UNIT – I
PLANNING FOR SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
1. What do you mean by time of concentration? State its significance in sewerdesign.
It is defined as the longest time without unreasonable delay that will be requiredfor a drop of water to flow from the further point of drainage area.
2. State the pollution control board norms for effluent discharge into streams (M/J -11)Impurities Inland
SurfaceWater
Public Sewers Land forIrrigation
Marine outfall
SS 100 600 200 100Grease and Oil 10 20 10 20BOD 30 350 100 100
3. What are the typical characteristics of sewage from South Indian Cities?The typical characteristics of sewage are listed as follows :Constituent ConcentrationBOD (at 20°C) (400 mg/u)TOC (290 mg/u)COD (1000 mg/d)Chlorides 100 mg/uSolids 1200 mg.l
4. Explain the meaning and significance of “time of concentration”. (N/D -11)Time required for the flood discharge to reach to the maximum limit.It is used to
indicate the(a) Inlet time (b) Outlet time(c) Peak time (d) Maximum Runoff
5. Differentiate between dry weather flow and wet weather flow.DWF – Dry Weather flow is defined as the flow of sewage, consists of domestic
sewage (or sanitary sewage) and industrial sewage and mentioned as DWF.WWF - The flow of storm water is called Wet-Weather Flow and mentioned as
WWF.
6. State the necessity of legal requirements and effluents disposal of sewage.Necessity of Legal Requirements for Effluent Disposal: All types of effluent needs to be treated and disposed off safely.
Page 1 of 75
Parameters like DO, BOD, COD, suspended solids, other solids content needsto be reduced to the permissible level.
Toxicity levels must be eliminated to a non-hazardous state and then disposedoff.
7. Name sewage characteristics with which organic matter concentration isexpressed.
BOD, COD8. State the effluent standards for any four parameters recommended by thepollution control board.(M/J -13)
TCS<100 mg/u TOS<2100 mg/upH = 5.5 to 9.0BOD < 30 mg/uCOD<250 mg/u
9. Why do the analyses BOD and COD usually give different results for the samewastewater? Both the BOD and COD tests are a measure of relative oxygen – depletion of a
waste contaminant. Naturally sewage contains bacteria and nutrients almost will initiate bio chemical
reactions(BOD) The chemicals are also broken by down using oxidizing agents(COD). Result is oxygen content will be N/Dreased and varies.
10. What is the effect of suspended solids on water bodies? Effect on suitability of water bodies for reactional activities. Effect on aquatic defect fishes. Water becomes warmer good and oxygen penetration. Bad odour of taste.
Page 2 of 75
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Page 13 of 75
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Page 14 of 75
UNIT – II
CONVEYANCE SYSTEM
1. List the factors influencing the fixing of design period.
The factors influencing the fixing of design period are :
Weather flow conditions
Rate of water supply
Type of area served
Population growth
2. Give the design flow value for separate, combined and storm sewers.
(M/J -11)
The design values are given as follows:
Separate Sewers 1.0Combined Sewers 1.0Storm Sewers 0.5 to 0.8
3. How is the capacity of the wet well in a sewage pumping station determined?
The capacity of sump well is determined on the basis of a minimum detention
period of about 15 to 30 minutes of the peak flow. If its capacity is less, the operation of
the power unit shall have to be done at frequent intervals and it M/J result in the increase
of the operation cost.
4. Distinguish between “Self Cleansing Velocity” and Non-scouring velocity.
Self Cleansing Velocity Non-ScouringDefined as the velcocity at which the solidparticles will remain in suspension withoutsettling at the bottom of the sewer.
Defined as the minimum velocity which allowsthe particle to stick to the invert (i.e.) (Noscouring occurs)
The velocity doesn’t not depends upon thematerial sed for construction of sewer.
The velocity depends upon the constructionmaterial of sewer.
5. Enumerate the various steps involved in the layout and construction of sewers.
The various steps involved in the layout and construction of sewer lines are :
(a) Setting out
(b) Alignment and formation of gradient
Page 15 of 75
(c) Excavation of trenches
(d) Laying and Jointing
(e) Testing
(f) Backfilling
6. Reciprocating pump is not widely used in the sewage pumping – state true or false
and justify your answer. (N/D -12)
Reciprocating pumps is used for pumping sewage because high effects are
required for transporting sewage which consists of great fluctuations.
It is more economical.
It is also used for sewage flow where it is varied.
7. Define “sewerage system”. List out the components of it.
Sewerage system is a system for collection conveyance and disposal of sewage.
