Utah Flora BOT2100
Lecture 1Floral Morphology
Floral – reproductive parts of a plant
Including:Inflorescence
FlowersFruits
Utah Flora BOT2100
Perianth – the calyx and corolla of a flower, collectively
Calyx – the outer whorl, all of the sepals of a flower
Sepals – the segments of a calyx
Corolla – the inner whorl, all of the petals of a flower
Petals – the segments of a corolla, usually colored
Floral Morphology
Utah Flora BOT2100
Calyx
Sepals
CorollaPetals
Sepals
Floral Morphology
Utah Flora BOT2100
tepals – the segment of a perianth which is not differentiated into a sepal or a petalapetalous – without petals
Floral Morphology
Utah Flora BOT2100Floral Morphology
Regular –radially symmetrical Actinomorphic – another term that means: radially symmetrical
Free – separate, not attachedDistinct – another term that means: separate, not attached
Petals5-merous
Utah Flora BOT2100Floral Morphology
Regular –radially symmetrical
Fused – fusion of like partsConnate – another term that means: fusion of like parts
Petals5-lobed
Utah Flora BOT2100Floral Morphology
Irregular – billaterally symmetrical Zygomorphic – another term that means: billaterally symmetrical
Fused – fusion of like parts
Petals5-lobed2- lipped
Utah Flora BOT2100Floral Morphology
IrregularZygomorphic
Fused
Petals5-lobed2- lipped
Utah Flora BOT2100Floral Morphology
IrregularZygomorphic
Free
Papilionaceous – irregular corolla of a pea, with a free banner, two free wing petals, and two fused keel petals
Utah Flora BOT2100
Androecium – all of the stamens in a flower, collectivelyStamens – the male reproductive organ of a flowerAnther – the expanded, apical, pollen bearing portion of the stamenFilament – the stalk of the stamen
Floral Morphology
Utah Flora BOT2100Floral Morphology
Androecium – all of the stamens in a flower, collectivelyStamens – the male reproductive organ of a flower
stamens more than twice the number of the petals
stamens 10, or exactly twice thenumber of petals
Utah Flora BOT2100
Staminode – a modified stamen which is sterile
Floral Morphology
Stamens less than twice the number of the petals (or lobes)
Stamens 4, Staminode 1
Stamens
Staminode
Utah Flora BOT2100Floral Morphology
Gynoecium – all of the pistils in a flower, collectivelyPistil – the female reproductive organ of a flowerStigma– the apical portion of the pistil which is receptive to pollenStyle – the narrowed portion of the pistilOvary – the basal portion of the pistil that contains ovules (seeds)
Utah Flora BOT2100
Carpels – a leaf modified into a pistil, another term for the stigma, style, and ovary of a plant
Monocarpous – a flower with one carpel (or pistil)
Apocarpous – a flower with two or more separate carpels (or pistils)
Syncarpous – a flowers with two or more fused carpels
(or pistils)
Floral Morphology
Utah Flora BOT2100
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Floral Morphology
Superior – flowers with the stamens, petals, and sepals attached
below the ovaryHypogynous – an alternate term for superior
Inferior – flowers with the ovary beneath the point of attachment of the stamens, petals and sepalsEpigynous – an alternate term for inferior
Perigynous – flowers with the stamens, petals and sepals borne on a calyx tube (hypanthium) surrounding but not fused to the superior ovaryHypanthium – a cup shaped expansion of the floral axis formed
from the union of the basal parts of the calyx and corolla
Utah Flora BOT2100
SuperiorInferior
Hypanthium (purple region)
Floral Morphology
red parts are the calyx (sepals)purple parts are the corolla (petals)
yellow parts are anthergreen parts are ovaries
Utah Flora BOT2100
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Inflorescence
Complete – a flower with all of the typical parts: sepals, petals, stamens and pistils.
Perfect – a flower with both female (pistils) and male (stamens) reproductive organs
Utah Flora BOT2100
incomplete – a flower lacking one or more of the typical parts: sepals, petals, stamens and pistils.
imperfect – a flower with either stamens or pistils, but not both
unisexual – alternate term for imperfect
pistillate – a flower with pistils and lacking stamens
dioecious – a plant with imperfect flowers, the staminate and pistillate flowers borne on separate plants
Floral MorphologyUtah Flora BOT2100
incomplete
imperfect
unisexual
dioecious
staminate– a flower with stamens and lacking pistils
Floral MorphologyUtah Flora BOT2100
incomplete
imperfect
unisexual
monoecious – a plant with imperfect flowers, the staminate and pistillate flowers borne on the same plant
pistillate
staminate
Inflorescence
• flowering part of a plant, collectively
•a cluster of flowers
• the arrangement of the flowers on the flowering axis
Utah Flora BOT2100
Utah Flora BOT2100Inflorescence
Rachis – the main axis of an inflorescence
Pedicel – the stalk of a single flower in an inflorescencePedicillate – a flower with a pedicel
Peduncle – the stalk of a solitary flower or the stalk of an inflorescencePedunculate – a inflorescence with a peduncle
Sessile –
This plant has sessile flowers with a pedunculate inflorescence.
