l{[D···RE:I;fcI0 NS
Warren MatthewsOld Dominion University, Emeritus
~.. WADSWORTH_- CENGAGELearning"
Australia • Brazil· Japan' Korea' Mexico' Singapore' Spain. United Kingdom • United States
Introduction
I Religions of Tribes and City-States 15CHAPTER 1 Religions of the Amerieas 17
CHAPTER 2 Religions of Afriea 45
11 Religions Arising in India 69CHAPTER 3 Hinduism 71
CHAPTER 4 Buddhism 109
CHAPTER 5 Jainism and Sikhism 151
111 Religions of China and Japan 175CHAPTER 6 China and Japan 177
IV Religions That Injluenced East and West 219CHAPTER 7 Aneient Religions of Iraq and Iran 221
V Religions of the Family of Abraham 243CHAPTER 8 Judaism 245
CHAPTER 9 Christianity 289
CHAPTER 10 Islam 335
VI Religion in the Twenty-First Century 375CHAPTER 11 New Forms of Older Religions 377
CHAPTER 12 Globalization and World Religions 395
Prefaee xxAeknowledgements xxii
Introduetion 1Defining Religion 1
Defining Religious Terms 3
Common Features of Most Religions 5What Is Sacred? 5Sacred Space 5Sacred Stories 5Sacred Writings 6Rituals 6Dance 6Religious Drama 6
Distinctive Features of This Textbook 7
Historical Development 7
Worldview 8
The Point of View of the Text 12Vocabulary 13
Internet Readings 13
I Religions of Tribes and City-States 15CHAPTER 1
Religions o} the Amerieas 17Religions of North America 18
The Naskapi 18The Soul 20The Hunt 21Other Beliefs and Rituals 22
The Powhatan Peoples 22Religion 24
The Cherokees 25Stories of the Cherokees 25
TheHopi 27Two Spirits, Doubly Blessed 28
Religion in the Media 28
Worldview: (ommon Features of North American Religions 29The Absolute 29
The World 29
vii
viii CONTENTS
Humans 29
The Problem for Humans 30
The Solution for Humans 30
Community and Ethics 30
An Interpretation of History 31
Rituals and Symbols 31
Life after Death 31
Relationship to Other Religions 32
Objections to Older Scholarship 32
Religions of Mesoamerica and South America 32The Aztecs 32
Historical Development 33
Worldview: Aztecs 33The Absolute 33
Rituals and Symbols 34
The Incas 35
Historical Development 36
Worldview: Incas 36The Absolute 36
Rituals and Symbols 36
Inca Rituals and Symbols 40
Worldview: (ommon Features of Mesoamerican and South American Religions 40The Absolute, the World, and Humans 40
The Problem and the Solution for Humans 40
Relationship to Other Religions 41
Questions for Review 41Vocabulary 41Questions for Discussion 42Notes 42Readings 42
CHAPTER 2
Religions of Afriea 45The Ancient Egyptians 47Historical Development 47
Worldview: Ancient Egyptians 48The Absolute 48
Rituals and Symbols 49
Life after Death 51
Relationship to Other Religions 53
The Basongye of the Congo 54
Historical Development 54
Worldview: Basongye 54The Absolute and the World 54
BasongyeReligion and Magie 55
The Zulu Peoples of South Africa 56
Historical Development 56
Worldview: Zulu Peoples 57Rituals and Symbols: Rites of Passage 58
Deities of the Zulu Peoples 59
The Yoruba Peoples of Nigeria 60
Historical Development 60
Religion in the Media 60
Worldview: Yoruba Peoples 61Community and Individual Responsibilities 61
Deities of the Yoruba Peoples 62
Worldview: Common Features of Religions in Sub-Saharan Africa 62The Absolute 62
The World 63
Humans 63
The Problem for Humans 63
The Solution for Humans 63
Rituals and Symbols 63
Rituals andSymbols 64Life after Death 64
Relationship with Other Religions 64
Questions for Review 65
Vocabulary 65
Questions for Discussion 65
Notes 66
Readings 66
Contents ix
II Religions Arising in India 69CHAPTER 3
Hinduism 71Historical Development: The Origins of Hinduism 73
Shruti and Smriti: Revelation and Scriptures 74The Four Collections of the Vedas 75Gods of the Rig-Veda 75Agni 75Indra 76Soma 76Varuna 76Mitra 77
