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Computer Sciences Corp. II~~bi Defense Communications EngineeringI - Center
Se. ADDRESS Icily. 21"" ad ZIP CW60 7u. ADDRESS ICd.Sleir ond ZIP Cod.,,
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do. NAME Of FUNOftG/SPOftSOP1IMG OFFI$CE SYuMO&. 0. PROCUREMENT INoSTRUFAEL4T 01INTIFICATION NUMSER
ORGANIATIONContract DCAlO-77-C-0020* a. ADDRESS Iciy.SUN &*d ZIPC~ isifst. SOURCE 00 0 UNDIIG mOE.
PROGRAM PROJECT TASKC WORK UNITELEMEN1T POM NO. NtO. NtO.
11. T I T LE 1IaeIud. .SdeenfI C11IM 0119111116U ~FSCSS Phase III Final Report (U) ______~.
12. PeRSONA^L AUTHOWS)*Arnaud, Daniel F., Shattuck, James H.
1 3& TYPE Olt REPORT 131 TIME COVERED 14. DATE OF RAPORT D"!. 15.0., I PAGE COUNTFinal ~o.....Lj. o..Li 85/5/16 216
IS. SUPPLE MENTARY NOCTATIONd
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10. ASS? RACT gCnlw*. " OW1W ulin1ese.w ad Id Va Ut by ehwn agNO&W~
* This is a final report detailing the enhancements ~.o FSCSS made during*Phase III. It contains a description of the work performed and the acceptance
tests conducted to demonstrate the PSCSS enhancements. Test results arediscussed and analyzed.
* 0.DOS T AfUTIONAVASLAS.TYV OF AGSTOIACT St. ASTRACT ICUROTY CL.ASSIFICATION
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7: . . . . . . . . . . .
L
FLEXIBLE SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONSSYSTEMS SIMULATOR
PHASE III- FINAL REPORT
PREPARED FORTHE DEFENSE COMMUNICATIONS AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C.
* .. UNDER
CONTRACT OCAl 00-77-C-0020
MAY 1985
* **
SCINCO ORPRAIO
COMUTERSCITENCS CISONPRTO
TABLE OF CONTENTS
P Section 1- Introduction and Summary....................... 1-1
Section 2 - Reference Documents............................ 2-1
Section 3 - Description of Phase III Enhancements.......... 3-1
Ct Es................................. 3-13.2 Enhancements to the Input Process................. 3-133 Simulation Capabilities Enhancements .... .......... 3-2-.
3.3.1 Time Required for a Simulation.................... 3-23.2 Increased Range of Allowable Data Rates........... 3-23.3.3 Demodulator Signal-to-Noise Ratio Estimate ........ 3-23.3.4 Sample Rate Adjustment in Frequency Sample Filters 3-33.3.5 Time-Windowed Measurement Capability.............. 3-33.3.6 Output Process Enhancements....................... 3-43 4New Devices. ...................................... 3-4 "'
3.4.1 PN and PH Spreaders ............................... 3-43.4.2 Remodulation in a Satellite Elemento.............. 3-53.4.3 Convolutional and Block Interleavers............. 3-5
3.4.4 Convolutional and Block Deinterleavers........... 3-53' o34.5 Poles and Zeros Filter ............................ 3-5
- 3.4.6 Atmospheric Effects............................... 3-6*3o4.7 Soft-Decision Viterbi Decoding,...... .600......... 3-6
3.4.8 Phase Noise Generator........................... 3-63.4.9 Time Sample Storage and Reuse..................... 3-73.4.10 Nuclear Effects....... . . . .... *........ . .......... 3-73.5 Documentation Updates...,.... .................... 3-7
Section 4 - FSCSS Phase III Acceptance Tests.............. 4-1
4 .1 I n t r o d u c t i o n ........................o e o o~ 4 -14.2 PN and PH Spreaders and Despreaders (Test 2)...... 4-24.3 Poles and Zeros Filters (Test 3).................. 4-3
- 4.4 Block Interleavers (Test 4) ...................... 4-94.5 Synchronous Interleavers (Test 5)................. 4-94.6 Soft Decision Viterbi Decoding (Test 7)........... 4-94.7 MSK Soft Decision Decoding (Test 8)............... 4-104.8 Oscillator Phase Noise (Test 9) ................... 4-174.9 Remodulation (Test 10) 4....................... 4-224.10 Atmospheric Effects (Test 11) .................... 4-224.11 Nuclear Effects (Test 12) ........................ 4-254.12 MSK Modulators and Demodulators (Tests 7 & 8 of
Phase II) ....................................... 4-27
S.'Section 5 - Conclusions.................................... 5-1 .
