Unit 5.1 Notes:
The Civil War
Currier & Ives Print of the Bombardment of Ft. Sumter, Charleston Harbor
U.S. History & The ConstitutionMr. Weathers
Daily “Bell Ringer” Warm Up2nd Nine Weeks
Bell Ringer #3 (12 & 13 Nov)
3.) What effect did events such as the Denmark Vesey plot (think 8th grade history) & Nat Turner’s unsuccessful slave rebellion have on the nation?
a.) More slaves were set free to prevent future rebellions.b.) Northerners felt bad for southerners & helped pass laws to maintain slavery.c.) The nation as a whole agreed it would be too dangerous to expand slavery to the territories in the West.d.) Southerners became more distrustful of the North’s role in abolition.CORRECT ANSWER: D
Today’s Lesson Standard / Indicator
Standard USHC-3: The student will demonstrate an understanding of how regional and ideological differences led to the Civil War and an understanding of the impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on democracy in America.
USHC-3.1: Evaluate the relative importance of political events and issues that divided the nation and led to civil war, including the compromises reached to maintain the balance of free and slave states, the abolitionist movement, the Dred Scott case, conflicting views on states’ rights and federal authority, the emergence of the Republican Party, and the formation of the Confederate States of America.
Unit 5: Civil War & ReconstructionTensions Leading to War
“Who, What, When, Where, & How” ChartIndicator 3.1
WHO was involved (people, states, territories ,etc.)?
WHAT was the issue/event at hand (explain it)?
WHEN did this issues/event take place (general period, specific)?
WHERE in the U.S. did this issue/event concern?
HOW was it resolved (or was it)?
Unit 5: Civil War & Reconstruction Pre-Civil War Political & Social Tensions
(Indicator USHC-3.1)
Missouri Compromise of 1820
- The expansion of slavery west into Missouri upset the balance of free/slave states in Congress (11/11).
- Northern v. Southern states/congressmen, Missouri, Maine.
- Missouri Territory; West
- Missouri = slave state, Maine = free state; kept balance of power (12/12). No slavery north of 36º30’ line. Temporarily eased north/south tensions.
- 1820
The Missouri Compromise of 1820
WHO was involved (people, states, territories ,etc.)?
WHAT was the issue/event at hand (explain it)?
WHEN did this issues/event take place (general period, specific)?
WHERE in the U.S. did this issue/event concern?
HOW was it resolved (or was it)?
Unit 5: Civil War & Reconstruction Pre-Civil War Political & Social Tensions
(Indicator USHC-3.1)
Wilmot Proviso
- Congress, David Wilmot (D. – Pennsylvania)
- Wilmot proposed amendment that slavery would never exist in any territory acquired through war with Mexico.
- August 1846
- Congress; dealt with territory taken from Mexico.
- Increased North/South tensions in Congress; House of Reps approved it, Senate rejected it.
Wilmot Proviso (1846)
Pennsylvania CongressmanDavid Wilmot
WHO was involved (people, states, territories ,etc.)?
WHAT was the issue/event at hand (explain it)?
WHEN did this issues/event take place (general period, specific)?
WHERE in the U.S. did this issue/event concern?
HOW was it resolved (or was it)?
Unit 5: Civil War & Reconstruction Pre-Civil War Political & Social Tensions
(Indicator USHC-3.1)
Abolitionist Movement
- abolitionists (see notes), African Americans, northerners..
- The abolition (ending) of slavery in the United States.
- Antebellum Era (1820s - 1860s).
- Dealt with slavery in south & the expansion of slavery in west. The North saw political rallies/conventions.
- Increased tensions between pro & anti slave citizens (& politicians). Ultimately resolved with the Emancipation Proclamation (1862) & 13th Amendment (1865).
Abolitionist Movement
Nat Turner Frederick Douglass Harriet Tubman
William Lloyd Garrison
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Sarah & Angelina Grimke
John Brown
WHO was involved (people, states, territories ,etc.)?
WHAT was the issue/event at hand (explain it)?
WHEN did this issues/event take place (general period, specific)?
WHERE in the U.S. did this issue/event concern?
HOW was it resolved (or was it)?
Unit 5: Civil War & Reconstruction Pre-Civil War Political & Social Tensions
(Indicator USHC-3.1)
Compromise of 1850
- Henry Clay, US Senate (North v. South politicians).
- Admitting California into the Union, border dispute between Texas &New Mexico, slavery in Washington D.C., & South’s claim that North did not enforce the fugitive slave law.
