University of RochesterJuly 28, 2005
[email protected]://www.pas.rochester.edu/~manly/main/manlyhome.htm
Much ado about nothing:Much ado about nothing: the Rochester the Rochester Scholar guide to the universeScholar guide to the universe
The intimate relationship between the very big and the
very small
Inquiring minds want to know ...Inquiring minds want to know ...
Yo! What holds it together?Yo! What holds it together?
Fermi National Accelerator Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (near Chicago)Laboratory (near Chicago)
What forces exist in nature?
What is a force?
How do forces change with energy or temperature?
How has the universe evolved?
How do they interact?
Force Source Range StrengthGravitation mass infinite 10-39
Electromagnetism Electriccharge
infinite 10-2
Strong nuclear Colorcharge
10-15 m 1
Weak nuclear Weakcharge
10-18 m 10-5
Mini-Ph.D. – Quantum Mechanics 101 Mini-Ph.D. – Quantum Mechanics 101
Lesson 1:Lesson 1:
Size actually does matter.Size actually does matter.
Problem!
Heisenberg uncertainty
principle
Cannot have perfect
knowledge of both the position
and velocity
Heisenberg
Dear Steve,
Party
relatively hard!
-Al
The fundamental nature of forces: virtual particlesThe fundamental nature of forces: virtual particles
Et h Heisenberg E = mc2 Einstein
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Much ado about NOTHING:Much ado about NOTHING:
Nothing is somethingNothing is something
Nothing has energy Nothing has energy
Nothing interacts with somethingNothing interacts with something
-R. Kolb
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The essence of mass at the quantum levelThe essence of mass at the quantum level(quantum field theory)(quantum field theory)
On to the very big …
1 Mpc= 1 Megaparsec = 3x1022 m
1 light year = 9x1015 m
Light travels from NYC to San Francisco in 1/100 second …. and it travels 1 Mpc in 3 million years
Telescopes are Telescopes are time machinestime machines
Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) discovers a surprise in 1929
Galaxies that are further away appear redder
Doppler shift-From webphysics.davidson.edu
Type Ia SNe from Riess, Press and Kirshner (1996)
Welcome to the “expanding universe”!!
extrapolate back in time find the age of the universe 13 billion
years.
Light travels from NYC to San Francisco in 1/100 second …. and it travels 1 Mpc in 3 million years
Cosmic Microwave Background
Penzias and Wilson - 1964
Uniform and isotropic
– in as far as they could measure
Modern accelerators study processes at energies that existed VERY early in the universe
Another form of time travel !
What were forces like at those temperatures?
What types of particles existed?
How can the universe be so isotropic?How can the universe be so isotropic?
How did the structure (galaxies, clusters of galaxies) arise??How did the structure (galaxies, clusters of galaxies) arise??
Do we know about all of the fundamental particles that exist? Do we know about all of the fundamental particles that exist?
Why 3 families?Why 3 families?
Why is the mass spectrum of fundamental particles as it is?Why is the mass spectrum of fundamental particles as it is?
Why is the universe matter instead of antimatter?Why is the universe matter instead of antimatter?
Many, many missing pieces …Many, many missing pieces …
Recent progress! But new puzzles…-R. Kolb
Very exciting development in last decade
Observed fluctuations in the CMB temp
WMap data on the temperature fluctuations in the CMB
why structure matters
time12 billio
n years
17 billio
n years
100 billio
n years
1000 billio
n years
Millio
n- b
illion
years
Today
Sun burns out
Hell freezes over
Cubs win World Series
End of universe
One possible future of the universeOne possible future of the universe
-R. Kolb
“Power spectrum” (size) of temperature fluctuations sensitive to different matter/energy components of the
universe
Thanks to:
Priscilla Cushman, CDMS, G-2, Univ. of Minnesota
Rocky Kolb, Fermilab and University of Chicago
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
CERN, European Center for Particle Physics
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Davidson University webphysics project
WMAP project
Hubble Space Telescope project
Ned Wright, UCLA
MSSL astrophysics group
Newton, Einstein, Heisenberg, Plank, etc.
And whoever else I forgot to mention …
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