U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Palynological Data from Pliocene Sediments, DSDP Leg 5 Site 32, Northeastern Pacific Ocean
by
R. Parley Fleming! U.S. Geological Survey
Open-File Report 92-712
This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards (or with the North American Stratigraphic Code). Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
^Denver, Colorado1992
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction ---------------------------------------------------3
Materials and Methods --------------------------------------------3
Age Control ---------------------------------------------------5
Data Matrices --------------------------------------------------5
Taxonomic Comments --------------------------------------------6
Discussion ----------------------------------------------------6
References ----------------------------------------------------8
Appendix 1 --------------------------------------------------- 10
Appendix2 ---------------------------------------------------12
Appendix 3 --------------------------------------------------- 16
Appendix 4 ---------------------------------------------------20
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure 1 ------------------------------------------------------4
INTRODUCTION
Studies of Pliocene sea-surface temperatures of the North Atlantic Ocean indicate that there were intervals during the Pliocene substantially warmer than modern conditions (Dowsett and Poore, 1990; 1991). One of these intervals occurs at about 3 Ma (Dowsett and Poore, 1991). One goal of PRISM (Pliocene Research, Interpretation, and Synoptic Mapping) is to produce a paleoclimatic map for the world at 3 Ma. As part of this effort, the Pliocene Continental Climates Project within PRISM is attempting to reconstruct terrestrial vegetation patterns along the west coast of North America during the Pliocene, especially at 3 Ma.
This report contains palynological data from DSDP Site 32, located in the northeast Pacific Ocean approximately 380 km off the coast of California. The data reported here consist of a matrix of absolute count data (numbers of specimens) and a matrix of relative abundance data (percentages). These data will be used in the future as a basis for making semi-quantitative and quantitative estimates of climatic parameters during the Pliocene for western North America. Only preliminary interpretations are presented in this report.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Locality and Setting
Leg 5 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP, now the Ocean Drilling Program, ODP) drilled 12 sites in the northeast Pacific Ocean in 1969. Site 32 of Leg 5 was drilled near the seaward margin of the Delgada Fan, off the coast of California, at latitude 37° 7.63' North and longitude 127° 33.38' West (Shipboard Scientific Party, 1970). Figure 1 shows the position of Site 32 off the west coast of California.
The Delgada Fan contains a mixture of terrigenous and clastic sediments (McManus and others, 1970). Most of the terrigenous sediments are derived from areas now drained by the San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers. At present, the San Joaquin River drains the southern part of the Great Valley and the Sacramento River drains the northern part of the Great Valley. During the Pliocene, the Delgada Fan presumably received sediment from the same general area, although a marine embayment filled much of the Great Valley (Cole and Armentrout, 1979).
Approximately 215 m of sediment were cored at Site 32. Cores 3 through 6 contain a total of 28.5 m of Pliocene sediments (Shipboard Scientific Party, 1970). Cores 3 through 6 were taken with little difficulty and represent a continuously cored sequence, although some disturbance of sediments was reported. On the basis of diatom analyses by Barron (in press), these cores preserve a nearly complete and relatively undisturbed record from about 3.0 Ma to 5.0 Ma. ODP stores the cores at the ODP Core Repository at Scripps Oceanographic Institute in La Jolla, California.
Sample collection and sample positions
Appendix 1 lists the USGS sample number, DSDP core and section numbers, and depth information for each of the 31 samples collected from Site 32 for this study. Each core at Site 32 was 9 m in length and was divided into 1.5 m sections, numbered 1-6 from the top down. Top and bottom data provided for each sample collected from Site 32 were measured from the top of the section from which the sample was taken. The depth of each sample below seafloor (meters below seafloor, mbsf) was calculated using published DSDP depth data for Site 32 (Shipboard Scientific Party, 1970) and the depth information for each core and section. The "DSDP depth" provided by DSDP was calculated for the top of each sample. The "midpoint depth" calculated for this study is for the middle of each sample interval.
PACIFIC OCEAN
0 200km
Figure 1. Sketch map showing position of DSDP Site 32 (circle) and Heusser and Balsam's core number 54 (square) off the coast of California.
Discrepancies are apparent between some depths provided by DSDP and the corresponding depths calculated in this report. Sample D7706(86.44) has a depth of 86.44 mbsf according to the sample listing provided by DSDP. However, calculating the depth using the figures in Table 1 reveals that 86.56 mbsf is more accurate for this sample. Similarly, sample D7706(105.9) has a DSDP depth of 105.9 mbsf and its depth calculated with Table 1 measurements is 105.80 mbsf. Appendices 2 and 3 use the depths calculated in this study, which are listed in "midpoint depth" column of Appendix 1.
AGE CONTROL
The initial paleontological study of Site 32 was based primarily on calcareous nannofossils (Shipboard Scientific Party, 1970). In the initial report, sediments from cores 3-6 were assigned to the Pliocene. All sediment from Core 3 was assigned to the upper Pliocene; all sediment from cores 4 and 5 and the upper 1.5 m of core 6 were assigned to the lower Pliocene.
