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About 500 active volcanoes are known on Earth,not counting those that lie beneath the sea.Volcanoes are not randomly distributed over the
Earth's surface. Most are concentrated on theedges of continents, along island chains, orbeneath the sea forming long mountain ranges.More than half of the world's active volcanoes
above sea level encircle the Pacific Ocean toform thecircum-Pacific "Ring of Fire".
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Volcanic eruptions occur only in certain places and do not occur randomly. That's becausethe Earth's outermost shell -- the lithosphere-- is broken into a series of slabs known as
lithosphericor tectonic plates. There are 16 major plates.
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How are they formed?
Volcanoes are generally found where tectonic plates arepulled apart or come together. Because of the faults andtension in Earths crust magma is able to pressure itsway out to the surface forming a volcano.
The structure and behavior of volcanoes depends on anumber of factors. Some volcanoes have rugged peaksformed by lava domes rather than a summit crater,whereas others present landscape features such asmassive plateaus. Vents that issue volcanic material(lava, which is what magma is called once it has escapedto the surface, and ash) and gases (mainly steam andgases) can be located anywhere on the landform.
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What are the parts of aVolcano?
1. VENT- the vent is the
opening from
which lavaflows.
- Dust, ash, and
rock particlescan also be
thrown out of
the vent!
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2. Crater
-the top of thevolcano.
- It is a funnel
shaped pit.-It is formedwhen the
materialexplodes outof the vent!
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3. Volcanic cone
- is the pile oflava, dust,ashes, and rock
around thevent.- It can be
found indifferentshapes!
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Types of Volcanoes
There are 3 types ofVolcanoes:
Shield
Cinder ConeComposite
They areclassified by
how they form.
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Shield Volcano
Is wide andsomewhat flat.
It forms from a quieteruption.
Lava flows outquietly and for greatdistances.
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Basaltic lava builds up in flat layers with few
pyroclastic material (particles ejected by
escaping gases)
Gently sloping sides
Ex: Hawaiian Islands (Mauna Loa)
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Low-Angle View of Mauna Loa
Source:Photograph courtesy of USGS Photo Library, Denver, CO.
S i i f ii
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Satellite View of Hawaii
Source: Photograph courtesy of USGS Photo Library, Denver, CO.
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Cinder Cone Volcano Built from ejected
lava fragments
Has tall, very steep
sides.
Has explosiveeruptions.
This eruptionproduces a lot ofcinder and ash.
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Granitic lava thrown high intothe air
Lava cools into different sizesof volcanic material calledtephra
Steep-sided, loose slopes
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P i t V l E ti
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Paricutn Volcano Erupting
Source: Photograph courtesy of USGS Photo Library, Denver, CO.
P i t Sh i F f
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Paricutn Showing Form of
Cinder Cones
Source: Photograph by K. Segerstrom, courtesy of USGS Photo Library, Denver, CO.
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Composite Volcano(Strato volcano)
Consists of alternatinglayers of lava flowsand pyroclastic
materials. Form from explosive
eruptions.
Produce a lot of lavaand ash.
Is small, with steepsides.
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A mix of the other two types
Quiet or violent Basaltic or granitic
Steep or gentle slopes
Layered or tephra
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Dome Formation Mount St
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Dome Formation, Mount St.
Helens
Source: Photograph courtesy of USGS Photo Library, Denver, CO.
Composite Volcano in
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Composite Volcano in
the Aleutian Islands
Source: Photograph by R.E. Wilcox, USGS Photo Library, Denver, CO.
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Calderas
-volcanoes havingunusually largecaters
-formed if thesummits ofvolcanoes collapse
into the partiallyimplied magmachamber
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Shield volcano Stratovolcano
Lake Toba caldera Volcanic fissure
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o Volcanoes are continually lowered byerosion and mass wasting.
o After erosion, the more resistant rock thatoccupies the pipe may remain even if mostparts are gone ------ volcanic neck
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Volcanic Neck
A volcanic neck is the
remnant of an ancient volcano
If a volcano stops erupting,it stops growing
If eruptions cease, thevolcano will be subjected toweathering and erosion andwill ultimately be worn down
The volcanic neck representsthe innermost portion of aneroding volcano
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Igneous intrusions are formed when molten magmadeep in the earth forces its way up through coolerrock. If the cooled magma cuts across layers ofpreexisting rock, it is known as a dike (or dyke).
Dikes can form in rings or in long vertical ridges.Cone sheets are thin dikes that form in the shape
of an inverted cone. If the magma settles parallelto preexisting rock, it is known as a sill. Often,erosion will wear away preexisting rock, exposing anescarpment, or a dome-shaped laccolith.
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Theory of Plate Tectonics- includes the idea that the lithosphere
consists of as many 20-rigid plates
Formation of Bicol chain of seven volcanoes
- Mt. Labo in Camarines Norte, Ms. Isarogand Iriga in Camarines Sur, Mts. Malinao and
Masaraga in Albay, and Mts. Bacon and Juban inSorsogon --- as well as the presence of geothermalfields in Tiwi, Albay, and Manito-Bacon, Sorsogon.
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The earths crust is divided into 20 rigidplates 50 to 160 km thick. These
plates move slowly and slide over a hotsemi-plastic layer of magma called theastenosphere.
When the plunging edge of the Philippineplate hits the hot clastic astenosphere,it melts. At the same time, the hotmagma rises, heats and reacts with the
lithosphere. Then it passes through thevertical cracks or crevices at thebottom of the eastern portion of Chinaplate.
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The subduction zone is just below thesouthwestern tip of the Bicol peninsula.
The upwelling magma or liquid rock goesup with tremendous pressure towardsthe surface of Bicolandia throughseveral fissures, initiating the formationof a chain of volcanoes. As a result ofthis, the conduits of Mayon and Bulusanare still lightly plugged, such that
pressurized lavas can be found in theircraters, causing volcanic eruptions fromtime to time.
Pl t t t i A th h i h lti
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Plate tectonics: Asthenosphere is where melting occurs
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