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CHAPTER 10 PART 1
Christian Europe Emerges 600-1200
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The Byzantine Empire, 600-1200
An Empire Beleaguered
Name for the easternRoman Empire
Established Christianity as
their official religion
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The Byzantine Empire, 600-1200
An Empire Beleaguered
Having a single ruler with supreme legal and
religious authority prevented the breakup ofthe empire into petty principalities, but aseries of territorial losses took its toll on the
empire.
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The Byzantine Empire, 600-1200
An Empire Beleaguered
Between 634 and 650, Arab armies destroyed
the Sasanid Empire and captured ByzantineEgypt, Syria, and Tunisia
Islam posed a religious as well as a politicalchallenge
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The Byzantine Empire, 600-1200
An Empire Beleaguered
By the end of the 12th century, two-thirds of
the Christians in these former Byzantineterritories had adopted Islam.
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The Byzantine Empire, 600-1200
An Empire Beleaguered
By the end of the 12th century, two-thirds of
the Christians in these former Byzantineterritories had adopted Islam.
Eventually the empire succumbed to Muslimconquest in 1453
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The Byzantine Empire, 600-1200
An Empire Beleaguered
In the mid-9th century the patriarchs of
Constantinople challenged the territorialjurisdiction of the popes of Rome and some ofthe practices of the Latin Church
These arguments worsened over time and in1054 culminated in a formal schism between theLatin Church and the Orthodox Church.
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The Byzantine Empire, 600-1200
Society and Urban Life
Imperial authority and urban prosperity in the
eastern provinces initially shelteredByzantium from many of the economic andpopulation losses seen by western Europe.
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The Byzantine Empire, 600-1200
Society and Urban Life
Plague of Justinian
6th century outbreak of the bubonic plague At its peak it may have killed approximately 5,000
people a day
Urban elite class shrank
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The Byzantine Empire, 600-1200
Society and Urban Life
Role of women changed after the 7th century
Increasingly found themselves confined to the home. Only socialized with men in their family
However, from 1028-1056 women ruled the
Byzantine Empire alongside their husbands.
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The Byzantine Empire, 600-1200
Society and Urban Life
Byzantine emperors continued to set prices,
organize grain shipments to the capital, andmonopolize trade
BecauseByzantiums Roman inheritanceremained so much more intact than western
Europes, few people recognized the slowdeterioration.
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The Byzantine Empire, 600-1200
Cultural Achievements
Hagia Sophia
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CHAPTER 10 PART 2
Early Medieval Europe600-1000
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A Time of Insecurity
By the 5th century
The Roman Empire broke down
Europe was politically fragmented Germanic kings ruled a number of different
kingdoms throughout western Europe
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A Time of Insecurity
Western Europe continued to be invaded by MuslimArabs as they pushed into France and are finallystopped by Charles Martel, Charlemagnes
grandfather.
The Carolingians united various Frankish kingdoms
into a larger empire.
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A Time of Insecurity
CarolingianEmpire at itsheight, underCharlemagne
The empire was
split byCharlemagnesgrandsons andnever unitedagain
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A Time of Insecurity
A new threat to western Europe appeared in 793when the Vikings attacked and plundered amonastery on the English coast.
This was the first of hundreds of raids in England, Franceand Spain
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A Time of Insecurity
A new threat to western Europe appeared in 793when the Vikings attacked and plundered amonastery on the English coast.
This was the first of hundreds of raids in England, Franceand Spain
Pursued raiding and trading interests and also builtkingdoms in the lands they conquered.
Normandy, Iceland, Greenland
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A Self-Sufficient Economy
The new Germanic political power was accompaniedby an economic transformation New rulers cared little for the urban-based civilization of
the Romans Most cities lost population
Roman roads fell into disuse and disrepair
Bartering goods and services replaced the use of coins
Without the domination of Rome and its GreatTradition, regional elites became more self-sufficient and local small traditions flourished.
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A Self-Sufficient Economy
Medieval diet
In the north it was based on beer, lard or butter, and bread.