Barren (in press) integrated his diatom stratigraphy with the biostratigraphic studies of Bukry and Bramlette (1970) and Gartner (1970) and concluded that a nearly complete interval was recovered in cores 3-6 that ranges from 3.0 to 5.0 Ma. Also, Barren (in press) refined the Pliocene diatom stratigraphy for California based on calibration with paleomagnetic and radiometric studies in the Centerville Beach outcrop section (northern California), the Harris Grade outcrop section (southern California), and DSDP Site 32. His study provides critical absolute ages for diatom horizons in the interval between 5.0 and 2.8 Ma (Barron, in press). This allows more accurate and precise dating of samples from Site 32.
Appendix 1 lists the age estimates for all samples from Site 32 used in this study. J. Barron provided the first set of samples from Site 32 with his age assignments based on his calibration of diatom datums, and these dates are italicized under "age" in Appendix 1. I collected additional samples from Site 32 cores and extrapolated and interpolated the ages for these samples based on Barron's analyses. This approach accepts Barron's conclusion that the core records a complete and uniform record for the interval 3-5 Ma and assumes a constant sedimentation rate of 18 m/m.y.
DATA MATRICES
The data matrix of Appendix 2 contains the absolute count data for the 31 samples from Site 32. Some samples were too sparse for adequate statistical counts. For four of the sparse samples, only the presence of a taxon or category is noted; two of these samples have preliminary count data that are not considered reliable but is reported nonetheless. Some fossils were observed during preliminary scans (i.e., before statistical counts were made) that were not encountered in the sample counts. These are listed in Appendix 2 as "trace." Appendix 2 also presents fossils that were unidentified because of their preservation. These are listed as "broken," "concealed," "corroded," or "crumpled."
The data matrix of Appendix 3 contains relative abundances for most of the pollen categories listed in Appendix 2. Appendix 3 omits two categories of Appendix 2, Pinus bladders and Pinus bodies. The percentage of Pinus includes one-half of the Pinus bladders counts and excludes Pinus bodies. The percentages are based on the sum of the terrestrial pollen and exclude spores, algae (freshwater and marine), and pollen of aquatic plants (i.e., Potamogeton/Triglochiri). Occurrences listed as "trace" in Appendix 2 are listed as "0" in Appendix 3. The unidentified categories of Appendix 2 are combined as a single percentage in Appendix 3 and entered under "indeterminates." Appendix 3 contains count data for 27 of the 31 samples collected from Site 32. The four samples excluded from Appendix 3 are the barren samples of Appendix 2.
TAXONOMIC COMMENTS
Some categories included in the raw data matrix (Appendix 2) and the relative abundance data matrix (Appendix 3) need explanation. All samples from Site 32 contained common to abundant pollen referable to the Taxodiaceae, Cupressaceae, or Taxaceae. Pollen morphology in these three gymnosperm families is basically the same, with subtle differences that may permit identification at the individual family or genus level. All pollen of this group lacking diagnostic features for family or generic level taxa were referred to "TCT undifferentiated." If the pollen grain exhibited a papilla without critical details of the wall structure preserved, it was assigned to the Taxodiaceae. If a papillate fossil within this group preserved details of the wall structure associated with the tenuitas, then it was assigned to Sequoia or Taxodium as appropriate.
There are six morphological categories that were not assigned to a particular botanical group. "Monosulcate type 1" is simple monosulcate pollen that could be produced by gymnosperms (e.g., cycads) or angiosperms (e.g., magnoliids). "Monosulcate type 2" is reticulate monosulcate pollen possibly produced by palms or the Agavaceae, but too few specimens were observed to allow definitive assignment at this time. "Tricolpate type 1" is simple tricolpate pollen that is prolate, psilate, and relatively small. This type is produced by a number of plant families. "Tricolpate type 2" pollen is prolate to spheroidal pollen with long colpi and a eureticulate wall having a fine reticulum. "Tricolporate type 1" is tricolporate, prolate, psilate pollen similar to tricolpate type 1 except that it is tricolporate; this type is also produced by a number of plant families. "Tricolporate type 2" is the most abundant of the types assigned to morphological categories. This pollen is tricolporate and prolate and has a very fine reticulate or foveolate pattern on the surface of the grain.
Besides "dinoflagellates undifferentiated," two additional dinoflagellate types were counted. "Dinoflagellate type 1" is a small chorate cyst. "Dinoflagellate type 2" is a distinctive cyst that lacks processes, has a intercalary archeopyle, and a surface ornamentation that appears finely reticulate.
Question marks beside generic names (e.g., Acer!) indicate that the identification is only tentative. This usually indicates that only one specimen was recovered and preservation or orientation allowed only tentative assignment. Familial categories are included for families that have more or less distinctive pollen but for which generic distinctions are lacking or difficult to determine.