The Brahmanas and Aranyakas 77
The Upanishads 78The Gurus 78Monism or Dualism? 79
Karma, Samsara, and Castes 80
The Bhagavad Gita 81The Path of Work 81
x CONTENTS
The Path of Knowledge 82The Path of Physieal and Mental Discipline 82The Path of Love 82
The Laws of Manu 83
Duties of the Four Stages of Life 84
Four Goals for Hindus Today 85
Popular Hinduism: Four Ways of Salvation 85Karma Yoga 85Jnana Yoga 86Bhakti Yoga 86Raja Yoga 88
Orthodox Hindu Systems of Philosophy 88Sankhya 89Advaita Vedanta 89Other Philosophie Systems 89
Hindu Responses to Western Influence 90Ramakrishna 91Mohandas K. Gandhi 92Sri Aurobindo 92
Historical Development: Independent India 93
Religion in the Media 95
Worldview: Hinduism 95The Absolute 96
The World 97
Humans 97
The Problem for Humans 98
The Solution for Humans 98
Community and Ethics 98
An Interpretation of History 100
Rituals and Symbols 100
Rituals and Symbols 100Life after Death 102
Hinduism and Other Religions 103
Historical Development: Hinduism and the United States 104Questions für Review 105
Vocabulary 105
Questions für Discussion 105
Notes 106
Readings 107
Internet Readings 107
CHAPTER4
Buddhism 109Historical Development: The Life of the Buddha 111
The Birth of the Buddha 111
Prince Siddhartha 111
The Great Renunciation 112
The Enlightenment 113
The First Sermon at Benares 114
The First Disciples 114
The Buddha's Ministry 116
The Four Noble Truths 117Dukkha 118Tanha 118The End of Suffering 119The Eightfold Path 120
The Buddha on Samsara and Karma 120
The Buddha and Metaphysics 121Historical Development: Buddhism after the Buddha 121
The Buddhist Scriptures 122
The First Buddhist Councils 122
Two Ways of Experiencing the Buddha 123Theravadin Buddhism 123Mahayana Buddhism 124A Comparison of Theravadin and Mahayana Buddhism 124The Madhyamika School 125The Yogacara School 127
Buddhism in Asia 127Buddhism in China 128
Tian Tai 128Hua-Yen 129Jingtu (Ching-t'u) 129Chan (Ch'an) 129
Buddhism in Japan 130Tendai 130Shingon 130Jodo 131Shinran 131Zen 132Nichiren 132
Buddhism in Tibet 133
Historical Development: Buddhism and the West 136
Religion in the Media 138
Worldview: Buddhism 138The Absolute 138
The World 139
Humans 139
The Problem for Humans 140
The Solution for Humans 140
Community and Ethics 142
Women in Buddhism 142
Rituals and Symbols 143An Interpretation of History 144
Rituals and Symbols 144
Life after Death 145
Buddhism and Dther Religions 145
Contents xi
xii CONTENTS
Questions for Review 146Vocabulary 146Questions for Discussion 147Notes 147Readings 148Internet Readings 149
CHAPTER 5Jainism and Sikhism 151Historical Development: Jainism 152
The Life of Mahavira 153
Jain Scriptures 155
Worldview: Jainism 156The Absolute 156
The World 157
Humans 157
The Problem for Humans 158
The Solution for Humans 158
Community and Ethics 159
Rituals and Symbols 160
Jainism and Other Religions 161
Historical Development: Sikhism 161The Life of Guru Nanak 162
The Teachings of Guru Nanak 164
The Nine Gurus after Nanak 165
Religion in the Media 168
Worldview: Sikhism 169The Absolute 169
The World and Humans 169
The Problem and the Solution for Humans 169
Community and Ethics 170
Rituals and Symbols 170
Rituals and Symbols 171Life after Death 172
Sikhism and Other Religions 172
Questions for Review 173Vocabulary 173Questions for Discussion 173Notes 173Readings 174Internet Readings 174
BI Religions of China and Japan 175CHAPTER6China and Japan 177Beliefs in China before the Sages 178
Daoism 180Historical Development: Daoism 180
Oao Oe Jing 181
Zhuangzi (Chuang Tzu) 183
Religious, Sectarian Oaoism 184
Worldview: Daoism 185The Absolute 185
The World 185
Humans 185
The Problem for Humans 185
