Hierarchical Filing SystemsWhy Organize a Hard Disk?Relative and Absolute PathsSubdirectory MarkersThe Current & Default Drive and DirectoryUnderstanding the PATH CommandThe PROMPT Command Metastrings
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Important DOS ConceptsUsing Hard Drives
Important DOS CommandsUsing Hard Drives
tree Graphically displays the folder structure of a drive or path
dir Displays a list of files and subdirectories in a directorymkdir or md Creates a directoryrmdir or rd Removes (deletes) a directorychdir or cd Displays the name of or changes the current directorymove Moves files and renames files and directoriespath Displays or sets a search path for executable filesprompt Changes the cmd.exe command promptattrib Displays or changes file attributes (FAT)icacls Displays or modifies discretionary access control lists
(DACLs) on specified files, and applies stored DACLs to files in specified directories. (NTFS)
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Hierarchical Filing Systems
Root directory: Created when disk is formatted Represented by (\) - the backslash Acts as an index to disk
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FAT16Root directory - fixed size & location on disk
FAT32Root directory free to grow as necessary
NTFSNo limit to # of files/directories in root
directory
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Hierarchical Filing Systems
Subdirectories:Important part of organizing diskCan contain subdirectoriesNo limit in number of files
Subdirectory structure:Looks like inverted family treeRoot directory
• At top of tree• Point of entry in hierarchical structure
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Hierarchical Filing Systems
General comments:Only one root directory
• point of entryDirectories
• Have only one parent directory
• Can have any # of child directories
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Hierarchical Filing Systems
Hierarchical Filing Systems
General comments:Each subdirectory
• Dependent upon structure above it
• Knows only its parents and children
User can name subdirectories but not the root directory
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Why Organize a Hard Disk?
Windows OS is installed, certain folders are created including:
• Windows • Program Files• Documents and Settings• My Documents
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Why Organize a Hard Disk?
Need to determine:How program is installedWhere program is installed
Can choose own installation location.• Presents problems when asking for technical
support.
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Why Organize a Hard Disk?
Part of good organizational scheme is to create meaningful names for data files Need naming conventions Long file names problematic Use of spaces can create problems Similar file names problematic
Organize disk by way you work.Application programs are tools.
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Example Programs & Data Files
The WUGXP directory contains:The subdirectory “Games” which contains:
The directory “BOG2” which contains:The application program called “BOG”
BOG.EXE is the application program.BOG.DAT is the data file.
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Relative path: Route from where you are to where you want
to goCan move to directory above it and beneath it
Absolute path:Direct route from root directory to the
subdirectory of interestIs always absolutely correct
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Relative and Absolute Paths
Directory:Knows about files/directories within itselfKnows about its immediate child directory
and parent directoryTo move to another parent directory either
start from the root or give relative path
The root directory is the parent
or common “ancestor” of all directories.
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Relative and Absolute Paths
Relative and Absolute Paths
Absolute path examples:cd p:\ctec110cd p:\ctec110\homework\movies
Relative path examples:cd ..cd ctec110cd ..\phone\personalcd ..\..\..