DISCUSSION
Preliminary analysis of the data of Appendix 3 reveals patterns that suggest departures from modern climatic conditions during the Pliocene. In Appendix 4, relative abundances of selected taxa are plotted against absolute time. These data are compared with modern palynological data from Heusser and Balsam (1977), who determined absolute and relative abundance of palynomorphs in core top samples from 61 cores taken along the continental margin of the northeast Pacific. One of Heusser and Balsam's cores, number 54, was taken approximately 200 km east of Site 32 (Figure 1); this core will be used for comparison with Pliocene sediments from Site 32. Heusser and Balsam (1977) also compared pollen relative abundance with modern terrestrial vegetation distribution along the Pacific northwest, which may allow inferences to be made about the differences between modern and Pliocene vegetation. Although Heusser and Balsam provide a useful basis for comparison, they did not report the presence of undifferentiated TCT pollen. As discussed below, TCT is the dominant fossil in most Site 32 samples. At this time, data on TCT abundance in modern marine sites near Site 32 is lacking.
All samples from Site 32 are dominated by pollen of TCT and Pinus. Plot 1 (Appendix 4) shows the relative abundance of these two groups plotted against age. In general, TCT is dominant from 4.5 Ma to 2.8 Ma. Pinus becomes dominant at about 3.75 Ma and again at 3.0 Ma. Plot 2 shows the Pinus relative abundance profile with the level of Pinus in Heusser and Balsam's modern site shown with a horizontal arrow. This comparison suggests that, except for the times around 3.75 Ma, Pinus is not as abundant in Site 32 as it is in the modern site. Adam and others (1990) reported higher TCT values in the Pliocene than in younger sediments at Tule Lake. They developed a model in which increased TCT with respect to Pinus indicates warmer conditions. Using this model, they inferred warmer conditions in the Pliocene from 2.8 Ma to 2.6 Ma (Adam and others, 1990).
Sequoia pollen was present in low amounts in Site 32. Although fossils referred to the Taxodiaceae could be Sequoia or Taxodium, they are more likely to be Sequoia. Even if the Taxodiaceae and Sequoia are added together (thus representing the maximum possible Sequoia), the relative abundance of this type is significantly lower than values for Sequoia in Heusser and Balsam's modern sample (see Plot 3). Heusser and Balsam's data indicate that Sequoia stands today contribute significant amounts of pollen to adjacent marine environments. Data from Site 32 indicate that Sequoia stands were significantly reduced during the Pliocene.
Other taxa in Site 32 have relative abundances similar to the modern values. For example, the relative abundance of Alnus in Site 32 (Plot 4) was more or less similar to modern values except at 3.0 Ma, when Alnus increased significantly.
Several exotic taxa are present in Pliocene sediments from Site 32 that were apparently present in the Pliocene but have since been extirpated from California. These taxa are Carpinus, Carya, Ilex, Taxodium, Tilia, Pterocarya, and Ulmus. The presence of these taxa in the California Neogene is already known. For example, Axelrod (1950, 1980) reports Pterocarya and Ilex from Pliocene Sonoma florules of California; Daubenmire (1978) reports the presence of Tilia, Ulmus, and Carya in the Neogene of west central North America. Heusser (1981) recovered pollen of Ilex, Ulmus, Tilia, and Pterocarya from lower Pliocene sediments of DSDP Leg 63.
Apparently Taxodium has not previously been reported from the Pliocene of California, although Leopold and Denton (1987) report Taxodium leaf fossils from Miocene rocks in the Columbia basin west of the Rocky Mountains and east of the Cascades. Some Taxodium is present at 3.61 Ma and 3.08 Ma in Site 32. Taxodium is present in swamps in southeastern U.S. today and thrives in habitats that have standing water throughout the year.
Today Pterocarya occurs only in the Old World, in the Caucasus Mountains and in China and Japan (Leopold and MacGinitie, 1972). Leopold and MacGinitie (1972) estimate that modern Pterocarya grows in areas with effective temperatures equivalent to those found in central California today. In areas where it grows today, it appears to require summer rainfall. Also, Axelrod (1950) concludes that the presence of Ilex and Pterocarya indicate summer precipitation during the Pliocene. This is consistent with the presence of Taxodium and its need for year-round precipitation.
These data are preliminary but some of the patterns suggest that paleoclimate in California during the Pliocene was different from the present climate. The presence of Ilex, Pterocarya and Taxodium suggests that adequate moisture was present year-round. The reduction in Sequoia suggests that, even though there was enough moisture for Taxodium, climatic conditions did not allow enough fog for Sequoia to exist in amounts comparable to today. Today Sequoia occupies foggy coastal areas (Axelrod, 1986).
Additional sites along the west coast of North America (e.g., the Centerville Beach section near Eureka, California) may provide corroborative trends that will increase confidence in the patterns observed at Site 32. Results from Site 32 will be integrated with results from other sites to reconstruct a paleovegetational and paleoclimatic picture of western North America during the Pliocene.
REFERENCES
Adam, D. P., Bradbury, J. P., Rieck, H. J., and Sarna-Wojcicki, A. M., 1990,Environmental changes in the Tule Lake Basin, Siskiyou and Modoc Counties, California, from 3 to 2 million years before present. U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1933, 13 pages.
Axelrod, D. I., 1950, Studies in late Tertiary paleobotany II: A Sonoma florule fromNapa, California. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 590,71 pages.
Axelrod, D. I., 1980, Contributions to the Neogene Paleobotany of central California. University of California Press, 212 pages.
