VECTOR
SURVEILLANCE &
CONTROL AT
POINTS OF ENTRY
CAPSCA 2016 12-13 October 2016 Budapest, Hungary
Outline
Why vector surveillance and control at PoEs matter?
What is presumed under “vector surveillance and control” under the IHR (2005)?
WHO Handbook on Vector Control at the Points of Entry
Vector control
Vectors of focus
Required measures (Annex 5)
Vector surveillance
Types, plans, requirements, methods
Vector-borne diseases (such as malaria, dengue, chikungunya,
Zika virus, yellow fever) are reported in over 100 countries, and
put up to 60% of the world’s population at risk of infection;
more than 500 million cases are reported each year.
The fast growing international travel and transport contribute to
the dissemination and spread of vector borne diseases all over
the world, including countries and populations previously not at
risk.
One of the areas requiring capacity building under the IHR
2005 is capacity building for vector surveillance and control
at POE
Why vector surveillance and control
matter to IHR?
ECDC, Guidelines for the surveillance of invasive mosquitoes in Europe
Legal provisions under the IHR
Annex 5 – Parties shall establish programmes to control vectors that may transport an infectious agent that constitutes a public health risk to a minimum distance of 400 m from those areas of PoE facilities, with extension of the minimum distance if vectors with a greater range are present [incl. travelers, conveyances, containers, cargo, and postal parcels].
As per Arts. 22, 24, 27 & Annex 4 competent authorities are also required to ensure that facilities used by travellers at PoE are maintained in a sanitary condition and are kept free of source of infection and contamination, including vectors & reservoirs.
Handbook “Vector surveillance and control at ports, airports, and ground crossings” (WHO, 2016)
Handbook
Provides technical guidance to state parties with a
view to meeting obligations of IHR (2005).
Contains technical advice for developing a
comprehensive programme for systemic monitoring of
vectors and for integrated vector control at PoE.
Reference material by Port Health Officers,
Regulators, Port Operators and other competent
authorities implementing these provisions under IHR
(2005).
Important vector borne diseases and
target vector species
• Mosquitoes - Malaria, Dengue, Chikungunya, Yellow fever, Plague, Leptospirosis
• Fleas – Plague, Murine typhus, Tularaemia
• Sandflies – Cutaneous & visceral leishmaniasis, bartonellosis, pappataci fever
• Cockroaches – mechanical vectors for diarrhoeal diseases, typhoid fever, dysentery and also cause asthma
• Triatomines – Chagas disease
• Ticks - Tick-borne encephalitis, Lyme Disease
• Rodents – Plague, murine typus, leptospirosis
Non mosquito vectors of disease
Species Rattus norvegicus Rattus rattus Mus musculus
Common
name
Brown Rat or Norway Rat Roof Rat or Black Rat House Mouse
Weight
500 g 250 g 20 g
Length
45 cm 40 cm 18 cm
Habitat
Principally lives in sewers
and holes and feeds on
garbage.
Under the roof of any type of
building.
Around supplies of grain, cereals, and flour.
Animal and other wildlife regulations
Pets
Other exotic birds & animals
Governed by the Convention on Biological Diversity
(CBD), International Plant Protection Convention
(IPPC), World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)
& World Trade Organization (WTO).
Routine
Spot Checks
Emergency surveillance
Types of surveillance I
Areas of surveillance
Within ports of entry area and up to a radius of 400 m around ports
of entry (may need to be extended based on geographical location
of PoE and flight range of vectors)
Intensity of surveillance
Depending on:
importation/exportation risk due to prevailing disease burdens
suspected or confirmed disease outbreaks/epidemics
suspected presence or presence of exotic vector species
Surveillance characteristics
Vector Free Zone minimum 400m perimeter around these PoE
Essential elements of surveillance
Trained staff for field & lab work, infrastructure & equipment, reagents,
chemicals, PPE & SOPs for surveillance
Establishment of a surveillance plan
Depending on epidemiological situation and risk of
importation/exportation of vectors and their pathogens
routine surveillance plan for normal circumstances
emergency surveillance plan in case of outbreaks/epidemics
Vector surveillance at PoE
Mosquito surveillance
Larval surveillance
Adult surveillance
Surveillance for rodents (e.g. rats, mice)
Runways & rub marks, tracks, gnawing, droppings, urine
Use of traps for surveillance, calculation of Rodent
Abundance Index
Types of surveillance II
Breeding Sites Resting Places
Ponds Human dwellings/Rest rooms
Puddles Sheds
Ditches Indoor hanging objects
Surface drains Crevices
Grassy and marshy land Bushes/ Vegetation wild and in gardens
Pits and depressions Furniture
Scrap and water containing depressions in sheeting Curtains
Containers of different varieties and shapes Underneath or on sides of Tanks
Water Chambers Cargo Boxes
Hydrants Work stations
Tires including fenders Walls of the Buildings
Ground and overhead water tanks Open luggage boxes
Septic tanks Cartons
Terraces/roof tops/ lintels Scrapped crafts, vehicles, vessels, etc.
Curing waters in construction/development sites
Wells
Iron ore loader buckets
Table: Listing potential breeding and resting places of
mosquitoes at ports, ground crossings and in periphery
Vector control in conveyances
Vector control in containers, baggage & cargo
Vector control in the POE
Vector control in the surroundings of POE
Vector control
Specific Measures (Annex 5)
States Parties establish vector control programs,
minimum distance of 400m from PoE facilities used
by travellers, conveyances, etc.
extended due to PoE geographical location range/type
of vector
Every Conveyance leaving a PoE with recommended
vector control should apply disinfection measures
Competent Authorities with capacity of next known
port to be notified for vector control follow-up
Specific Measures (Annex 5, cont.)
Conveyances should be inspected:
Possible vector borne disease or case on board
Left affected area within period of continued transmission
State Parties should NOT prevent suspected aircraft or
ships from entering but may divert them to appropriate
airports/ports with the capacity to apply control
measures
State parties may apply vector control measures to
conveyances arriving from area affected by a vector
borne disease
Environmental management
Source reduction
Habitat modification &
manipulation
Mechanical control
Screening
Drilling holes in tyre fenders
Removal &/or appropriate
storage of scrap
Methods of vector control
• Biological control
– Biological larvicides
• Chemical control
– Larviciding
– Adult control
Trained staff in adequate numbers
Resources for procurement of equipment, PPE & supplies
Support of engineering department / contractors to implement
physical, mechanical and environmental control measures
Routine surveillance plan with linkages to referral centres
Larval & adult bio assay kits
Impact assessment plan
Basic requirements for vector control
Pre-flight – Applied by ground staff to flight deck, passenger
cabin, toilets, open overhead & side wall lockers, coat lockers
and crew rest areas, before passengers board and 1 hour
before doors are closed (2% Permethrin)
Blocks away – following boarding of passengers and closure
of cabin door, before flight take off. Done by crew members
with 2% D-Phenothrin (0.7g a.i/100 m3)
Top-of-descent – when aircraft starts its descent with 2% D-
Phenothrin
Disinsection of aircraft
Use of rat guards on tending lines,
although not mandatory under IHR,
excluding in countries where plague
is endemic
Illumination
Traps (conventional, spring board,
glue trap and electronic traps)
Rodent prevention & control
Recommended in the following situations:
Known disease outbreak at the source of conveyance
Known or suspected disease outbreak onboard a vessel
Outbreak around PoE
Emergency control measures
THANK YOU
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