Warm Water Warm Water Treatments Treatments

against Codling against Codling Moth Larvae in Moth Larvae in

CherriesCherries

Efficacy Efficacy TrialsTrials

ReviewReview

Summer 2001Summer 2001

0 1 2 3 4

% L

ive

4849.55152.554Temp

9876543210

Wash-Bath

Time

0

10

% L

ive

4748.55051.553Temp

9876543210

Calif-Bath

Time

RecentRecent

Summer 2002Summer 2002

0 2 4 6 8

10

% L

ive

4849505152535455Temp(°C)

1311

97

53

1

California

Time(min)

0 2 4 6 8

10

% L

ive

4849505152535455Temp(°C)

1513

119

75

31

Washington

Time(min)

0

5

10

15

Tim

e (m

in)

48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 Temp (°C)

Cal

Wash

Summer 2002100% Mortality

Problem:Problem:

How to standardize the How to standardize the different types of different types of

water baths to allow water baths to allow for comparisons.for comparisons.

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Frui

t Cor

e Te

mp.

°C

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Time (Min)

Bath

Probe

48°CRep 3

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

FCT

(°C

)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Time (min)

50°C-5 minRep 5

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

FCT

(°C

)

0 5 10 15 20 Time (min)

50°C, 7 minRep. 3

25

30

35

40

45

50 FC

T (°

C)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Time (min)

48°C - 12 minRep 3

Lethal TimesLethal Times• Based on heating block Based on heating block

exposuresexposures• Equivalent timesEquivalent times• Standardized to 48°CStandardized to 48°C

Variables used for Variables used for calculationscalculations

• Bath temperaturesBath temperatures• Fruit temperatures at Fruit temperatures at

time time tt• Accumulative Accumulative

measurementsmeasurements

Calculating Calculating Lethal TimesLethal Times

LTLT = = 10 10 -(T(t)-T-(T(t)-Trefref)/z)/ztt00

where where TTrefref = bath temperature = bath temperature and and zz = 4 = 4

Standardize treatment Standardize treatment temperatures to 48°C temperatures to 48°C

by:by:

Corr. LT= LT/10Corr. LT= LT/10((TTrefref-48°)-48°)

25

30

35

40

45

50 FC

T (°

C)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Time (min)

48°C - 12 minRep 3

0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030 0.035

Let

hal T

imes

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Time (min)

48°C - 12 minRep 3

Lethal TimesLethal Times::

Comparisons Comparisons across studiesacross studies

Lethal Times Lethal Times based based on the equivalenton the equivalent time on Heating time on Heating Block set at 48°C.Block set at 48°C.

50

60

70

80

90

100

% D

ead

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Corrected L. T. (min)

Summer 2001

20

40

60

80

100

% D

ead

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Corrected LT (min)

Summer 2002< 100% Mortality

30 40 50 60 70 80 90

100 %

Dea

d

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Corrected LT (min)

Summer 2002Summer 2002AllAll

30 40 50 60 70 80 90

100 %

Dea

d

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Corrected L. T. (min)

Combined< 100% Dead

Treatment Treatment EquivalentsEquivalents

•48°C, 20 min48°C, 20 min•50°C, 5 min50°C, 5 min•52°C, 2 min52°C, 2 min•54°C, 1 min54°C, 1 min

Future needs:Future needs:

Standardizing Standardizing treatment treatment

parametersparameters

Treatment ParametersTreatment Parameters• LoadLoadTotal amountTotal amountAmount per unitAmount per unitFluid capacityFluid capacityConductivityConductivity

Treatment ParametersTreatment Parameterscont.cont.

• Starting temperatureStarting temperature• Target temperatureTarget temperature• Holding timeHolding timeIn original containerIn original containerIn separate baths In separate baths

ProblemsProblems• Uniformity--how much variability Uniformity--how much variability

is acceptableis acceptable• Duplication (replication)Duplication (replication)• Fruit circulation (design)Fruit circulation (design)• Parts for improvementParts for improvement• Lost larvaeLost larvae

18

20

22

24

26

28

FCT

(°C

)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 Amps

ApplesStart: 9°C

1 min

De-ionized

Tap CaCl2

28 30 32 34 36 38 40

Fina

l Tem

p (°

C)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 Amps

WaterStart: 20°C

Tap

De-ionized

1 min CaCl2

46 47 48 49 50 51 52

FCT

(°C

)

0 10 20 30 40 50 Fruit #

Cherries6 min

Water Temp.Start: 34.8°CEnd: 55.2°C

43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

FCT

(°C

)

0 10 20 30 40 50 Fruit #

Cherries2 min

Water Temp.Start: 51.0°CEnd: 52.3°C

How Quarantine How Quarantine Treatments Are Treatments Are

Accepted by Accepted by MAFF-JapanMAFF-Japan

Minimum RequirementsMinimum Requirements**• Least susceptible stageLeast susceptible stage• Demonstration with 30,000 Demonstration with 30,000 • Phytotoxicity testsPhytotoxicity tests• Safety and residue issuesSafety and residue issues• One cultivarOne cultivar• More tests for other cultivars More tests for other cultivars

* Based on MeBr treatments* Based on MeBr treatments

APHISAPHISNPSNPSResearcherResearcherMAFFMAFF

JapanJapan

AreaArea

IndustryIndustry