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Subdirectory Markers
Single . (one period) Specifies the current directory
Double . . (two periods) Specifies the parent directory of current
subdirectoryCan use . . (two periods)
To move up one directory position
You cannot use this shortcut symbol to move down in the directory hierarchy
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The Current and Default Drive and Directory
Using the CD command with no parameters will display the present current and default directory
Example: CD [drive:][path]The CD command does not use spaces as delimiters
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When Z: \ > is displayed on screen it is the:PromptDefault drive and directoryCurrent drive and directory
The default drive can be changedThe default directory can be changedDOS Command line is not case sensitive
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The Current and Default Drive and Directory
The TREE Command
The TREE command syntax:TREE [drive:] [path] [/F] [/A]
Used to view Disk StructuresPresents a graphic representation of the disk structure
Examples:Shows the disk structure hierarchy
TREE G:TREE N:TREE O:TREE P:TREE C:
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The DIR Command
The DIR command syntax:DIR [drive:][path][filename] [/A[[:]attributes]] [/B] [/C] [/D] [/L] [/N][/O[[:]sortorder]] [/P] [/Q] [/R] [/S] [/T[[:]timefield]] [/W] [/X] [/4]
Displays a list of files and subdirectories in a directoryHas many options and can be used to search for files
Examples:DIR c:\Windows /wDIR c:\Windows /pDIR hosts /sDIR c:\Windows /a:d
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The DIR Command
DIR <file/directory> /s/s Searches subdirectories
Try This…cd /d c:\Windows
DIR hosts /s
Now change to the directory the hosts file is in (first entry) and look inside ittype hosts
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The MKDIR (MD) Command The MD command syntax:
MKDIR [drive:] path MD [drive:] path
Formatting a disk will prepare it to hold files.Setting up subdirectories prepares the disk to hold logical groups of filesCreate parent and child directory with one command.If parent directory does not exist, the OS will create child directories and any necessary intermediate directories.
Examples:Creates directories and subdirectories
MD c:\salesMD c:\ctec110MD p:\sales\oldMD p:\sales\new
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The RMDIR (RD) Command The RD command syntax:
RMDIR [/S] [/Q] [drive:]pathRD [/S] [/Q] [drive:]path
Removes (deletes) a directoryThe directory must be empty unless a switch is used
Examples:Deletes files, directories and subdirectories
RD p:\filesRD p:\history\europeRD p:\history\us
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The RMDIR (RD) Command
Used to remove directories
Cannot remove • Directories containing hidden or system files• Directory you are presently in [Current Directory]• Default subdirectory• Root directory
Cannot use with wildcards
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Without parameters:Removes only empty subdirectoriesOne file at a time from the bottom up
With parameters:Can remove directory treesCan remove directories …
• with hidden or system files
Can traverse the directory tree from the top down
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The RMDIR (RD) Command
RD with /S parameter: Deletes directory and contents …
(subdirectories/files) with one commandRemoves a complete directory tree path
RD with /Q parameter: RD runs in quiet modeUseful, fast, powerful, and DANGEROUS!
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The RMDIR (RD) Command
The CHDIR (CD) Command The CD command syntax:
CHDIR [/D] [drive:][path]CHDIR [..]CD [/D] [drive:][path]CD [..]
Displays the name of or changes the current directoryCD with no parameters will display the current and default directoryCD followed by path name will change the current and default directory
• Current is what you see• Default is what the drive is on
The /D parameter will change the default drive and directory
Examples:cdcd z:\ctec110cd /d c:\Windows
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The MOVE Command The MOVE command syntax:
MOVE [/Y | /-Y] [drive:][path]filename1[,...] destinationMOVE [/Y | /-Y] [drive:][path]dirname1 dirname2
Moves files and renames files and directoriesCan move one or more filesCan rename a directory
Examples:MOVE text.txt p: (file move)MOVE p:text o:\Books (file move to directory)MOVE letter1,letter2 o:\memos (files moved to directory)MOVE o:\89memos o:\90memos (directory move)
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The MOVE Command
MOVE command can:Move files to new locationRename files at the same timeRename directories/subdirectories Safe to move data files and data directories.
Moving program files and renaming program directories could cause programs to fail
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The PATH Command The PATH command syntax:
PATH [[drive:] path [;…] [%PATH%]]PATH
Displays or sets a search path for executable filesType PATH ; to clear all search-path settings and direct cmd.exe to search only in the current directoryType PATH without parameters to display the current pathIncluding %PATH% in the new path setting causes the old path to be appended to the new setting.