- January 1850.
- The US Senate (Congress; dealing with nationwide issues).
- Compromises to appease northern & southern politicians; 1.) California = free,2.) Utah & New Mexico = popular sovereignty 3.) TX v. NM border dispute resolved, 4.) sale of slaves in Wash D.C. banned, 5.) tougher Fugitive Slave Act.
Compromise of 1850
A reaction to the Fugitive Slave Act.
(Compromise of 1850)
WHO was involved (people, states, territories ,etc.)?
WHAT was the issue/event at hand (explain it)?
WHEN did this issues/event take place (general period, specific)?
WHERE in the U.S. did this issue/event concern?
HOW was it resolved (or was it)?
Unit 5: Civil War & Reconstruction Pre-Civil War Political & Social Tensions
(Indicator USHC-3.1)
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
- Harriet Beecher Stowe (author), northern abolitionists, & southern planters.
- Fictional novel that told of the hardships of slavery; bestseller that served as propaganda for the abolitionist cause; slavery not just political, but alsomoral cause.
- Novel published in 1852.
- Throughout the US; primarily sold in the North.
- Increased tensions. Abolitionists increased protests against Fugitive SlaveAct & southerners argued book was an attack on the South.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Harriet Beecher Stowe
WHO was involved (people, states, territories ,etc.)?
WHAT was the issue/event at hand (explain it)?
WHEN did this issues/event take place (general period, specific)?
WHERE in the U.S. did this issue/event concern?
HOW was it resolved (or was it)?
Unit 5: Civil War & Reconstruction Pre-Civil War Political & Social Tensions
(Indicator USHC-3.1)
Kansas-Nebraska Act
- Kansas-Nebraska Act passed in 1854.
- Senator Stephen Douglas, Congress, territories of Kansas & Nebraska.
- Douglas introduced bill to create territories of Kansas & Nebraska. If passed, would repeal the Missouri Compromise = popular sovereignty.
- Congress, Kansas & Nebraska Territories.
- Created bitterness between the North & the South in Congress & among the citizens.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
WHO was involved (people, states, territories ,etc.)?
WHAT was the issue/event at hand (explain it)?
WHEN did this issues/event take place (general period, specific)?
WHERE in the U.S. did this issue/event concern?
HOW was it resolved (or was it)?
Unit 5: Civil War & Reconstruction Pre-Civil War Political & Social Tensions
(Indicator USHC-3.1)
Bleeding Kansas
- Settlers from the North (antislavery) & South (proslavery) who moved to Kansas, pro-slavery border “ruffians” from Missouri.
- 1855-1856.
- Popular sovereignty vote to elect a territorial legislature. Pro-slavery forces Missouri illegal voted in the election = voting fraud. Abolitionists establish their own government.
- Kansas Territory.
- Civil war violence broke out in Kansas = 200+ people are killed. Becomeshotspot for tensions during American Civil War.
John Steuart Curry’s “Tragic Prelude”
Bleeding Kansas
Violence in the Senate (1856)
Preston Brookes (SC) attacking Charles Sumner (MA)
WHO was involved (people, states, territories ,etc.)?
WHAT was the issue/event at hand (explain it)?
WHEN did this issues/event take place (general period, specific)?
WHERE in the U.S. did this issue/event concern?
HOW was it resolved (or was it)?
Unit 5: Civil War & Reconstruction Pre-Civil War Political & Social Tensions
(Indicator USHC-3.1)
Dred Scott Decision (Dred Scott v. Sanford)
- Dred Scott, Supreme Court Justice Roger B. Taney (from MD).
- 1856 = presented to Supreme Court; 1857 = decision.
- Dred Scott, slave from Missouri, was taken north of the 36º30’ line & lived in Illinois & Wisconsin (free territories). Returned with master to Missouri.When master died; he filed lawsuit for his freedom; claiming he was free because he had lived in free territories.
- Supreme Court; dealt with state of Missouri, & Illinois & Wisconsin territories.
- Justice Taney = slaves did not have citizens’ rights; Dred had no claim to freedom since suit started in Missouri (slave); declared Missouri Compromise unconstitutional. Stated Congress could not ban spread of slavery = interfered with slaveholders property rights.
Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)
Supreme Court Justice Roger B. Taney
Dred Scott
WHO was involved (people, states, territories ,etc.)?
WHAT was the issue/event at hand (explain it)?
WHEN did this issues/event take place (general period, specific)?
WHERE in the U.S. did this issue/event concern?