As sewerage system consists of a network of sewers, for carrying the sewage from
individual units(homes and industries) to the sewage treatment plant.
Components
1. House Sewer
2. Lateral Sewers
3. Branch Sewers
4. Mains Sewers
5. Trunk Sewers
6. Manholes
7. Catch basins etc.
8. What are the situations where the pumping of sewage becomes essential is sewage
management. (M/J -13)
Pumping from low lying areas.
To lift the sewage in treatment plants for making the flow under gravity
Pumping at specified intervals in flat country
The place where the basement level of the houses are lower than the invert level
of the sewer.
Page 16 of 75
When a sewer has to pass across a high ridge.
9. What is the significance of self cleansing velocity in sewer design .
Deposition takes place and if it is not removed it will obstruct free flow causing
further deposition and finally leading to complete blocking of sewer. So checking at least
once a day is important.
10. Name any two softwares used in sewer design. (N/D -13)
Sewer CAD
Storm CAD
Page 17 of 75
F-' E UN ler
BimieFig Ex Plat n title Vco rous Faciems to be
Considered In -the des ig ri OF Sewemage Sys-tern.
Vas f9 h a Sarii-latm 9 se We") "th a POP laCetiTh ii 0 p
boob ereciev 1.1-/ 9 uu arLen art a ^rat e of qo ipoJ -
Mi pi i rri un-, Sac Clearliri 9 vetoci -ty al design F iota°
i; o- 8 mis • Moithrl titr1 depth eF Flow I'S ast•--
ASSU-n1 a o-bi ,) clesi 9 ri errlien; a (.5 o_p pi icab le
CniVe.r, somata:
poPu_lat-ion co o Nos
pemcapi*a ctemo_r) clo !Pad
ASSurne tr-- 0.013
Sc attie r' :
Pan CaP ita- demand= 135/ /cap 1-ta. otay
AVenage Liate71 $u-PP 19 r 6000 X' 135
310, 00 o JtitYles
Averlage SLIA)219 OF waters ro3/s g 1o/0 0 o
l000 x l 4 x box bo
0 , o oc4-0 1/13/5
4venag e Sewage diechumge = water SuPP iy
o• S Pc o 0 o 4
to. goo -1 5 rn 3 /S
Page 18 of 75
Niarth;n9\s Follryitzp_a
VI- yr) R .3/3 s 12-
A =err%
t$%
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()Sing
Os013
Q
o•o3o:ITAI_Tol x >, cky/3 Ys.
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o • o 3 o = o ►rAs o•03
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030 o- 12504-T 2 x D 1/2 )(0 , 0924
• 3 214 -7 = 0-185 14-92-61
1 .= o , 22 1-0
F0)1 check
gz- 0.038 Yn'
X 0•2"1a
Page 19 of 75
ASSu_P-n e Mr: 0 , 013
data
Poputation = Soo°
Pen ca_pf-Ea demand = II o Lpci
hr-D.o13
Acti'V'e Slope = t en 3 oo
Ga) ■-t an y Sews) to senile a_ po path-1'o n
wig
pan cap Luc-ten Su-PPI note of
Salta-hi ;
Avenge warts) SuPPig t 5 000xII o
S oo o _tiebs
Aver age wake') supply rr% = 550000
1000x214.X6oX be
Ash
eg ig ri
C F Soo 0
Lp c.a •
(hives
Assume sewage o 863 Pn97s
diselicm 9e s 8o1' uni-te,) es app)les
o•e> o.00 G36
prig U3 ea-the71 Flo LOS = o a o so ITO/s
axi mum F..zecpuency Sewage should
be desighed rcuyinol 9 Full C3 -to -E-1'nle-g--1
0 ,14 x 0 • Oo 5 0 9 z 0 2 03 incr3/8'
Page 20 of 75
13,,:m3)17
P TIM c P
Tx+
0. ei()4:„ /I+
13)---- AV
x (.1)24- 414
O' o13 3 6
YS
co, ecx
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eT14,1 0.7-
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rzt CS a set F cleansfrig
\/.. 0 649 yr/s ra4. is The .yarige
c.i) m/6 +0 0 ' rnis
Clearibel Velocity 0.640 0 grris
Page 21 of 75
ex PI oj -the \tedious at-1160y FaCto^r6 you Lo I 3 "
System!: Se wefrose comic:Wm i\-1 -the design OF
pm us+ be P.5-iopemlY
desig ned, So as
ec.p e eti9 el y and
vom ious Fcte-tom s Considered in -the des 19 11
of Sewers age cS'Y stem
-Ole Sew 010_9 e ads-tam
Skill Tun plarivi ect , ah e-
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Cien{ t y.