Examples:pathpath o:;%path%path %path%;p:path ;
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Understanding the PATH Command
PATH command:Locates/executes executable program filesSearches
• Memory• Current directory• Subdirectories specified with PATH command
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The PROMPT Command
The PROMPT Command syntax:PROMPT [text]
Changes the cmd.exe command promptHas a number of Metastrings that can be used
Example:Prompt $p$g (default)Prompt $d$q$g ({date}=>)
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The PROMPT Command
PROMPT command without parameters displays current drive and > sign
Changes the way the prompt is displayed and does not change its function
PROMPT command information:Is contained within CMD.EXESyntax - PROMPT [text]Can include Metastrings
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The ATTRIB Command
The ATTRIB command syntax:ATTRIB [+R | -R] [+A | -A ] [+S | -S] [+H | -H] [+I | -I] [drive:][path][filename] [/S [/D] [/L]]
Displays or changes file attributes
Example:ATTRIB +R text.txtATTRIB +RSH iosys.sysATTRIB -R text.txtATTRIB /?
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The ATTRIB Command
Based on FAT file systemsUsed to determine the attributes of a fileUsed to change the attributes of a fileATTRIB +R text.txt
makes the file read onlyATTRIB -R text.txt
Removes the read onlyATTRIB /?
help on options
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The ATTRIB Command
A for Archive
H for Hidden
R for Read-only
S for System
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The ICACLS Command
The ICACLS command syntax1. ICACLS name /save aclfile [/T] [/C] [/L] [/Q]2. ICACLS directory [/substitute SidOld SidNew [...]]
/restore aclfile [/C] [/L] [/Q]3. ICACLS name /setowner user [/T] [/C] [/L] [/Q]4. ICACLS name /findsid Sid [/T] [/C] [/L] [/Q]5. ICACLS name /verify [/T] [/C] [/L] [/Q]6. ICACLS name /reset [/T] [/C] [/L] [/Q]7. ICACLS name [/grant[:r] Sid:perm[...]]
[/deny Sid:perm [...]][/remove[:g|:d]] Sid[...]] [/T] [/C] [/L] [/Q][/setintegritylevel Level:policy[...]]
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The ICACLS Command The ICACLS command syntax (continued)
1. Stores the DACLs for the files and folders that match the name into aclfile for later use with /restore. Note that SACLs, owner, or integrity labels are not saved.
2. Applies the stored DACLs to files in directory.
3. Changes the owner of all matching names. This option does not force a change of ownership; use the takeown.exe utility for that purpose.
4. Finds all matching names that contain an ACL explicitly mentioning Sid.
5. Finds all files whose ACL is not in canonical form or whose lengths are inconsistent with ACE counts.
6. Replaces ACLs with default inherited ACLs for all matching files
7. See the help on this command for more detailed information!
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The ICACLS Command The ICACLS command syntax NOTES (continued)
Sids may be in either numerical or friendly name form. If a numericalform is given, affix a * to the start of the SID.
/T indicates that this operation is performed on all matching files/directories below the directories specified in the name.
/C indicates that this operation will continue on all file errors. Error messages will still be displayed.
/L indicates that this operation is performed on a symbolic link itself versus its target.
/Q indicates that icacls should supress success messages.
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The ICACLS Command
Examples:icacls c:\windows\* /save AclFile /T- Will save the ACLs for all files under c:\windows and its subdirectories to AclFile.
icacls c:\windows\ /restore AclFile- Will restore the Acls for every file within AclFile that exists in c:\windows and its subdirectories.
icacls file /grant Administrator:(D,WDAC)- Will grant the user Administrator Delete and Write DAC permissions to file.
icacls file /grant *S-1-1-0:(D,WDAC)- Will grant the user defined by sid S-1-1-0 Delete and Write DAC permissions to file.
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The ICACLS Command
Based on NTFS file systemsUsed to determine the attributes of a fileUsed to change the attributes of a fileHas way too many different command
syntaxes to listDo a “help icacls” at the command prompt
to see the different ways to use it
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The ICACLS Command
-N user has no access -F user has full access -M user has right to modify/delete file -RX user has read and execute rights -R user has read-only access -W User has write-only access, can’t
delete -D User can delete file /deny Denied attribute access
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