In the south, it was based on wheat, wine, and olive oil.
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A Self-Sufficient Economy
Manors Self-sufficient farming estates that became the primary
centers of agricultural production
Developed from the need for self-sufficiency and self-defense
The lord of the
manor had almostunlimited powerover its workers
the serfs
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Early Medieval Society in
the West Feudalism
A class of nobles emerged and developed into mountedknights
Landholding and the obligation to provide military servicebecame almost inseparable
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Early Medieval Society in
the West The need for military security was expensive
Stirrups, bigger horses, armor and weapons forknights
Since land was the basis of wealth, a knight neededfinancial support from land revenues
Fief grant of land in return for a pledge to providemilitary service
Vassals noble followers of alord
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Early Medieval Society in
the West By the 10th century, fiefs were hereditary
Kings were weak because they depended on
their vassals They could hold fiefs from more than one lord
Noblewomen became involved in the politics offeudalism through marriage
Women could own land Nonnoble women worked alongside the men
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CHAPTER 9 PART 3
TheWestern Church
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The Structure of Christian Faith
Christians in eastern Europe followed thereligious guidance of the patriarch of
Constantinople appointed by the Byzantine
emperor
The pope in western Europe commanded
similar authority
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The Structure of Christian Faith
The church hierarchy tried to deal withchallenges to unity by calling councils of
bishops to discuss and settle questions of
doctrine Lingering polytheism
Lax enforcement of prohibitions against marriageof clergy
Nepotism
Simony
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Politics and the Church
In politically fragmented western Europe, the
pope needed allies
The relationship between kings and popes
was tense because both thought of
themselves as ultimate authorities
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Politics and the Church
Popes wanted to combine their
religious power with political
power by forging alliances withkings
Popes chose to crown a king asHoly Roman Emperor
It proved to be no more than a loosecoalition of princes with littleinfluence
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Politics and the Church
The law of the church gave the pope exclusive
legal jurisdiction over all clergy and church
property wherever located
Secular rulers argued that they should have
the power to appoint bishops who held landin fief.
Investiture controversy
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Monasticism
The most important form of monasticism in westernEurope involved groups of monks or nuns living togetherin organized communities
Served as refuges for widows and other vulnerablewomen, centers of literacy and learning, inns,
orphanages and managed their own estates of
agricultural land
It was difficult for the Catholic hierarchy to exerciseoversight over the monasteries.
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CHAPTER 9
Part 4Western Europe Revives, 1000-1200
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The Role of Technology
Between 1000 and 1200 western Europe
slowly emerged from nearly seven centuries
of subsistence economy Resurgence of trade
Enabled kings to strengthen their control
Population nearly doubles
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The Role of Technology
What caused this revival?
New technologies
Appearance ofself-governing cities
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Cities and the Rebirth of
Trade Independent and self-governing cities begin
to emerge
Relied on manufacturing and trade for theirincome
Legal independence so that their laws could favormanufacturing and trade
Why was it in the best interest of the lords to allowthis?
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Cities and the Rebirth of
Trade More frequent use of coins showed the
increased in economic activity
High-value gold and silver coins begin to beminted in Europe
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CHAPTER 9
Part 5The Crusades, 1095-1204
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What are the Crusades?
Series of religiously inspired
Christian military campaigns
against the Muslims in the
eastern Mediterranean thatdominated the politics of
Europe from 1095 to 1204
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What are the Crusades?
Revival of western Europe
coincided with and
contributed to the Crusades
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What caused the Crusades?
Ambitious rulers seeking new lands to conquer
Italian merchants wanted to increase trade in theeastern Mediterranean and acquire new trading postsin Muslim territory
Church-sanctioned warfare
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Why was Jerusalem the focus
of the Crusades? Tradition of pilgrimages
Muslim control of Christianreligious sites
Byzantine Empires request
for help against theMuslims
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Impact of the Crusades
Crusades were more important for the Europeanworld than they were for the Muslim world
Why?
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