13. Student Reg. No. Students Name Home City 001 Ahmad Karachi
002 Mustafa Lahore 003 Hassan Sukhur 004 Qasim Peshawar 005 Tayyib
Swat 006 Tahir Zhob Training Branchs table1 This column is shared
between all tables till now
14. City Province Rural/ Urban Karachi Sindh Urban Lahore
Punjab Urban Sukhur Sindh Rural Peshawar NWFP Urban Swat NWFP Rural
Zhob Balochistan Rural Training Branchs table2 This column is
shared with the table before
15. One flat file database Student Reg. No. ICT marks ECA marks
Student Name Home City Home Province CityRural/ Urban
16. 16 Q. Whos the best student? Suppose, we are interested to
find the highest scoring urban student. Problem: Searching a text
file will not be efficient for large sizes of text file. Reason:
One has to search sequentially through the entire file to gather
desired info. How can performance be improved?
17. Relational Databases2.b
18. Relational databases Student Reg. No. ICT marks Student
Reg. No. ECA marks Student Reg. No. Student Name Home City City
Province Rural/ Urban
19. Student Reg. No. ICT marks ECA marks 001 84 72 002 80 83
004 67 87 New table generated Total marks 156 163 154 Its easy to
find the highest-scoring rural student in the generated table
20. Relational Database Schema Student Reg. No. ICT marks
Student Reg. No. ECA marks Student Reg. No. Student Name Home City
City Province Rural/ Urban In a relational database, the schema
defines: 1) the tables, 2) the fields in each table, and 3) the
relationships between fields and tables.
21. Databases Management System3
22. What is a DBMS? A database management system is a software
system that manages databases. : 1) Data Housekeeping (e.g.,
creating/ deleting/ backing up tables; data entry) 2) Data Sorting
3) Data Searching 4) Data Query Response and Report Generation
23. What is a DBMS? A DBMS ensures the following: 1) Data
Integrity (correctness and consistency) Type Integrity (e.g., char
input instead of numeric) Limit Integrity (e.g., age cannot be
negative) Referential Integrity (e.g., referred item must exist) 2)
Data Accessibility (support for concurrency) 3) Data Security
(proper access control)
24. Data querying: SQL SQL is the standard database query
language SQL is a 4G Computer language (non- procedural query
specification language) : 1) Database schema creation/ modification
2) Retrieving/ manipulating database data
25. SQL example SELECT isbn, title, price, date FROM Book WHERE
price > 100.00 AND (date = '2004-04-16' OR date = '2005-04-16')
ORDER BY title; ISBN Title Author Edition InStock Price Date The
database table: Book
26. Popular DBMS4
27. Example DBMS: MySQL
28. Data Mining5
29. What is Data Mining? Data mining is the process of
(automatically) extracting useful information from data Also known
as Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD) Data mining is used in:
1) Recommender systems 2) Pattern mining
30. Recommender Systems Youtube Amazon
31. Pattern Mining NZ team uses SAS data mining software for
making team strategy