Axelrod, D. I., 1986, The Sierra Redwood (Sequoiadendrori) Forest: End of a dynasty. Geophytology 16(l):25-36.
Barron, J. A., 1992, Paleoceanographic and tectonic controls on the Pliocene diatom record of California, in Tsuchi, Tyuichi, and Ingle, J.C., Jr., editors, Pacific Neogene: Environment, Evolution and Events. Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on Pacific Neogene Stratigraphy, International Geological Correlation Program 246, p. 25-41.
Bukry, David, and Bramlette, M. N., 1970, Coccolith age determinations Leg 5, Deep Sea Drilling Project. Initial Reports , Deep Sea Drilling Project, volume 5, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., p. 487-494.
Cole, M. R., and Armentrout, J. M., 1979, Neogene paleogeography of the western United States, in Armentrout, J. M., Cole, M. R., and TerBest, Harry, Jr., (editors), Cenozoic Paleogeography of the Western United States: Pacific Coast Paleogeography Symposium 3, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, p. 297-323.
Daubenmire, Rexford, 1978, Plant geography with special reference to North America. Academic Press, New York, NY, 338 pages.
Dowsett, H. J., and Poore, R. Z., 1990, A new planktic foraminifer transfer function for estimating Pliocene through Holocene sea surface temperatures. Marine Micropaleontology 16(l/2):l-23.
Dowsett, H. J., and Poore, R. Z., 1991, Pliocene sea surface temperatures of the North Atlantic Ocean at 3.0 Ma. Quaternary Science Reviews 10(2/3): 189-204.
Gartner, Stefan, 1970, Coccolith age determinations Leg 5, Deep Sea Drilling Project. Initial Reports , Deep Sea Drilling Project, volume 5, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., p. 495-500.
Heusser, L. E., 1981, Pollen analysis of selected samples from Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 63. Initial Reports , Deep Sea Drilling Project, volume 63, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., p. 559-563.
Heusser, L. E., and Balsam, W. L., 1977, Pollen distribution in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Quaternary Research 7(l):45-62.
Leopold, E. B., and Denton, M. F., 1987, Comparative age of grassland and steppe east and west of the northern Rocky Mountains. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Gardens 74:841-867.
Leopold, E. B., and MacGinitie, H. D., 1972, Development and affinities of Tertiary floras in the Rocky Mountains, in Graham, Alan, (editor), Floristics and paleofloristics of Asia and eastern North America: Proceedings of Symposia for the Systematics Section, XI International Botanical Congress, Elsevier, p. 147-200.
McManus, D. A., Weser, Oscar, Borch, C. C. van der, Vallier, Tracy, Burns, R. E.,1970, Regional aspects of deep sea drilling in the northeast Pacific. Initial Reports, Deep Sea Drilling Project, volume 5, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., p. 621-636.
Shipboard Scientific Party, 1970, Site 32. Initial Reports, Deep Sea Drilling Project, volume 5, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., p. 15-56.
10
APPENDIX 1
Appendix 1 contains sample data for the 31 samples from DSDP Site 32. Italicized numbers in age column are dates provided by John Barron and are based on his analysis of DSDP Site 32 (Barron, in press). Depths are given in meters below seafloor (mbsf).
Appendix 1 11
USGS samplenumber
D7706 (80.3)D7706 (80.5)D7706 (80.8)D7706 (81.85)D7706 (82.3)D7706 (83.1)D7706 (83.77)D7706 (84.66)D7706 (85.23)D7706 (85.43)D7706 (86.44)D7706 (87.8)D7706(88.14)D7706 (88.42)D7706(91.8)D7706 (92.29)D7706 (93.27)D7706 (93.7)D7706 (94.8)D7706 (95.2)D7706 (96.3)D7706 (96.79)D7706 (97.8)D7706(98.15)D7706 (99.59)D7706 (101.04)D7706 (101.08)D7706 (102.76)D7706 (105.9)D7706 (105.8)D7706 (107.31)
Core
3333333333333344444444445555555
Section
1112233444566622334455661223556
Top(cm)30508035801077167393553064923079277030703079306559545876798081
Bottom(cm)325282378212791875955732661003281297232723281326761566078818283
DSDP depth(mbsf)80.380.580.8
81.8582.383.183.7784.6685.2385.4386.4487.8
88.1488.4291.892.2993.2793.794.895.296.396.7997.898.1599.59101.04101.08102.76105.9105.8
107.31
Midpoint depth(mbsf)80.3180.5180.8181.8682.3183.1183.7884.6785.2485.4486.5687.8188.1588.4391.8192.3093.2893.7194.8195.2196.3196.8097.8198.1699.60101.05101.09102.77105.80105.81107.32
Age(Ma)2.972.98
3.003.06
3.083.13
3.163.213253.26
3.313.393.41
3.423.61
3.643.69
3.723.78
3.803.86
3.893.95
3.964.044.124.134.224.394.394.47
12
APPENDIX 2
Appendix 2 contains absolute count data for the 31 DSDP Site 32 samples in this study. Numbers in each cell are the numbers of specimens counted in the samples for each palynomorph category.
