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WATER PURIFICATION THROUGH MALUNGGAY(Moringa oleifera Lin .) SEED EXTRACT AND SOLAR HEAT
A Research Proposal Presented
to the Science Department
Zamboanga Del Norte National high school
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements in Research I
( English for Science and Technology with Basic Statistics )
by
Maritoni Charity J. Gayapa and Alexa C. TiuII- Amethyst
September, 2011
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Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM: ITS RATIONALE AND BACKGROUND
Introduction
Water is the key to a person's survival because without water survival is
simply not an option. However, water has to be purified in otherwise bacteria in
the water can be harmful to your drink. This is highlighted especially in the Third
World countries such as Ethiopia and Gambia where many people die due to
contaminated water that contains lots of bacteria that cause infection and illness.
In all countries water is considered valuable to mentain its purity and it must go
through a severe process such as reverse osmosis which is quite quite
expensive.
However there are cheaper ways to purify water and it wouldnt even
cost you money. One example is solar heat. Solar radiation can kill bacteria in a
period of time. It has been tested and proven to purify water in many parts of the
world. On the other hand, Malunggay, which is the miracle plant, is very common
in many parts of the tropics especially the Philippines, using the seeds of this
plant has been tested and also proven to purify and kill bacteria living in water.
Both of these ways are proven and tested by researchers but not using
these two as a combination. The researchers will conduct this study to
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determine if Malunggay seed extracts and heat combined is effective in purifying
water. This study aims to determine whether Moringa seed extracts and Solar
Heat can be used in water purification.
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Statement of the Problem
This study aims to determine if Malunggay ( Moringa oleifera Lin.) Seed
Extract and Solar Heat can be effective in water purification.
Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following sub-problems:
1. What are the characteristics of the water exposed to malunggay seed
extract and Solar heat in terms of:
1.1. turbidity
1.2.pH
1.3. Number of Coliform bacteria?
2. Which concentration of Malunggay seed extract (5%, 10% and 15%)
is most effective in water Purification?
3. Is there a significant difference in the water before and after it is
exposed to malunggay extract and solar heat in terms of turbidity, pH
and number of the Coliform bacteria?
Hypotheses
Ho: There is no significant difference in the water before and after it is
exposed to malunggay extract and solar heat in terms of turbidity, pH and
number of the Coliform bacteria.
H1:There is a significant difference in the water before and after it is
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exposed to malunggay extract and solar heat in terms of turbidity, pH and
number of the Coliform bacteria.
Significance of the Study
This study aims to evaluate______________
Peoples Health . in the rural areas, or those who are living in the
hinterlands where there is no purified water available just drink water taken from
open wells. They are highly vulnerable to getting sick with diarrhea from their
dirty or contaminated drinking water. Using this type of water purification can
lessen the cause of diarrhea and many other diseases caused by harmful
bacteria in water. The purification process is very easy to do because even small
children can do it right and it doesnt use sophisticated and costly gadgets.
Second, it can also be a big help in the economy of our poor families and
the nation, in general, because it doesnt use any expensive chemicals and
processes. It uses only a very common natural ingredient taken from
malunggay seeds. Malunggay is most commonly found in many parts of the
country and it could be easily grown in everyones backyard and last for a
number of years.
It can benefit the environment because this process is purely organic.
This process would encourage Maluggay tree planting in order to have a readily
available source of kernels for water purification. Likewise, it would eventually
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guarantee a year-round supply of a very nutritious malunggay leaves for home
consumption and for sale. Furthermore, The waste from pounding malunggay
seeds is biodegradable, therefore, it wont cause poisoning and environmental
pollution. It is very safe.
Conceptual Framework
Theoretical Framework
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Scope and Limitation of the Study
The study is going to be conducted at the Loods Residence, Turno,
Dipolog City covering the period from the last week of September to the second
week of October 2011. The water that the researchers will use is open-well water
which will be examined by the Agape Laboratory, Dipolog City. The researchers
will collect Malunggay seeds in the neighboring barangays and municipalities of
Dipolog City. The production of Malunggay seed extract will be done using the
crushing method. This study is limited only to the use of the Malunggay seed
extract and solar heat for water purification of an open-well water samples.