HOW was it resolved (or was it)?
Unit 5: Civil War & Reconstruction Pre-Civil War Political & Social Tensions
(Indicator USHC-3.1)
John Brown’s Raid on Harpers Ferry, VA
- October 1859.
- John Brown, 21 men (black & white), US Marines, Colonel Robert E. Lee.
- John Brown & his men planned to raid the arsenal & equip local slaves with weapons to revolt with.
- Harpers Ferry, Virginia.
- US Marines under the command of Col Robert. E Lee put down the rebellion.John Brown is tried for high treason and hanged = becomes martyr for the abolitionist cause.
John Brown’s Raid on the Harpers Ferry Arsenal (1859)
John Brown
WHO was involved (people, states, territories ,etc.)?
WHAT was the issue/event at hand (explain it)?
WHEN did this issues/event take place (general period, specific)?
WHERE in the U.S. did this issue/event concern?
HOW was it resolved (or was it)?
Unit 5: Civil War & Reconstruction Pre-Civil War Political & Social Tensions
(Indicator USHC-3.1)
Election of 1860
- Abraham Lincoln (Republican), Stephen Douglas (northern Democrat), &John C. Breckenridge (southern Democrat).
- Election of the next president; the issue of slavery (continuation & spread of).
- November 1860.
- Nationwide.
- Lincoln took less than half of popular vote (split between 4 candidates), butwon election (electoral vote). The South threatened to secede (SC first in Dec1860). Confederate States (CSA) formed in Feb 1861.
Election of 1860
Slavery’s Expansion(Animated Graphic)
Daily “Bell Ringer” Warm Up2nd Nine Weeks
Bell Ringer #4 (14 & 15 Nov)
4.) Which of the following was NOT a key part of the Supreme Courts’ decision in Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)?
a.) The decision declared the Missouri Compromise (1820) unconstitutional.b.) Slaves did not have equal protection under the law.c.) It declared that any slave taken to a free territory/state would be freed.d.) It stated that Congress could not ban the spread of slavery.CORRECT ANSWER: C
The North Versus the South
Directions: In many ways, the eventual outcome of the Civil War could have been predictedby the differences between the two sides from the war’s onset. You are to copy this chart into your notes and fill in the blanks with the information found in the reading in Chapters 10 and 11.
North Factor South
Population
Number of States
Industrial or Agricultural Based Economy
Share of the Railroads
Percentage of the Nation’s Wealth
Attitude Towards Slavery
Percentage of Factories
Monetary System in Place
Military Tradition
The North Versus the South
North Versus South
Population22 Million 9 Million(3.5-4 million were slaves)
The North Versus the South
North Versus South
Number of States23 11
The North Versus the South
North Versus South
Industrial or Agricultural Based
EconomyIndustrial Agricultural
The North Versus the South
North Versus South
Share of the Railroads
2/3 (20,000 Miles of Track)
96% of Railroad Equipment
1/3 (9,000 Miles of Track)
4% of Railroad Equipment
Railroads of the Confederacy (1861)
The North Versus the South
North Versus South
Percentage of the Nations Wealth
$56 Million in Gold
75% of the Wealth
$0 in Gold25% of the Wealth
The North Versus the South
North Versus South
Attitude Towards SlaveryAgainst In Favor
Of
The North Versus the South
North Versus South
Percentage of FactoriesMore than 80% Less than 20%
The North Versus the South
North Versus South
Monetary System in Place
Strong Banking System In-Place
(81% of the nation’s deposits)
Weak/Small Banking System
The North Versus the South
North Versus South
Military Tradition
Stronger Tradition:Proven Leaders, MilitaryAcademies, & soldiersaccustomed to horse-backriding and the use of hunting rifles.
Weaker Tradition:Lower Skilled Leaders, andsoldiers accustomed toworking in factories and notwith horses or guns.
The North Versus the South
A Graphical Comparison
Attack on Ft. Sumter
Fort Sumter (April 12, 1861)
- Opening shots @ Ft. Sumter in Charleston Harbor.
- Confederate forces fired on Union re-supply ships.
- Justified Lincoln’s calling up 75,000 troops.
Edmund Ruffin
Ft. Sumter’s bombardment
South Carolina: Ft. Sumter in 1861
Ft. Sumter Prior to the Opening Shots of the War: 1861
South Carolina: Ft. Sumter in 1865
Ruins of Ft. Sumter following Union bombardment: 1865
The Union’s Threefold Strategy (North):
1.) Blockade South’s ports to cut off European supplies.