wind-
ftemove
us-t be or act ecieu_ate s ize'
-t-heity O'v el Flo w and etbS &Went
-the set.oems
So as -to air Click
Crm eS
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cOi g e os -to gagem.1m e heavy e X 'o n and 0
high 1+Ft Pler-elPi "9 = 1O51 it SI-IOW-at be SO
C ►- s n as -Lo CauSe e_ de pos cti 0 n o F
r-43 °lids to &vie 8 etil
arse des cepi ea -to
ill e sewans
the tua-tem From ach e base rn e n-ts , and elloug.ot
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a i s col ignect +0 Pow lin ateA geto let
CDR. H ra 0,1 Wei rt1M2
velocity SInowus riel -the_77 be so
cart ery
Page 22 of 75
irk -Dierarne frit plant wi 11 have be to tote_ot
low lextety tin e Mood per crtectit o de v+' ces
tootii ctat■i.)1g or, and {-awe Ccole
by aesigvi engineot
itie des ign or -13-te -been-Erne t units
et-pit-teem .1 11 9 g It o eceRtuiereS good
What{ is the need_ gone VerrEi lat-f on in
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e tat oh 0C Setoems ovie py7ov Ictect.
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comb Lupus Claw
-the sw)rae e o c sewag e sPhoutt oienneir,
in con& act wirtt-1 c_The e coo) 0th wise the
rf le c_ks tpf roxmed •
isp Sat of Se toed GlaSes
`The deco p o OF s a-go inStd P
The Setuois d evelop gases tovii co) e
know" as tk1B Sewer gase s • -11.1 eSe gases
e CODY/ F L (pi
tg- matey tua vs
CAD
Page 23 of 75
moron ct reembon monoxide. rocrloon dioxi de, trethame_
ikeTo g e e 4c• -the gases e rnett-o%ie coe
9 111 Y exp los ) 4 ve arid_ 4 Sewer is bort.
Topemly vevrtrierted- -the rno h lioie Covers Pvi ay
101 own elcc
eethocts or Veh•tilort-i'oh
v3.3 Manholes w im eth CS/ ern ; coos
VD, 1Y1 VI lei wig gr gtirigs
CO proper cona+eruot-ioin F Sew 0)-S
eel D proms ot es A' gvi Se-U-elC
Cep p-fop VI ova e_ ol.t)0_k n age syaerv,
v enki I eck-i on co tor( chap -4.s
XP1 cti- (The con Fig u."1 a +4 or) of Man1-101e t1"r
ne SVe,t cti
NI (Dili o le,
Manh o1 ES an e massori -ty (3.,) Pcc cllavribens
o nSirf tk. C+ Eck ai s uit al!) 1 e ...in ke,N ALS awl e
e Sewell lines cosi PrrOV i ciLi ti % access
-thern.
14,
Page 24 of 75
81'7e OF Seine')
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tip•-o o bro
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via U-p•t o I.2 'r')
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Spacin g OF NI
las hi
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Le ca-tf o n and spacing of tvlian 1-10 les
she manholes are g e he't all V petO V id Si
dli. ̂leg u.10-91 I felteriVeLLS C 11 Silecaglrit Sewe'l
line. and Olt 0 a-t points oF every
Oravig e of °rya:tier, t- o.n bend, ...i an et( 0 Y1 i
alaynekem 8 ettY2Y1 e1ianQe 0 F
Spathig ismaitilY fire rri arilio le
depend on tine sit e and eViaPe- or
sewer tities . VePenCiln UP 0 vi trig ,g 1•29
Sp Olin 0 0p mar ‘n 0 1 e.3
OF s ewer the
oy, e giv e_n
aJ
Page 25 of 75
eja9Sic ; Oaari Oh op mahho les
Depending ort t41e cteptti rn a titn o les
toe CtOsS 1 Ned ot--o -Brae e -144 p
Ca) Shan ow
Co t 11/4) Off M
tratilooles - 0' +0 0. q yr ■ depth
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cr comp onen 9 3)14 o)F- a Movisiote
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9 cove,i and t aryl g
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e
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S\qap-t .,1e anguQOM
Ern -One_ Mat to urn
OLC_e_ C CV, fl -t- s's 6 -Le 0 riS
Page 26 of 75
Hart how,
Tea err i be
y seven,
cvieW Vow\ app kancoi ceS OF Sew emage
marivioie
When it
eto cric from g e at e co n e_c+-1' 0 0 with 0.6m OP
k'n \re", te et semen and rnaPilne le, *the
vey) -t-1 eat
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rriet sig.
