil, sunflower oil, oily fish, margarine

What 3 diseases does MMR vaccine protect from?

Explain how the following make you ill:Bacteria

Viruses

How can the following drugs be used to treat disease?Painkillers

Antibiotics

Explain how vaccination works:

Explain how white blood cells protect you from disease.

What is a pathogen?

Outline the experiments carried out by Ignaz Semmelweiss and explain the contribution of these to modern medicine.

Why can’t antibiotics be used to kill viruses?

Why is overuse of antibiotics a problem?

How can we reduce this problem?

How does the body prevent pathogens from entering?

Explain how antibiotic resistance develops in bacteria.

What is a mutation?

Why is mutation in pathogens problematic?

What is a sterile culture.

Give 2 reasons it is important to keep cultures sterile. .

List 4 precautions you must take when carrying out aseptic technique to grow a sterile culture (H pg 18)1. 2. 3. 4.

What temperature should we incubate cultures at in school and why? How does this compare to industry?

What 3 diseases does MMR vaccine protect from? MeaslesMumpsRubella

Explain how the following make you ill:Bacteria Reproduce rapidly and produce toxinsViruses reproduce inside e cells and damage them

How can the following drugs be used to treat disease?Painkillers relieve symptoms (don’t kill pathogen)Antibiotics Kill bacteria

Explain how vaccination works:• Small amount of dead or inactive pathogen injected• Stimulates memory cells to form• Next time pathogen enters body white blood cells

make antibodies faster and in greater numbers

Explain how white blood cells protect you from disease. • Ingest pathogens (phagocytosis)• Produce antibodies – destroy

specific bacteria or viruses• Produce antitoxins – neutralise

toxins released by pathogens

What is a pathogen?Microoganism that causes disease.

Outline the experiments carried out by Ignaz Semmelweiss and explain the contribution of these to modern medicine. Noted death rates on maternity wards much lower when midwives delivered compared to doctors - realised doctors were transferring disease from surgeryEncouraged use of chloride of lime to wash hands and kill bacteria - Death rates drastically fellShows importance of handwashing to prevent spread of infection

Why can’t antibiotics be used to kill viruses?Viruses replicate inside human cells so the antibiotic can’t reach them or would kill the human cell.

Why is overuse of antibiotics a problem?Selects for antibiotic resistant bacteria to survive. These are hard to treat. How can we reduce this problem?Do not use antibiotics for minor infectionsReduce use in agriculture

How does the body prevent pathogens from entering?Skin is a barrier .Platelets prevent microbe entering through cuts. Hairs and mucus capture microorganisms.Explain how antibiotic resistance

develops in bacteria. Bacteria mutate by chanceBacteria with mutation not killed by antibioticThese cells can survive to reproduceAnd pass the gene for resistance to their offspring – population of resistant bacteria increases

What is a mutation? Change in a gene Why is mutation in pathogens problematic?Creates new strains that people have no immunity to or are resistant to antibiotics

What is a sterile culture. Culture of only one type of microorganism.

Give 2 reasons it is important to keep cultures sterile. .Other microbes would use up food resourcesOther microbes may produce dangerous toxins

List 4 precautions you must take when carrying out aseptic technique to grow a sterile cuture1. Sterilise petri dish and culture medium before use2. Sterilise innoculating loop by passing through a flame3. Tape lid to prevent contamination from air4. Work near a flame

What temperature should we incubate cultures at in school and why? How does this compare to industry?25oC – to prevent growth of human pathogens. Industry higher – faster growth rate.

Describe a simple reflex action 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Internal condition

Organs involved in controlling condition

Water

Ion contentWhat do the receptor cells in the

following organs respond to?Eyes: Ears: Tongue: Nose: Skin:

Explain how plant hormones can be used asWeedkiller? Rooting hormones :

Why do we control:Temperature?

Blood glucose?

What is a hormone?

Advantages DisadvantagesContraceptiv

e pill

IVF

What is the function of the human nervous system?

How do oral contraceptives work?

Problems with early ‘pills’:

Advantages of progesterone only pills :

Hormone Site of production

function

FSH

LH

Oestrogen

Outline the key concepts behind IVF:

Part of plant

Stimulus

Response

Shoot

Root

LightGravity

WaterGravity

How do auxins control growth of plant shoots in response to light or gravity?

Describe a simple reflex action 1. Named receptor detecst the stimulus2.Electircal impulse travels along sensory neurone to central nervous system3.Chemicals diffuse across a synapse to relay neurone4. Chemicals diffuse across synapse to motor neurone5. Impulse reaches effector which responds by contracting if it is a muscle or secreting a substance if it is a gland

Internal condition

Organs involved in controlling condition

Water

Ion content

Lungs (breath); Skin (Sweat); Kidneys (urine)

Skin (sweat)Kidneys (urine)What do the receptor cells in the

following organs respond to?Eyes: lightEars: sound; changes in positionTongue: tasteNose: smellSkin: touch, temperature, pressure, pain

Explain how plant hormones can be used asWeedkiller? Give lots of auxin: plant grows out of controlRooting hormones Give a little auxin – stimulates roots

Why do we control:Temperature? So enzymes can work efficientlyBlood glucose? To maintain a constant supply of energy

What is a hormone? • Chemical substance secreted by

a gland • Transported in the blood to a

target cell or organ where it controls body functions

Advantages DisadvantagesContraceptiv

e pill

IVF

99% effectiveEasy to take

Allow people to have children

Uses own sperm and

eggs

Side effectsCan forget

Multiple birthsExpensive

PainfulLow success

rate

What is the function of the human nervous system?• To detect changes in the environment• To co-ordinate and control responses

How do oral contraceptives work? They contain oestrogen to stop production of FSH and progesterone to maintain uterus liningProblems with early ‘pills’:High dose or oestrogen =side effectsProgesterone only pills : less side effects but less effective

Hormone Site of production

function

FSH

LH

Oestrogen

Pituitary

Pituitary

Ovaries

Maturation of egg; Release of oestrogen

Ovulation

Inhibits production of FSH

Outline the key concepts behind IVF: • Mother given FSH to stimulate

several eggs to mature and LH to stimulate eggs to be released

• Eggs collected from mother and fertilised by father’s sperm in a petri dish

• Embryo implanted into wombPart of plant

Stimulus

Response

Shoot

Root

LightGravity

WaterGravity

Positive phototropism

Negative geotropism

Positive hydrotropismPositive geotropism

How do auxins control growth of plant shoots in response to light or gravity?Stimulus causes auxin to distribute unevenly - build up on side away from light / nearest gravitySide with more auxin grows morePlant bends