Appendix 2 (part 1) 13Age (Ma)Depth (mbsf)Weight of Processed sample
AbiesPiceaPiiwsPine bladdersPine bodiesPseudotsugalLarixSequoiaTaxodiumTsuga canadensis?Tsuga keleropkyllaTsuga mertensianaTaxodiaceaeTCT undifferentiatedConifer undifferentiatedEphedraAcer?AliuuAmbrosiaArtemisiaBetulaCarpinusCaryaCercocarpusCoryliaEriogonumFraxiiwsFremoHtodendronIlexJuglansLithocarpus?MyricaPlatanus?PotentttlaPrunusPterocaryaQuercusSalixSarcobatusTiliaUlmusAsteraceae-LigulifloraeAsteraceae-TubulifloraeCaprifoliaceaeCaryophyllaceaeChenopodiineaeElaeagnaceaeEricaceaeJuglandaceaeMalvaceaeOnagraceaePoaceaePolygonaceaeRhamnaceaeRosaceaeUmbelliferaeMonosulcate type 1Monosulcate type 2Tricolpate type 1Tricolpate type 2Tricolporate type 1Tricolporate type 2BrokenConcealedCorrodedCrumpledMonolete sporesTrilete sporesPolypodiumAzotta glochidiaPotamogeton/TriglochinPediastrumDinoflagellates undifferentiatedDinoflagellate type 1Dinoflagellate type 2TasmanitesReworkedTracersTotal specimens countedTerrestrial total
2.9780.31
10
10
7711626
0100200
330800816001000021^1000100
2840001
2900
120010041005202049
1023
11240011
150
1000
41743626
2.9880.51
10
64
115134
136000101
33117009050004000012000001430003
230040000020031000037
1059
10230001
103901
56766657
3.0080.81
15
05
7344120000100
691060
220
111000000100000000
150100050000000032000200000132802000000000
81299263
3.0681.86
10
0trace
6076140000
trace00
31130021200
trace0000000000000
2400000
170080000
trace00001100063
12105610000040
2100
17588510
3.0882.31
14
11
3966100410000
2351000011000000000000000042010090020000000020100010730601000001
1402
40425364
3.1383.11
10
00
4688
70200000
36713003260000000010000500
3690001
1420
130000040000200055
1172
16030010
100080
38689616
3.1683.78
11.5
44
122100
141100001
32225
70
101
110000000200000100
2010010
190080010013060202002154
2213000011125
76738660
3.2184.67
10
22
1716132000006
2292201400001000000000000003001000000010010030000022545457000020
5807
12425325
3.2585.24
10
11
48222000000090000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100
8470
3.2685.44
19.5
30
7678
70200100
3131100
13130010000000000100
3220000
1200
100000010001101060186
1821000000310
18616563
3.3186.56
10.5
36
9460
84000401
2641320
12091000000000000100
2030001
130090020013020405003488962001020500
93593539
Appendix 2 (part 2) 14Age (Ma)Depth (mbsf)Weight of Processed sample
AbiesPiceaPiiuaPine bladdersPine bodiesPseudotsHgalLarixSequoiaTaxodiumTaiga canadensis?Taiga keteropkyllaTsuga merteitsianaTaxodiaceaeTCT undifferentittedConifer undifferentiatedEphedraAcer?AlmaAmbrosiaArtemifiaBetulaCarpwusCaryaCercocarpusCorylusEriogonumFraxiniuFremoHtodendronIlexJuglansUtkocarpus?MyricaPlatanus?PotentillaPrumisPterocaryaQuerciuSalixSarcobatusTiliaUlmusAsteraceae-LigulifloraeAsteraceae-TubulifloraeCaprifoliaceaeCaryophyllaceaeChenopodiineaeElaeagnaceaeEricaceaeJuglandaceaeMalvaceaeOnagraceaePoaceaePolygonaceaeft\*Tnn*ffff.