The Solution for Humans 186
Community and Ethics 187
Rituals and Symbols 187
Confucianism 187Historical Development: Confucianism 188
The Life of Confucius 188
The Teachings of Confucius 189Principles of the Junzi 190Confucius and Religion 191
Other Teachings in the Time of Confucius 192The Mohists 192The Fajia (Fa-Chia or Legalists) 193The Daoists 193Confucius and the State 194
Confucianism after Confucius 194Mengzi (Mencius) 194Xunzi (Hsun Tsu) 195Neo-Confucianism 196
Historical Development: The Rise and Fall of Confucianism 196
Religion in the Media 197
Worldview: Confucianism 198The Absolute 198
The World 198
Humans 199
The Problem for Humans 199
The Solution for Humans 199
Community and Ethics 200
Rituals and Symbols 200
Life after Oeath 201
Shinto 201Historical Development: Shinto 202
Prehistoric Japan 202
Visitors from Korea 202
The Myths of Shinto 203
Buddhist Influence on Shinto 204
The Bushido Code of the Samurai 205
Reactions to Foreign Religions 205
State Shinto 206Recent Shinto and New Religions 207
Contents xiii
xiv CONTENTS
Worldview: Shinto 208The Absolute 209
The World 209
Humans 209
The Problem for Humans 210
The Solution for Humans 210
Community and Ethics 210
Rituals and Symbols 210
Rituals and Symbols: A visit to a Shinto Shrine 211Life after Death 211
Shintoism and Other Religions 212
Questions for Review 214Vocabulary 214Questions for Discussion 214Notes 214Readings 216Internet Readings 217
IV Religions That Injluenced fast and WestCHAPTER 7
Ancient Religions o} Ifaq and Iran 221Mesopotamian Religion 222
Historical Development: Mesopotamian Civilizations 222Myths of Mesopotamia 224Gilgamesh 225
Worldview: Mesopotamia 226The Absolute 226
Rituals and Symbols 227
Humans 228
Relationship to Other Religions 228
Iranian Religion 229
Historical Development: Zoroastrianism 230The Life of Zarathustra 230
Teachings of Zarathustra 231
Zoroastrianism after Zarathustra 232
Religion in the Media 233
Worldview: Zoroastrianism 234The Absolute 234
The World 234
Humans 235
The Problem for Humans 235
The Solution for Humans 236
Rituals and Symbols 236
Rituals and Symbols 237
219
Life after Death 238
Relationship to Other Religions 238
Questions for Review 239Vocabulary 239Questions fm Discussion 240Notes 240Readings 241Internet Readings 241
Contents xv
v Religions o} the Family o} Abraham 243CHAPTER 8
Judaism 245The Jewish Bible 246
Interpreting the Bible 247
Historical Development: Studying Judaism 248
Abraham 248
Historical Development: Life under the Egyptians 249
Moses 250
Historical Development: Settlement in Canaan 252
The Hebrew Prophets 253
Historical Development: Destroyed Kingdoms. Exiled leaders 255Editing the 5criptures 255
Creating Congregations 256
Postexilic Judaism 257The Greeks 258
Wisdom Literature 258
The Maeeabean Revolt 259
The Romans 259
Rabbinic Judaism 260
Medieval Judaism 263Maimonides 264
The Kabbalah 265
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam in 5pain 266
Judaism in the Modern Age 267Reform Judaism 267
Conservative Judaism 268
Reconstruetionism 268
Orthodox Judaism 268
Hasidism 269
Zionism 269
The Holocaust 270
Israel 271The Roots of the Arab-Israeli Confliet 271
Religion in the Media 274
xvi CONTENTS
Worldview: Judaism 274The Absolute 275
The World 276
Humans 277
The Problem and the Solution for Humans 277
Community and Ethics 278
Rituals and Symbols 279
Rituals and Symbols 280Life after Death 283
Judaism and Other Religions 283
Questions for Review 284Vocabulary 284Questions for Discussion 285Notes 285Readings 286Internet Readings 286
CHAPTER9
Christianity 289Historical Development: Jesus of Nazareth 290
The Teachings of Jesus 291Jesus' Authority and the Gospel of John 293
The Last Week of Jesus' Life 294
