Unit 11 - Baroque
2º Bil
1- What was Baroque?-It is a period which started in the 17th century in Italy, and lasted for most of the 18th century, expanding to Europe.
-Baroque was influenced by the religious conflicts in the 16th century, that had divided Europe into two religious blocs.
-Catholic countries: intense spirituality.
-Protestant countries: individualistic way of life.
Baroque culture
-All branches of culture stood out during this period.
-The source of inspiration continued to be the Antiquity, but in the Baroque it was interpreted in a different way that that of the Renaissance.
-Main characteristics in Baroque artists:
.Realism not idealised.
.Use of movement and constrast.
.Reflection of feelings.
.Use of chiaroscuro (lights and shades effects).
-Literature was in all its splendour. Shakespeare or Molière highlighted in Europe, while in Spain it was considered our Golden Age, with authors such as Cervantes, Calderón de la Barca or Lope de Vega.
-Music was at its peak as well, with the first operas composed.
Baroque science
-Two new methods of knowledge were used during this period:
.Empiricism -> the theory that all knowledge is based on experience derived from the senses. Stimulated by the rise of experimental science, it developed in the 17th and 18th centuries. Its main representative was Bacon.
.Rationalism -> the practice or principle of basing opinions and actions on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response. Its main representative was Descartes.
-The use of these new methods led to new discoveries whose main scientists were Galileo, Kepler and Newton.
-Academies of sciences were created in some countries by governments with the hope of improving their economies through the new discoveries.
Galileo GalileiHe was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations and support for Copernicanism. He has been called the "father of modern observational astronomy", the "father of modern physics", the "father of science", and "the Father of Modern Science".
Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition
Johannes KeplerHe was a German mathematician, astronomer and astrologer. A key
figure in the 17th century scientific revolution, he is best known for his eponymous laws of planetary motion, codified by later astronomers, based on his works Astronomia nova, Harmonices Mundi, and Epitome of Copernican Astronomy. These works also provided one of the foundations for Isaac Newton's theory of universal gravitation.
Kepler's Platonic solid model of the Solar system from Mysterium Cosmographicum (1600)
Isaac NewtonHe was an English physicist and mathematician who is widely regarded as
one of the most influential scientists of all time and as a key figure in the scientific revolution. His book Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), first published in 1687, laid the foundations for most of classical mechanics. Newton also made seminal contributions to optics and shares credit with Leibniz for the invention of the infinitesimal calculus.
A replica of Newton's second Reflecting telescope that he presented to the Royal Society in 1672
Activities
Exercises 1 and 2 on page 109.
2- Baroque architecture
BERNINI, St Peter's Square
Bernini, Baldachin in St Peter's Basilica
Borromini, San Carlo alle quattro fontane
Piazza Navona, Rome
Baroque in Spain
Churrigueresque stylePlaza Mayor Salamanca
Baroque in FranceVersailles Palace
3- Baroque Painting
Still life with fruit
Baco Borghese
CARAVAGGIO
Rembrandt
Nightwatch
Self-portrait
Frans Hals
Portraits
Vermeer
Rubens
SaturnoThree graces
Van Dyck
Portraits
Activities
Exercise 1 on page 111.
4- The Golden Age of Spanish painting
-The Spanish Golden Age is a period of flourishing in arts and literature in Spain, coinciding with the political rise and decline of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty.
-El Siglo de Oro does not imply precise dates, and is usually considered to have lasted longer than an actual century. It begins no earlier than 1492, with the end of the Reconquista, the sea voyages of Columbus to the New World, and the publication of Antonio de Nebrija's Gramática de la lengua castellana (Grammar of the Castilian Language).
-Politically, it ends no later than 1659, with the Treaty of the Pyrenees, ratified between France and Habsburg Spain. The last great writer of the period, Pedro Calderon de la Barca, died in 1681, and his death usually is considered the end of El Siglo de Oro in the arts and literature.
Diego Velázquez
-He was a Spanish painter who was the leading artist in the court of King Philip IV. He was an individualistic artist of the contemporary Baroque period, important as a portrait artist. In addition to numerous interpretations of scenes of historical and cultural significance, he painted scores of portraits of the Spanish royal family, other notable European figures, and commoners, culminating in the production of his masterpiece Las Meninas.
The surrender of Breda, Velázquez
Jose Ribera Archimedes
Bearded woman
Francisco de Zurbarán
Still-life with Lemons, Oranges and Rose
Saint Francis in Meditation
B. E. MurilloThe Adoration of the Shepherds
Activities
Exercise 1 on page 112
5- Baroque sculpture
-BERNINI, Fountain of the Four Rivers, Rome
Bernini
Apollo and Daphne
Bernini
Tomb of Pope Urban VIII
Bernini, the throne of Saint Peter
Spanish sculptures
Cristo atado a la columna, de Gregorio Fernández
Alonso Cano
Martínez Montañés
San Jerónimo
Pedro de Mena
Magdalena Penitente
Activities
Exercises 1-2 pge 113.
Exercises 1-2 page 114-115
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