RosaceaeUmbelliferaeMonosulcate type 1Monosulcate type 2Tricolpate type 1Tricolpate type 2Tricolporate type 1Tricolporate type 2BrokenConcealedCorrodedCrumpledMonolete sporesTrilete sporesPotypodiumAzolla glochidiaPotamogeton/TriglockinPediattrumDinoflagellltes undifferentiatedDinoflagellate type 1Dinoflagellate type 2TasmanitesReworkedTracersTotal specimens countedTerrestrial total
3.3987.81
10
13
36106
117400102
32114007120001000
trace00000001
2150000
1400900000100100011175
3337000112
16124100
16700563
3.4188.15
10
42
415681100100
27016009161001101000000011
1030000
121020000041081002704644
16220001
11101201
13546471
3.4288.43
13
present
Barren
3.6191.81
10
32
70140
80010003
316110030
140142000313010001
2691002
2300
1400000914
13200063
139
12125110000
136221065
855673
3.6492.3
8
34
13489
71000001
15515
1040
152000000000000000
140200060090000031052
10061004
116242000003200
50524
461.5
3.699328
15
60
88126
165001012
31012
1040
250000000000000001
3481000
2500
17010100207300422
2377989700000
1934
12
13831680
3.7293.71
16
10
6461122100010
706000040000000000000000411000000000000000002000100000000000003015
235188.5
3.7894.81
10
23
5375104000301
30917006093001000210000001
212000050030110001000006019
1019
16020001
16265902
15692
538.5
3.8095.21
6
03
4144
70000000
20331020
171000000000000000412001400
131000050000007000120
1041000000000
34378344
3.869631
10
01
5186346100003
42240050
200001000201001000
3572000300
11010001109020002
13934
20210001
3027500
1015
882684
Appendix 2 (part 3) 15Age (Ma)Depth (mbsf)Weight of Processed sample
AbiesPiceaPinusPine bladdersPine bodiesPseudotsugalLa-ixSequoiaTaxodiumTsuga canaderais?Tsuga keteropkyllaTsuga mertfiaianaTaxodiaceaeTCT undifferentiatedConifer undifferentiatedEpkedraAcer?AlnusAmbrosiaArtemitiaBetuiaCarpinusCaryaCercocarpusCarylusEriogonumFraxinusFremontodendronIlexJuglansLithocarpus?MyricaPlatanus?PotentUlaPrunusPterocaryaQuercusSalixSarcobatusTiliaUlmusAsteraceae-LigulifloraeAsteraceae-TubulifloraeCaprifoliaceaeCaryophyllaceaeChenopodiineaeElaeagnaceaeEricaceaeJuglandaceaeMalvaceaeOnagraceaePoaceaePolygonaceaeRhamnaceaeRosaceaeUmbelliferaeMonosulcate type 1Monosulcate type 2Tricolpate type 1Tricolpate type 2Tricolporate type 1Tricolporate type 2BrokenConcealedCorrodedCrumpledMonolete sporesTrilete sporesPofypodiumAzolla glochidiaPotamogeton/TriglochinPcdiastrumDinoflagellates undifferentiatedDinoflagellate type 1Dinoflagellate type 2TasmanitesReworkedTracersTotal specimens countedTerrestrial total
3.8996.8
9
03
5161126000000
1636003152000000000000100
2130011
100030000010002101034
10723130000
290
1300
26433
344.5
3.9597.81
10
111
98128224001003
3124300
110
151001000000100011
2011
1000
10004000005005210400
151279
12100001
2141
11004
11950686
3.9698.16
15
310
10888127100302
1936101091000010000000000
3201000800
2400000000330070035
124639100026010
26576498
4.0499.67.5
40
108107229000105
273110030
191010100100000100
36200038005010001003100100
15826
22110010
223
2501
61735
605.5
4.12101.05
12
present
present
presentpresent
Barren
4.13101.09
10
presentpresentpresent
present
present
present
presentpresent
Barren
4.22102.77
12.5
214003000002
113001000000000200000000300001100000000100101000030000000000010000
4140
4.39105.811.5
present
present
present
Barren
4.39105.81
10
22
65103
151300105
22980061
1430
trace7000000100000
3690000600300100100
100011000642
203300007
3431
123
629499.5
44710732
7.5
48
134104
165000
trace10
230380090
142030000012000202
4630100
120
trace20000110001003010470
19130000
170003
39700608
16
APPENDIX 3
Appendix 3 contains relative abundances for selected pollen categories. All values are percentages calculated using the data in Appendix 2. See text for discussion of the categories included in this appendix. Four samples of Appendix 3 are not included because of insufficient palynomorph recovery these are labeled "barren" in Appendix 2.
Appendix 3 (part 1) 17
Age (Ma)Depth (mbsf)AbiesPiceaPinusPseudotsuga/LarixSequoiaTaxodiumTsuga canadensis?Tsuga heterophyllaTsuga mertensianaTaxodiaceaeTCT undiff erentiatedConifer undifferentiatedEphedraAcer?AlnusAmbrosiaArtemisiaBetulaCarpinusCaryaCercocarpusCorylusEriogonumFraxinusFremontodenaronIlexJuglansLithocarpus?MyricaPlat anus?PotentillaPrunusPterocaryaQuercusSalixSarcobatusTiliaUlmusAsteraceae-LigulifloraeAsteraceae-TubulifloraeCaprifoliaceaeCaryophyllaceaeChenopodiineaeEQaeagnaceaeEricaceaeJuglandaceaeMalvaceaeOnagraceaePoaceaePolygonaceaeRhamnaceaeRosaceaeUmbelliferaeMonosulcate type 1Monosulcate type 2Tricolpate type 1Tricolpate type 2Tricolporate type 1Tricolporate type 2Indeterminates
2.9780.310.160.00
21.570.000.160.000.000.320.000.00