Definition of Key Terms
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Moringa oleifera - Malunggy in Filipino, is the most widely cultivated
species of the genus Moringa, which is the only genus in the family
Moringaceae. It is an exceptionally nutritious vegetable tree with a variety of
potential uses.
Kernel. A grain or seed, as of a cereal grass, enclosed in a husk
Etract- to obtain something from a source, usually by separating it out from
other material
Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals,
materials, and biological contaminants from contaminated water. The goal is
to produce water fit for a specific purpose. Most water is purified for human
consumption (drinking water) but water purification may also be designed for
a variety of other purposes, including meeting the requirements of medical,
pharmacology, chemical and industrial applications.
Water quality is the physical, chemical and biological characteristics
of water .[1] It is a measure of the condition of water relative to the
requirements of one or more biotic species and or to any human need
or purpose.
Solar Heat.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_quality#cite_note-waterquality-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_quality#cite_note-waterquality-08/4/2019 Undone Locco Research
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pH.
Turbidity.
Open well.
E. Coli.
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Figure 1.1 The Schema of the Study.
\
Malunggay seed extract
5%
10%
15%
Solar heat
Quality of Water
Color of water
Ph
No. of coliform bacteria
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Chapter 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents the Legal Aspects, Related Literature and Studies
which has bearing to the present studies
Legal Basis
A. Foreign
The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) is the main federal law
that ensures the quality of Americans' drinking water. Under SDWA,
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets
standards for drinking water quality and oversees the states, localities,
and water suppliers who implement those standards. SDWA was
originally passed by Congress in 1974 to protect public health by
regulating the nation's public drinking water supply. The law was
amended in 1986 and 1996 and requires many actions to protect
drinking water and its sources: rivers, lakes, reservoirs, springs, and
ground water wells. This law contains requirements for ensuring the
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safety of the nation's public drinking water supplies. This is the
principal federal law concerning drinking water. The SDWA authorized
the to promulgate regulations regarding water supply. The major
regulations are in title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations
(40CFR141, 40CFR142, and 40CFR143). Parts 141, 142, and 143
regulate primary contaminants, implementation by states, and
secondary contaminants. Primary contaminants are those with health
impacts. State implementation allows states to be the primary
regulators of the water supplies (rather than USEPA) provided they
meet certain requirements. Secondary contaminants generally cause
aesthetic problems and are not directly harmful. (Wikipedia.com)
B. Local
Philippine Standards for Drinking Water 1993 (PNSDW 1993)
under the provision of Chapter II Section 9 of PD 856, otherwise known
as the Code on Sanitation of the Philippines is designed to guide the
Waterworks Officials, Developers and Operators of Water Supply
Systems both Government and Private entities, health and sanitation
authorities and the general public and all other concerned by standards
cover requirements for the acceptable values of the determined
parameters in measuring water quality. These parameters include
microbiological, physical, chemical and radiological compositions of the
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water. The standard also delineates values established in conforming
with the medical and health implication of the parameters as opposed
to values established purely to satisfy aesthetic requirements.( DENR
Administrative Order No. 26-A,Series 1994)
Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 states that the State shall
pursue a policy of economic growth in a manner consistent with the
protection, preservation and revival of the quality of our fresh, brackish
and marine waters. To achieve this end, the framework for sustainable
development shall be pursued. This includes the use of water for
domestic purposes like drinking and potable water and also water
treatment.
Related Studies
C. Foreign Studies
____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
According to Meitzner and Price (Amaranth to Zai Holes: Ideas
for Growing Food Under Difficult Conditions, ECHO, 1996), Moringa
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oleifera has been compared to alum in its effectiveness at removing
suspended solids from turbid water, but with a major advantage.
Because it can be produced locally, "using moringa rather than alum
would save foreign exchange and generate farm and employment
income." The potential for moringa to create a new market for a
community is there, and studies and projects are taking place
examining this potential.