Each inflorescence has a rachis.
Utah Flora BOT2100Inflorescence
Terminal – a flower at the tip or apex
This plant has solitary, pedunculate flowers.
Each flower is terminal.
Utah Flora BOT2100Inflorescence
Bracts – a reduced leaf at the base of a flower or inflorescence
Axillary – a flower arising in the axil of a leaf
This plant has bracteate, sessile flowers
This plant has axillary, pedicillate flowers
InflorescenceUtah Flora
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Solitary – an inflorescence with a single flower
InflorescenceUtah Flora
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Spike – an unbranched, elongate inflorescence with sessile flowers
Spicate – a plant with a flowers arranged in a spike
Utah Flora BOT2100Inflorescence
Raceme – an unbranched, elongate inflorescence with pedicillate flowers
Racemose – a plant with a flowers arranged in a raceme
InflorescenceUtah Flora
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Panicle – an branched, racemose inflorescence
Paniculate – a plant with a flowers arranged in a panicle
panicles can remembered as:
a raceme of
racemes
InflorescenceUtah Flora
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Umbel – an inflorescence with the pedicels arising from a more or less common point, like an umbrellaCompound Umbel – an umbel of umbels
Umbellate – a plant with a flowers arranged in a umbel
flat, compound umbel
rounded, compound umbel
InflorescenceUtah Flora
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Cyme – a flat-topped (or rounded) inflorescence in which the terminal flower blooms first
Cymose – a plant with a flowers arranged in a cyme
This is a raceme of cymes, several cymesare located at each node of the inflorescence
InflorescenceUtah Flora
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Scorpioid cyme – an inflorescence shaped like a scorpion’s tail in which the terminal flower blooms first and the axis elongates in a zig-zag fashion
terminal
not terminal,this can keepexpanding
Utah Flora BOT2100Inflorescence
Capitate or Head-shaped – a dense, many-flowered inflorescence, generally terminal
Verticel – a dense, many-flowered inflorescence at a node, whorled
capitate verticels
Utah Flora BOT2100
ray13-14 flowers
diskmanyflowers
Composite, Involucratea many flowered headray
phyllary (each leaf-like bract)
involucre (not a calyx)
receptacle
(inside involucre)
Inflorescence
FruitUtah Flora
BOT2100
Legume – a dry, dehiscent fruit derived from a single carpel, opening along two lines of dehiscence
Loment – a legume with constrictions between the seeds, sometimes breaking into 1 seeded segments
Follicles – a dry, dehiscent fruit derived from a single carpel and opening along a single line
Capsule – a dry, dehiscent fruit derived of more than one carpel
Silique – a dry, dehiscent fruit in Brassicaceae, less than twice as long as wide (circular)
Silicle – – a dry, dehiscent fruit in Brassicaceae, more than twice as long as wide (tubular)
FruitUtah Flora
BOT2100
Achene – a dry, indehiscent fruit derived from a single carpel with a single seed attached to the ovary wall at a single point (sunflower)
Caryopsis – a dry, indehiscent fruit derived from a single carpel with a single seed fused to the ovary wall (cereal grains)
Samara – a dry, indehiscent fruit with wings
Nut – a dry, hard, indehiscent fruit with a single seed
Nutlet – a dry, hard, indehiscent fruit with a 2 to 4, one-seeded lobes
Schizocarp – a dry, hard, indehiscent fruit which plits into 2 to many, one-seeded segments
FruitUtah Flora
BOT2100Berry – a fleshy fruit derived from a single carpel with many seeds (tomato)
Drupe – a fleshy, indehiscent fruit derived from a single carpel with one hard central seed (called a stone; peaches, cherries)
Pome – a fleshy, indehiscent fruit derived from an inferior ovary composed of many fused carpels (apple)
Aggregate – a fleshy fruit derived from multiple, separate carpels in a single flower (raspberry)
Multiple – a compound fruit formed from many, separate flowers crowded along a central axis (pineapple)
Cone – called a strobilis, or cone-like cluster of seed-bearing bracts crowded along a central axis (sometimes woody; pine cones)
Utah Flora BOT2100
Assignment
•Draw and label all flower and fruit samples provided in lab
•Make sure to label the peduncle, pedicel, corolla, petals, calyx, sepals, phyllaries, ray flowers, disk flowers, stamens, stigma (not all may have these features readily visible or present)
•Identify whether the flower is solitary, a raceme, a spike, a panicle, a cyme, or an involucre
•Identify whether the fruit is a cone, a legume, a samara, or a capsule (the 4 types we have for examples)
•Split open the Penstemon flower and illustrate the stamens, filaments, staminode, stigma, style, ovary, corolla, and calyx
•See Harris & Harris 175-178 for floral diagrams
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