52.721.280.000.001.280.160.960.000.000.160.000.000.000.000.320.160.160.000.000.000.160.000.004.470.640.000.000.000.164.630.000.001.920.000.000.160.000.000.640.160.000.000.800.320.000.320.000.641.444.15
2.9880.510.910.61
27.700.910.000.000.000.150.000.15
50.382.590.000.001.370.000.760.000.000.000.610.000.000.000.000.150.300.000.000.000.000.000.150.610.460.000.000.000.463.500.000.000.610.000.000.000.000.000.300.000.000.460.150.000.000.000.000.461.075.18
3.0080.810.001.90
36.120.000.000.000.000.380.000.00
26.243.802.280.008.370.004.180.380.000.000.000.000.000.000.380.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.005.700.000.380.000.000.001.900.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.001.140.760.000.000.000.760.000.000.000.000.005.32
3.0681.860.000.00
19.220.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
60.980.590.000.000.390.200.390.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.004.710.000.000.000.000.003.330.000.001.570.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.200.200.000.000.001.180.596.47
3.0882.310.270.27
19.780.001.100.270.000.000.000.00
64.562.750.000.000.000.270.270.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.001.100.550.000.270.000.002.470.000.000.55
. 0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.550.000.270.000.000.000.270.004.40
3.1383.110.000.00
14.610.000.320.000.000.000.000.00
59.582.110.000.000.490.320.970.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.160.000.000.000.000.810.000.005.841.460.000.000.000.162.270.320.002.110.000.000.000.000.000.650.000.000.000.000.320.000.000.000.810.815.84
3.1683.780.610.61
26.060.150.150.000.000.000.000.15
48.793.791.060.001.520.151.670.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.300.000.000.000.000.000.150.000.003.030.150.000.000.150.002.880.000.001.210.000.000.150.000.000.150.450.000.910.000.300.000.300.000.000.304.85
3.2184.670.620.627.690.620.000.000.000.000.001.85
70.466.770.000.311.230.000.000.000.000.310.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.920.000.000.310.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.310.000.000.310.000.000.920.000.000.000.000.000.620.625.54
3.2585.24
1.431.43
84.290.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
12.860.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Appendix 3 (part 2) 18
Age (Ma)Depth (mbsf)AbiesPiceaPinusPseudotsuga/LarixSequoiaTaxodiumTsuga canadensis?Tsuga heterophyllaTsuga mertensianaTaxodiaceaeTCT undiff erentiatedConifer undifferentiatedEphedraAcer?AlnusAmbrosiaArtemisiaBetulaCarpinusCaryaCercocarpusCorylusEriogonumFraxinusFremontodendronIlexJuglansLithocarpus?MyricaPlatanus?PotentillaPrunusPterocaryaQuercusSal itSarcobatusTiliaUlmusAsteraceae-LigulifloraeAsteraceae-TubulifloraeCaprifoliaceaeCaryophyllaceaeChenopodiineaeElaeagnaceaeEricaceaeJuglandaceaeMalvaceaeOnagraceaePoaceaePolygonaceaeRhamnaceaeRosaceaeUmbelliferaeMonosulcate type 1Monosulcate type 2Tricolpate type 1Tricolpate type 2Tricolporate type 1Tricolporate type 2Indeterminates
3.2685.440.530.00
20.430.000.360.000.000.180.000.00
55.601.950.000.002.310.180.530.000.000.180.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.180.000.005.680.360.000.000.000.002.130.000.001.780.000.000.000.000.000.180.000.000.000.180.180.000.180.001.070.005.86
3.3186.560.561.11
23.010.740.000.000.000.740.000.19
48.982.410.370.002.230.001.670.190.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.190.000.003.710.560.000.000.000.192.410.000.001.670.000.000.370.000.000.190.560.000.370.000.740.000.930.000.000.565.38
3.3987.810.180.53
15.811.240.710.000.000.180.000.36
57.022.490.000.001.240.180.360.000.000.000.180.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.183.730.890.000.000.000.002.490.000.001.600.000.000.000.000.000.180.000.000.180.000.000.000.180.180.181.248.53
3.4188.150.850.42
14.650.210.210.000.000.210.000.00
57.323.400.000.001.910.211.270.210.000.000.210.210.000.210.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.210.212.120.640.000.000.000.002.550.210.000.420.000.000.000.000.000.850.210.001.700.210.000.000.421.490.000.856.37
3.6191.810.450.30
20.800.000.000.150.000.000.000.45
46.951.630.000.000.450.002.080.000.150.590.300.000.000.000.450.150.450.000.150.000.000.000.153.861.340.150.000.000.303.420.000.002.080.000.000.000.000.001.340.150.591.930.300.000.000.000.890.451.935.65
3.6492.30
0.650.87
38.680.220.000.000.000.000.000.22
33.593.250.220.000.870.003.250.430.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.003.030.000.430.000.000.001.300.000.001.950.000.000.000.000.000.650.220.001.080.432.170.001.300.220.000.004.98
3.6993.280.880.00
22.210.740.000.000.150.000.150.29