At the Thyolo Water Treatment Works in Malawi, Africa, two
researchers, Drs. Geoff Folkard and John Sutherland from the
University of Leicester, England, have worked on substituting moringa
seeds for alum to remove solids in water for drinking. Not only were
the tests successful in removing as much solid material as alum, but
the seeds used were "purchased from enthusiastic villagers in Nsanje
Region in Malawi" (Folkard and Sutherland, 1996).
D. Local Studies
Sia (2008) reported that moringa seeds could treat water on two
levels, acting both as a coagulant and an antimicrobial agent. Moringa
is generally accepted as a coagulant due to positively charged, water-
soluble proteins which bind with negatively charged particles (silt, clay,
bacteria, toxins, etc.) allowing the resulting flocs to settle to the
bottom or be removed by filtration. The antimicrobial aspects of
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moringa continue to be researched. The process of treating the water
with moringa seeds would take at least one to two hours.
As reported by Helen Flores from The Philippine Star, Reports
said moringa seeds, seed kernels or dried presscake can be stored for
long periods but moringa solutions for treating water should be
prepared fresh each time. In general, one seed kernel will treat one
liter of water. Solutions of moringa seeds for water treatment may be
prepared from seed kernels or from the solid residue left over after oil
extraction.
Related Literature
Moringa Oleifera. According to the study that was made by researchers
on http://www.miracletrees.org/moringa_water_purification.html , they say that
crushed Moringa seeds purify water to be used widely around a certain are and it
can lower the bacterial concentration in water so that it will be safe to drink. And
it can also be used as a quick and very simple method for cleaning dirty water in
rivers. This simple method does not only remove water pollution, but also
removes harmful bacteria. They also indicated on how it works, Moringa joins
with the solids in the water and then they both sink to the bottom. This kind of
treatment removes 90-99% of bacteria in water. They say that by using Moringa
seeds, people will no longer be depending on expensive means of purification.
Using this method of purification will replace the use of chemicals such as
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aluminum sulphate, which they say are dangerous to people and especially the
environment, and mostly these chemicals are very expensive. Very different
water sources will need different amounts of Moringa seeds, because impurities
on such waters will not be the same. Using a jar for experimenting will be a bid
help in working out the correct amount needed.
Heat. According to SODIS (Solar Disinfection), clean drinking water is
lacking in many parts of the world and many persons die because of this. It is
estimated that two million people die every year because of water related
diseases. By using solar radiation to kill bacteria and microorganisms, it would
reduce the amount of people dead and prevent diseases in a very useful and
cheap way. This can be done with clear plastic bottles made of clear plastic, then
fill the plastic with water and fill with clear water and place above roofs. The
radiation will kill the microorganisms after 5-6 hours in the sun. The method will
be faster if the temperature is higher, it would be recommended to paint half of
the bottle black and the black part will face the ground or the surface of the roof.
This method only works in clear water not pond or river water
Microbes are destroyed through temperature and UVA radiation, provided
by the Sun. Water is placed in a transparent plastic bottle, which is oxygenated
by shaking, followed by topping-up. It is placed on tile or metal for six hours in full
sun, which raises the temperature and gives an extended dose of solar radiation,
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killing any microbes that may be present. The combination of the two provides a
simple method of disinfection for tropical developing countries.
Water purification , or drinking water treatment, is the process of
removing contaminants from surface water or groundwater to make it safe and
palatable for human consumption. A wide variety of technologies may be used,
depending on the raw water source, contaminants present, standards to be met,
and available finances. Sources of Drinking Water Water to be used in public or
private water supplies can be drawn from a variety of sources. Different sources
of raw water demand different treatment methods to render it ft for human
consumption. (microbiologyreader.com)
It is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, materials, and
biological contaminants from contaminated water. Its goal is to produce water fit
for a specific purpose. Most water is purified for human consumption (drinking
water) but water purification may also be designed for a variety of other
purposes, including meeting the requirements of medical, pharmacology,
chemical and industrial applications. In general the methods used include
physical processes such as filtration and sedimentation, biological processes
such as slow sand filters or activated sludge, chemical processes such as
flocculation and chlorination and the use of electromagnetic radiation such as
ultraviolet light. (Wikipedia.com)
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Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
A. Collection and Preparation of Malunggay Seed Extract
The researchers will collect/purchase malunggay seeds in pods. A
total of twelve (12) malunggay kernels will be used in this study. The
shelling of the malunggay pods will be done manually by the researchers.