2.) Split Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River.
3.) Attack Confederate capital at Richmond, VA.
Northern Military Strategies
Union General-In-Chief Winfield Scott
Scott’s “Anaconda Plan”
Southern Military Strategy
The Confederacy’s Strategy (South):
1.) Fight a defensive war; use European supplies gained from the sale of cotton, until the North tired of the war (Cotton Diplomacy).
2.) Fight on southern soil (defense) = North looks like the aggressor.
South’s “Cotton Diplomacy”
Today’s Lesson Standard / Indicator
Standard USHC-3: The student will demonstrate an understanding of how regional and ideological differences led to the Civil War and an understanding of the impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on democracy in America.
USHC-3.2: Summarize the course of the Civil War & its impact on democracy, including the major turning points; the impact of the Emancipation Proclamation; the unequal treatment afforded to African American military units; the geographic, economic, and political factors in the defeat of the Confederacy; & the ultimate defeat of the idea of secession.
Daily “Bell Ringer” Warm Up2nd Nine Weeks
Bell Ringer #5 (20 & 26 Nov)
5.) The opening shots of the Civil War by Confederate forces on Ft. Sumter gave President Lincoln the justification to:
a.) sue the Confederacy for terms of peace.b.) call for the raising of 75,000 troops to put down the rebellion.c.) seek an alliance with Britain before the confederacy could.d.) declare that slavery was now illegal in the United States.CORRECT ANSWER: B
The United States at the Onset of the Civil War (1861)
Opposing Presidents
Abraham LincolnUSA
Jefferson DavisCSA
Battle Briefs: Key Battles of the Civil War
Ft. SumterState: Dates:
Union (North) Confederates (South)
Victory
Highlights
Significance
South Carolina April 12, 1861
X
- Confederates fired on the federal fort prior to resupply ships arriving.- Battle lasted 34 hours prior to Union surrender.
- Opening shots / start of the Civil War.- Lincoln used incident to call up 75,000 troops to service.
Battle Briefs: Key Battles of the Civil War
First Battle of Bull Run / ManassasState: Dates:
Union (North) Confederate (South)
Victory
Highlights
Significance
Virginia July 21, 1861
X
- First confrontation between the opposing armies,- Humiliating defeat for the Union Army.
- Realization the war was going to last a long time.- Lincoln adopted Gen Winfield Scott’s “Anaconda Plan”.
Battle Briefs: Key Battles of the Civil War
Battle of AntietamState: Dates:
Union (North) Confederate (South)
Victory
Highlights
Significance
Maryland September 17, 1862
X
- General Lee’s first of two failed attempts to invade the North.- Bloodiest single day of the war (22,000 + killed / wounded).
- Lincoln used the much needed victory to justify issuing the Emancipation Proclamation.
Antietam, Maryland – Sept 17, 1862
Battle Briefs: Key Battles of the Civil War
Battle of GettysburgState: Dates:
Union (North) Confederates (South)
Victory
Highlights
Significance
Pennsylvania July 1-3, 1863
X
- 2nd failed attempt by Gen Lee & the CSA to invade the North.- 3-day battle; decimates Lee’s forces.
- “Start of the end” for the South.- After Gettysburg, the South fought a defensive war.- South’s hope to invade the North.
Battle Briefs: Key Battles of the Civil War
Siege of VicksburgState: Dates:
Union (North) Confederates (South)
Victory
Highlights
Significance
Mississippi May 15 – July 4, 1863
X
- Gen Grant’s siege of the town last for two months.
- Last Confederate obstacle for Union control of the Mississippi River.- Victory gave the Union control of the Mississippi & splits the South in half.
Battle Briefs: Key Battles of the Civil War
Battle of AtlantaState: Dates:
Union (North) Confederates (South)
Victory
Highlights
Significance
Georgia September 22, 1864
X
- Part of Gen William T. Sherman’s “Summer Campaign”.
- Union victory allowed the North to capture Atlanta = vital Confederate supply center & railroad junction.
Battle Briefs: Key Battles of the Civil War
Sherman’s March to the SeaState: Dates:
Union (North) Confederates (South)
Victory
Highlights
Significance
Georgia & Carolinas (N & S) Nov 15 – Dec 21, 1864 (& 1865)
X
- Gen Sherman’s army cut a 300 mile wide path of destruction across GA & north into SC & NC.- Burned Atlanta; spared Savannah, but burned Columbia (???)
- “Total War” Concept = taking fight to the civilians = demoralize them.