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Page 27 of 75
a V eMtlen 11 pi pe
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Page 28 of 75
ei 0 0.6-1 OA ivite.7w au en 3ovn to 6 0 m.
A Steree4 i n I e-B I'S Si mpt e Omn cneetie
box Slavin 1 TY Oft-i n 9 ©'l Opening i n V e,iticak
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view
Page 29 of 75
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Page 30 of 75
A 30 Cyn cpene_k eA-"'Q" cal -1-tr)(IV ent-
8ko 1>e OA- n 5150 (1r) 'Ono) rt
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Page 31 of 75
lot a 0 0-t l x tY b 6
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Page 32 of 75
UNIT – III
PRIMARY TREATMENT OF SEWAGE
1. What is grey water and grey water harvesting?
Greywater is generally defined as, the waste water generated from wash basins, showers
and bath. Greywater harvesting is defined as the waste water treatment of onsite
sanitation applied to grey waters.
2. Distinguish between grit chamber and plain sedimentation tank. (M/J -11)
Grit Chamber Plain SedimentationThey are used to remove inorganic particles. They are used to treat the industrial wasteIt works on pump setting It works on flocculent settlingChemicals are not needed to aid settling Chemicals are needed for flocculent settlingIt depends on sourcing and settling velocity It depends on the surface loading and detention
time
3. What are the differences in the functions of “Screen Chamber” and “Grit
Chamber” in sewage treatment?
Grit Chamber Screen ChamberThey are used to removed inorganic particles. To remove floating particles.It works on settling of particles. It works on pores where it traps the particlesChemicals are required for settling Its not required
4. What is meant by Grey water Harvesting? (N/D -11)
Greywater harvesting is defined as the waste water treatment of onsite sanitation applied
to grey waters.
5. Differentiate between unit operations and unit processes in wastewater treatment.
Give at least two examples in each.
Unit Operations Unit ProcessMethods of treatment in which the applicationof physical forces predominate are called asunit operations
Methods of treatment in which the removal ofcontaminants is brought about by chemical orbiological reactions
It is mere physical process Includes addition of chemicalsExample : Grit Removal, Sedimenation Example : Coagulation, Flocculation,
Filtration, Activated Sludge Process,Disinfection
Page 33 of 75
6. State the necessity of velocity control devices in grit chamber. Name the devices
used. (N/D -12)
Flow velocity should neither be too low as to cause the settling of lighter organic
matter nor should it be so high as not to cause the settlement of the entire slit and
grit present in sewage.
A flow velocity of about 0.25 to 0.3 m/sec is adopted for the design of put basins.
7. What do you mean by on-site sanitation? Brief it.
System of sanitation where the means of storage and treatment are contained with
the plot occupied by leveling and its immediate surroundings.
8. State the objectives of grey water harvesting. (M/J -13)
Conservation of water
Recycle of waste water
Reducing load on septic tank
Top soil nitrification
9. Give the design criteria for screen chamber.
Coarse Screens – Spacing 50 mm/6 litres of solids
Medium Screens – Spacing 6 to 40 mm (30 to 90 litres of sewage)
Fine Screens – 1.5mm – 3m space opening
20% of SS is removed .
10. What are the objectives of grey water harvesting?
Conservation of water
Recycle of waste water
Reducing load on septic tank
Top soil nitrification
Page 34 of 75
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Page 35 of 75
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Page 36 of 75
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Page 37 of 75
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Page 39 of 75
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Page 40 of 75
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Page 42 of 75
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Page 43 of 75
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Page 44 of 75
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Page 45 of 75
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Page 47 of 75
UNIT – IV
SECONDARY TREATMENT OF SEWAGE
1. State the objective and functioning principle of a secondary treatment unit.
The general principle is to remove pollutants from the water by getting them
either to settle or to float of then removing the material.
The waste water is mixed with a controlled population of bacteria and oxygen
there by removing suspended solids and soluble organic materials.
2. State the advantages of UASB Reactors. (M/J -11)
The advantages are :
The treated water can be used for irrigation purposes.
Sludge disposal is easier and cheaper .
The power requirement is very less.
The cost of treatment is low.
3. What are the objectives of Secondary and Tertiary treatment of Sewage?
Secondary Treatment: This involves further treatment of the effluent coming
from the primary sedimentation tank
Tertiary Treatment : This is accomplished through biological N/Domposition of
organic matter.
4. What is the operational principle of waste stabilization ponds? (N/D -11)
Stabilisation ponds are open-flow-through earthern basins(or ponds),specially
designed and constructed for the treatment of sewage and bio-degradable
industrial waste waters.