The extract will be obtained by pounding the seeds on a Mortar and
Pestle. Using a cheesecloth, the pounded Malunggay seeds will be
pressed to extract its juice. The extracted juice will be mixed right away
with the water for purification study.
B. Collection and Preparation of Water
The researchers will collect water samples from an open well
found in Dipolog City. The Researchers will get eight (8) Liters sample
from the well.
? The researchers will prepare and use a total of eight (8) one-liter-capacity plastic bottles. These eight bottles will be filled with water
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from the well and will be used for the two (2) set-ups or replications.
There will be a set of four (4) bottles for each replication where each
bottle contains 1 Liter water.
Preparations of Treatments
The different concentrations of malunggay seed extracts added to the
water samples will be expressed based on its quanity or number of seeds
(kernels) per liter of water.The treatments , in two (2) replications A and B, will
use the following proportions or number of malunggay seed (kernel) extracts
added to a liter of water, viz:
Replication A
Replication B
Treatments (Tx)
No. of Malunggay
Kernels(pcs.)
Volume of water (Liter)
Control (0Kernel:1Li.) 0 1T1 (1 kernel:1Li.) 1 1
T2 (2 Kernels:1Li.) 2 1T3 (3 Kernels:1Li.) 3 1
Treatments (Tx)
No. of Malunggay
Kernels(pcs.)
Volume of water (Liter)
Control (0Kernel:1Li.) 0 1
T1 (1 kernel:1Li.) 1 1
T2 (2 Kernels:1Li.) 2 1T3 (3 Kernels:1Li.) 3 1
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There will be two (2) replications ( Replication A and Replication B) of the
treatments in this study.
The set-ups with malunggay extracts will be equally exposed under
the heat of the sun for six (6) hours. The Control, in two (2) bottles, will be
left unexposed to the heat of the sun.
After six (6) hours of sun exposure of the six (6) bottles containing
malunggay seed extracts , all the eight (8) bottles containing the water
samples will be brought to Agape Laboratory for analysis to find out their pH,
turbidity, and E.Coli presence. The Laboratory results will be the source of
data for interpretation and analysis.
C. Statistical Treatment
Table 4.1 Laboratory Result of the Water Analysis
Table 4.1 above will contain the primary data taken by theresearchers from the result of the laboratory analysis.
TRIAL
TxControl T1 T2 T3
0 Kernel: 1 Liter 1Kernel: 1Liter 2 Kernel: 1Liter 3 Kernel:1 Liter
pHTurbid-
ityE.
Coli pHTurbid-
ityE.
Coli pHTurbid-
ityE.
Coli pHTurbid-
ityE.
Coli
Replication 1
Replication 2
TOTAL
AVERAGE
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Pounded Malunggayseeds will be pressed toextract its juice using acheesecloth
Manual shelling of themalunggay
four (4) hours of sunexposure
three (3) of the set upswill have treatments T1,T2, and T3 and aControl with differentmalunggay extractconcentration: T1= 5%,T2= 10% and T3= 15%Control= 0%
Each water sample willhave four (4) set-upseach containing 100mLof its respective water.The Control group isgoing to be brought toAgape Lab for analysis.
Pounding the seedsusing a Mortar and
Pestle
Preperation of twelve(12) sterilized plasticbottles.
All 12 bottles containingthe water samples willbe brought to AgapeLaboratory for analysisto find out their pH,Color, and E.Colipresence
Collect/Purchase two(2) kilograms of fresh
malunggay seeds inpods
One (1) Liter water samples from three (3)
different wells foundDipolog City, DapitanCity and themunicipality of Katipunan.
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Bibliography
APPENDIX- A
Sschedule of Activities
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APPENDIX-B
Proposed Budget
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