Sherman’s March to the Sea
Gen William T. Sherman (Union))
Sherman’s “March to the Sea”: Atlanta
Ruins of Confederate Engine House at Atlanta, GA Sept 1864
Total Warfare
Sherman’s March to the Sea
South Carolina: Charleston, SC
Ruins of Charleston, SC as seen from the Circular Church: 1865
Sherman’s Troops Burning Columbia, SC, February 17, 1865
From “Harper’s Weekly”
South Carolina: Columbia, SC
Ruins of Columbia, SC as seen from the Capital: 1865
Battle Briefs: Key Battles of the Civil War
Appomattox CourthouseState: Dates:
Union (North) Confederates (South)
Victory
Highlights
Significance
Virginia April 9, 1865
X
- Lee’s army is overwhelmed & surrounded by Grant’s Union forces.
- Lee’s surrender to Gen Grant effectively ends the war.
Today’s Lesson Standard / Indicator
Standard USHC-3: The student will demonstrate an understanding of how regional and ideological differences led to the Civil War and an understanding of the impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on democracy in America.
USHC-3.2: Summarize the course of the Civil War & its impact on democracy, including the major turning points; the impact of the Emancipation Proclamation; the unequal treatment afforded to African American military units; the geographic, economic, and political factors in the defeat of the Confederacy; & the ultimate defeat of the idea of secession.
1.) What is the title of this document?
2.) Who is the author of this document? (who wrote it?)
3.) What is the overall message of this document? (what is it trying to say?)
4.) What specific group of people did this document target?
5.) What did this document say would happen to those people?
6.) On what date did the statements made in this document take effect? (day and year).
7.) Did this document affect every state in the Union or just certain ones?
8.) What do you think the author of this document was trying to accomplish? (what was his goal?)
Emancipation Proclamation Primary Source Document
How might the following groups of people reacted to this document being issued?
9.) A slave in Georgia
10.) A slave in Maryland
11.) A slaveowner in each of these states
12.) A free African American
13.) An abolitionist in Boston
14.) A Union soldier
15.) A Confederate soldier
Emancipation Proclamation Pri-Source Document Cont.
Emancipation Proclamation’s Coverage
Civil War Politics
Political Leadership:
North = advantage in political leadership.
- Abraham Lincoln (USA) = war’s initial purpose - preservation of the Union.
- “government of the people, by the people & for the people”
- Retain public support to continue the fight despite initial military defeats.
- “Gettysburg Address”
- Jefferson Davis (CSA) = states’ rights argument,
- Unable to get the CSA to work together to pursue the war effort.
Civil War Politics
Civil War Politics
Downfall of the Idol of ‘76‘ (1863)
Lincoln’s Legal Actions (1861):
- Declared martial law.
- Ordered suspension of writs of habeas corpus (constitutional right).
- Writ (legal action) requires a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or into court to ensure that a prisoner can be released from unlawful detention.
Civil War Politics
Copperheads: Northern Democrats - against war policy; advocated restoration of the Union through a negotiated settlement with the South.
Not all northerners were in favor of war with the South…
Civil War Politics
Emancipation Proclamation
- Lincoln initially hesitated to free slaves = feared upsetting the border states. - Promoted as a ‘military measure’ against the CSA. - Diplomatic & political document.
- Made goal of the war the liberation of slaves = British (anti-slavery) couldn't support the South. - Gave South a last chance to make peace & keep their slaves (announced Oct 1862 – took effect Jan 1st, 1863).
Civil War Politics
Civil War Politics
African Americans in the War:
- Emancipation Proclamation allowed Af. Americans to join the U.S. Army as a war measure.
- Af. American units formed with abolitionists’ help.
- 54th Massachusetts regiment = led gallant but futile attack on Fort Wagner. in Charleston Harbor.
- Served with distinction, but in segregated units under command of white officers.
- Poorly supplied & paid less than white soldiers.
Civil War Politics
Election of 1864
- Lincoln won re-election.
- Won because of a series of Union victories in the South.
- Boosted American morale & confidence in the President.
VS.
Abraham Lincoln George McClellan
Outcome of the Civil War
- Impact on the course of democracy:
1.) Preserved the Union while liberating an enslaved minority.
2.) Federal courts ruled secession to be null & void,
3.) Idea of states’ rights upon which secession was based was never defeated (later emerged in the Civil Rights Era).
- 13th Amendment (1865): abolished slavery - freedom was formally legalized.
Civil War Politics
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