Stabilisation ponds provide long detention periods up to several days and these
period, the waste get stabilized by the action of natural forces.
5. Distinguish between suspended growth processes and attached growth processes.
Suspended Growth Process Attached Growth ProcessMicroorganisms grow in suspension.Example: Activated Sludge Process
Microorganisms get attached to an inert media.Example : Trickling fiters
Page 48 of 75
6. State the main objectives of providing advanced treatment of sewage. How it is
different from conventional treatment system. (N/D -12)
Objectives of Advanced Treatment :
To remove the organic load left after the secondary treatment
To kill the pathogenic bacteria.
Conventional Treatment Advanced TreatmentUsed to separate the floating materials andheavy settleable inorganic solids
Used to remove pathogens and theremaining very fine dissolved organicmatter
Reduces BOD by 15% Microorganism removal rate 30 – 100%`
7. When you will opt/prefer the anaerobic treatment of sewage over an aerobic
process.
While the BOD value/organic strength is very high anaerobic treatment preferred.
8. Waste stabilization ponds are applicable for sewage management in rural areas
only. Comment on this statement and justify your comment.
(M/J -13)
Statement is correct. Reason is the land required will be very large and cost of
treatment is also less.
9. What is the significance of sludge solids retention time in ASP design?
Sludge solids retention time M/J be defined as average time for which the mass of
suspended solids remain under aeration.
Though the hydraulic retention time M/J be only few hours, the residence time of
biological solids is much greater and while the sewage passes through the aeration tank
only once within the hydraulic retention time, the resultant biological growth and the
extracted organic solids are repeatedly recycled from the secondary settling tank back to
aeration tank there increasing the retention time of solids.
10. How do you determine hydraulic loading rate of a trickling filter? (N/D -13)
The quantity of sewage applied per unit of surface area of the filter per day.
Page 49 of 75
Page 50 of 75
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Page 51 of 75
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Page 52 of 75
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Page 53 of 75
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Page 54 of 75
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Page 55 of 75
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Page 56 of 75
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Page 57 of 75
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Page 58 of 75
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enercit4 Page 59 of 75
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Page 60 of 75
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Page 61 of 75
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Page 62 of 75
UNIT – V
DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE AND SLUDGE
1. Define the treatment “sludge conditioning “.
Thickening is a procedure used to increase the solids content of sludge by
removing a portion of liquid fraction.
The sludge is thickened to 14% solids where a five fold increase in surge
volume is achieved.
2. List out the methods of minimizing sewage sickness. (M/J -11)
The methods adopted are:
Bio filters
On-site waste water treatment
Sludge management
Composting
Surface Disposal
Sub surface Disposal
3. What are the concerns in the application of sewage on to land?
It is used for sewage farming.
For irrigation purposes
For pre-treatment process
For production of cotton, groundnut sugar cane.
4. How does one improve the dewaterability of sludge? (N/D -11)
Dewatering techniques are adopted to improve the dewaterability of
sludge.
Vaccum filtration – vaccum is being conveyed and mixed with sludge
High speed centrifuges for drying of raw sludges
Elutriation – Before dewatered it is washed to remove the organic and fatty
acids from sludge water.
5. State the purpose of sludge thickening.
Page 63 of 75
Purpose of Sludge thickening
To remove moisture content from the sludge (98% of moisture and 2%
solids content)
To dewater or dry the raw/digested sludge.
To prevent foul smelling
To reduce the land area.
6. What do you mean by sewage sickness?
(N/D -12)
When sewage is applied continuously on a piece of land, the soil pores or
voids M/J get filled up and clogged with sewage matter.
Full circulation of air will be prevented and aerobic N/Domposition of
organic matter will stop and anerobic N/Domposition will start.
This phenomenon of soil getting clogged is called as sewage sickness of
land.
7. Name the feed material sources for bio gas recovery in a sewage treatment plant.
Primary Sludge
Secondary sludge
8. What do you mean by sewage farming?
(M/J -13)
Sewage effluence is generally disposed by applying on land.
A part of it percolates below the ground of the valids are clogged off
which leads to choking.
9. What are the methods of sludge thickening?
Gravity Thickening
Flotation thickness
Centrifugal thickness
10. What are the methods adopted in India for disposal of sewage? (N/D -13)
(a) Natural method of disposal
(i) By dilution
Page 64 of 75
(ii) Land treatment
(b) Artificial Method of disposal
(i) Primary treatment
(ii) Secondary treatment
Page 65 of 75
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Page 66 of 75
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