45.591.760.150.000.590.003.680.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.155.001.180.150.000.000.003.680.000.002.500.000.150.000.150.000.000.290.001.030.440.000.000.590.290.293.384.56
3.7293.71
0.530.00
50.131.060.530.000.000.000.530.00
37.143.180.000.000.000.002.120.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.002.120.530.530.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.001.060.000.000.000.530.000.00
3.7894.810.370.56
16.810.740.000.000.000.560.000.19
57.383.160.000.001.110.001.670.560.000.000.190.000.000.000.370.190.000.000.000.000.000.000.193.900.370.000.000.000.000.930.000.000.560.000.190.190.000.000.000.190.000.000.000.000.001.110.000.191.676.69
Appendix 3 (part 3) 19
Age (Ma)Depth (mbsf)AbiesPiceaPinusPseudotsugalLarixSequoiaTaxodiumTsuga canadensis?Tsuga heterophyllaTsuga mertensianaTaxodiaceaeTCT undifferenuatedConifer undifferenuatedEphedraAcer?AlnusAmbrosiaArtemisiaBetulaCarpinusCaryaCercocarpusCorylusEriogonumFraxinusFremontodendronIlexJuglansLithocarpus?MyricaPlatanus?PotentillaPrunusPterocaryaQuercusSalixSarcobatusTiliaUlmusAsteraceae-LigulifloraeAsteraceae-TubulifloraeCaprifoliaceaeCaryophyllaceaeChenopodiineaeElaeagnaceaeEricaceaeJuglandaceaeMalvaceaeOnagraceaePoaceaePolygonaceaeRhamnaceaeRosaceaeUmbelliferaeMonosulcate type 1Monosulcate type 2Tricolpate type 1Tricolpate type 2Tricolporate type 1Tricolporate type 2Indeterminates
3.8095.21
0.000.87
18.310.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
59.010.870.290.000.580.004.940.290.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.001.160.290.580.000.000.291.160.000.003.780.290.000.000.000.001.450.000.000.000.000.000.002.030.000.000.003.78
3.8696.31
0.000.15
13.740.880.150.000.000.000.000.44
61.700.580.000.000.730.002.920.000.000.000.150.000.000.000.290.000.150.000.000.150.000.000.005.121.020.290.000.000.000.440.000.001.610.000.150.000.000.000.150.150.001.320.000.290.000.000.000.291.905.26
3.8996.80
0.000.87
23.661.740.000.000.000.000.000.00
47.311.740.000.000.870.291.450.580.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.290.000.006.100.870.000.000.290.292.900.000.000.870.000.000.000.000.000.290.000.000.000.580.290.000.290.000.871.166.39
3.9597.81
1.600.15
23.620.580.000.000.150.000.000.44
45.486.270.000.001.600.002.190.150.000.000.150.000.000.000.000.000.000.150.000.000.000.150.152.921.600.150.000.000.001.460.000.000.580.000.000.000.000.000.730.000.000.730.290.150.000.580.000.002.195.83
3.9698.160.602.01
30.521.410.200.000.000.600.000.40
38.761.200.200.000.200.001.810.200.000.000.000.000.200.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.006.430.000.200.000.000.001.610.000.004.820.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.600.600.000.001.410.000.000.605.42
4.0499.60
0.660.00
26.671.490.000.000.000.170.000.83
45.091.820.000.000.500.003.140.170.000.170.000.170.000.000.170.000.000.000.000.000.170.000.005.950.330.000.000.000.501.320.000.000.830.000.170.000.000.000.170.000.000.500.170.000.000.170.000.002.486.28
4.22102.77
5.002.50
10.007.500.000.000.000.000.005.00
27.507.500.000.002.500.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.005.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.007.500.000.000.000.002.502.500.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.002.500.000.002.500.002.500.000.000.000.007.500.00
4.39105.81
0.400.40
23.320.200.600.000.000.200.001.00
45.851.600.000.001.200.202.800.600.000.001.400.000.000.000.000.000.000.200.000.000.000.000.007.211.800.000.000.000.001.200.000.000.600.000.000.200.000.000.200.000.002.000.000.000.200.200.000.000.006.41
4.47107.32
0.661.32
30.590.820.000.000.000.000.160.00
37.836.250.000.001.480.002.300.330.000.490.000.000.000.000.000.160.330.000.000.000.330.000.337.570.490.000.160.000.001.970.000.000.330.000.000.000.000.160.160.000.000.000.160.000.000.490.000.160.004.93
20
APPENDIX 4
Appendix 4 contains plots of relative abundance profiles (percentage versus age) for selected taxa from DSDP Site 32. See text for discussion.
Percentage
Io>I3 Q*Oo>
a
B8
rOGO O^GO
O
O O
ro" vl
01
CO
b o
CO
ro en
CO
01> ° (Q (D
D> ' CO
kl Ol
o
ro 01
en o
ob oH-
ro ob o
COob o-h
Ob o-h
cn ob o-h
a> ob o-f-
ob o
00ob o
IZ
Percentage
33
Percentage
§ I u> c
§£ ^ 1II w I-c c fD pH-*> Q* co33 b - GO Q o
11
£9 O
3.55 f° ^S ro - Re w M-} ^
^
C^ n^3CA C
* i
§ K Wc^ 5 en - W& > ° JJUJ fid tf%
P9 J? °
B « s/^v y^ ^ff
^j 3 "^* CO
^GO cn0
DobbbbbbbbbDOOOOOOOOOO
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 f
'
i.
i^
\
*
i
^/r \
a? |;- fD U)to ^
rb - 0
3
1
*d ro -
1 "
^ i
rm
-\
/
k
en -*- o
Percentage
SB.
O 3
So C O>
§ cT e-o
O
oa*-> ffU)to
§cr o
I3X
3
i-35J
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