The Apostles and the Growth of the Church 298
Saul of Tarsus 298
Roman Persecution and Acceptance 301
Formation of the New Testament 304
Age of the Church Fathers 305Christian Platonists of Alexandria 305
Ecumenical Councils 306
Grace of God for the Sin of Man 307
Monasticism 308
The Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox Traditions 310St. Thomas Aquinas 311
The Crusades 312
Protestant and Reformed Churches 313Martin Luther 314
John Calvin 314
King Henry VIII 315
The Catholic Reformation 316Religious Diversity in North America 317
New Forms of Protestant Christianity 318
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints 319Jehovah's Witnesses 320
Major Roman Catholic Reforms 320
Christianity and Liberation 321
Religion in the Media 322
Worldview: Christianity 322The Absolute 322
The World 324
Humans 324The Problem and the Solution for Humans 324
Community and Ethics 325
An Interpretation of History 327
Rituals and Symbols 327
Rituals and Symbols 328Life after Death 330Christianity and Other Religions 330
Questions fm Review 331Vocabulary 331Questions for Discussion 331Notes 332Readings 333Internet Readings 333
CHAPTER 10
Islam 335Historical Development: The Background of Islam 337
The Life of Muhammad 337
The Pillars of Islam 344
The Beginnings of Sunni and Shi'a 346
The Expansion of Islam 348The Shari'a in Muslim Lands 349
Muslim Spiritual Experiences 350Sufis 350
AI-Ghazali 351
Islam and Other Religions: The Middle Ages 352The Crusades 353
Cooperation 354
Islam in India 354
Muslim Responses to Modernism 355
Comparison of Shi'ites and Sunnis in the Twenty-First Century 357
Islam in the United States 358Muslims in the Midwest 358Muslims on the East Coast 359BlackMuslims 359
Religion in the Media 360
Worldview: Islam 361The Absolute 361
The World 361
Humans 362
The Problem for Humans 363
Contents xvii
xviii CONTENTS
The Solution for Humans 364
Community and Ethics 364
Rituals and Symbols 366
Life after Death 366
A Pillar of Islam: The Pilgrimage to Mecca 367Islam and Other Religions 368
Islam and the Future 370Secularismin Islam 371Arab Spring 371Questions for Review 372Vocabulary 372Questions for Discussion 373Notes 373Readings 374Internet Readings 374
VI Religion in the Twenty-First Century 375
CHAPTER 11
New Forms of Older Religions 377Baha'i 378
Cao Dai 379
Church of Satan 379
Church of Scientology 380Druids 381
Falun Gong 383
Orishas in the New World: Candomble, Santeria, and Vodun 384Rastafarians 385
Theosophical Society 386
The Unification Church/Family Federation for World Peaceand Unification 387
Wicca 389
Religion in the Media 391
Questions for Review 391Vocabulary 392Questions für Discussion 392Notes 392Readings 393Internet Readings 393
CHAPTER 12
Globalization and World Religions 395An Illustration of Globalization 395
Globalization: A View from the Third World 396
Globalization: Another View 397
The Sciences and Globalization 398Science:The Language of Globalization 398
An Example: Creationism Versus Evolution 399An Example: Science's Influence on Philosophy and Religion 399
Scienceas Religion: Psychology 400Two Examples: Spirituality and Eclecticism 400
The Sciences:Human Welfare 401
Community and Ethics 401
Rights for Men and Women 401
Globalization: The Environment 402
Religion and Violence 404
Globalization: Rapid Growth at What Cost? 404The Great Recession of the Twenty-First Century 405
Religion in the Media 406Other Trouble Spots 407
Worldview: The Problem tor Humans 408
The Solution tor Humans 408
Community and Ethics 409
Questions for Review 409Vocabulary 410Questions for Discussion 410Notes 410Readings 411
Glossary 412Photo Credits 425Index 427
Contents xix
Top Related