" Appendix A -Acceptance Test Data Sheets.................... A-1
Appendix B - Acceptance Test Device Parameters............. B-1
"p%
~ -- :.:.:. : :: * --.-:-- --*. *: ---L._ -. .... .rol .. .. -'
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
V4-1 Narrowband BPSK Signal.o..................... 4-44-2 PH Spread Spectrum Signal...................0000090 4-44-3 DS Spread Spectrum Signal....................... 4-5
4-5 ITT for PHafter P-Z Fte........... 4-74-6 FFT for PH before P-Z Filter .......... .......000* 4-74-7 FFT for PN after P-Z Filter............ ........0400 4-84-8 CSER: PH hne................. 4-84-9 Block Diagram for Soft Decision Decoding Tests .... 4-114-10 Soft Decision Test PN-FH Spectrum..*.*..********. 4-134-11 Soft Decision Test PH Spectrum ....................6 4-134-12 Soft Decision Test DPSK Spectrum ..................0 4-144-13 Soft Decision Test 8FSK Spectrum......... ....00000 4-144-14 MSK Soft Decision Decoding Configuration.......... 4-154-15 Stored ..................... 4-164-16 Composite Spectrum..... o.00000000*0000000000000000 4-164-17 PLL Model and Measurement Pons......... 4-184-18 Phase Noise Testeut............. 4-21r4-19 CSER Measurement: Satellite Demodulator.oo.... . 4-234-20 CSER Measurement: Receive Earth Terminal
4-21 Demodulator.... ........ * . . .. . . . oosooo** 4-23 1
4-2 Atmospheric Effects Debugat. .... ..... 4-24*4-22 CIRF Amplitude Fading Plot6*0060000*0600*60....... 4-26
4-23 C.W. Test Spectrum before Nuclear Scintillation... 4-28U,4-24 CoW. Test Spectrum after Nuclear Scintillation.... 4-28
*4-25 BPSK I&Dnphase Voltage... 99600066060009606*006*0 4-29*4-26 BPSK I&D Quadrature Voltage,.......oo......*...... 4-30
4-27 BPSK Carrier Phase lt.............. 4-31L:
LIST OF TABLES
4-1 Results of Soft Decision Decoding Tests........... 4-124-2 Phase Noise Results. .o. . . ... .. .. ... .. o. ,. . . .. . 4-204-3 145K Thermal Noise Results.............. ......00000 4-32
*5-1 SATCOM Features Modeled by FSCSS.o..o.000000.... 5-2
-. . * *-." - - - -
SECTION 1 - INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
V This FSCSS Phase III Final Report describes the work Lperformed during Phase III of Contract DCAl00-77-C-0020. The work
,. reported here includes the implementation of additional features
of the Flexible Satellite Communications Systems Simulator* (FSCSS), the Phase III acceptance tests and the documentation of
the FSCSS Version 3.0 software.
" The work performed during Phase III falls into the following
" five categories:
. . Enhancements to the input process'
2 Addition of a color graphics capability;3 Enhancements to the output process,41 Simulation capabilities enhancements) &-
51 New devices. /The cain thru t of tne enhanements to th t process was V
to improve the user-friendliness of FSCSS. This consisted of '7'* simplifying the process of creating and editing devices, elements
and systems. A single edit command, rather than three separatecommands, is now used. In addition, new subcommands were added to
the element and system editing modes.
* A Tektronix color graphics terminal and printer were
purchased for FSCSS as part of the Phase III effort. Programs* were written that provide the capability to produce block diagrams
of elements and systems in the FSCSS data base. The capability to
plot tabular output data from the EFT and demodulator measurement
devices was also added.
" * Output was made into an independent process with its own data
I base. All output report processing is done at the FSCSS
. command/subcommand level, so the user no longer needs to use VAX. commands. A report definition subcommand has been added through
- which the user can select or deselect the printout of reports from
- -* 1-1C °
7 -r .7% . 7- - 7. 7 7 77.. . . .. T 7 - .- . . , - ,. -_ _ ' Z- . -7 .- r - -- .,--..-j ~ ~ - . %- . . - - . .
measurement devices activated during run parameter specification.
A plot subcommand is also available through which the user can
obtain high resolution plots of any activated FIT or any of eight
types of x-y plots for activated demodulator measurement devices.
Simulation capabilities enhancements were incorporated to
reduce simulation execution time, increase the range of allowable " '
data rates, extend the demodulator signal-to-noise ratio estimate
capability to all demodulators, adjust the sampling rate in
frequency sample filters so that all filter bandwidths are
allowable, and provide a time-window capability for all
measurement devices.
V-. New devices were added to FSCSS and several existing devices
were modified; namely:
1. PN and FH spreaders
2. Remodulation of signals demodulated in a satellite element
3. Synchronous and block interleavers
4. Synchronous and block deinterleavers
5. Poles and zeros filter .
6. Atmospheric effects update
7. Soft-decision decoding extension to additional modulation
schemes
8. Phase noise generator enhanced
9. Time sample storage and reuse
10. Nuclear effects
All these devices work except for minor problems in certain
modes of operation of the interleavers and atmospheric effects
devices. These will be analyzed and corrected during the main-
tenance phase of the contract. Problems left unresolved at the
end of Phase II (e.g., phase noise effects) have been corrected.
Section 2 lists the reference documents supporting this report.
Section 3 describes the work accomplished under FSCSS Phase III .>, ".
and summarizes the results of engineering testing and the
acceptance tests.
1.-
1-2.
section 4 presents and analyzes the results of the Phase III
Stage 2 acceptance tests performed in the period March 18, 1985 to
'UApril 1t 1985 and is supported by Appendix A, which contains the
data sheets filled out for each test and signed by witnessing DCEC
and CSC personnel. The FSCSS devices, elements and systems used
for all these tests are characterized in Appendix B.
II.Section 5 summarizes the state of FSCSS at the end of Phase
1-3
m 1r.'cr...,,- -V
SECTION 2 -REFERENCE DOCUMENTSI! C
This FSCSS Phase III Final Report is supported by the
following references:
1. Flexible Satellite Communications Systems Simulator,
Phase 1A Final Report# 1 July 1979.
2. Flexible Satellite Communications Systems Simulator,Phase II Interim Report, August 1983.
I -o p
3. Flexible Satellite Communications Systems Simulator,Stage 2 Demo~nstration Plan, 8 July 1983.
4. Flexible Satellite Communications Systems Simulator,
Demonstration 4 Report, August 1983.
5. Flexible Satellite Communications Systems Simulator,
* ~* Demonstration 5 Report, March 1984.
6. Flexible Satellite Communications Systems Simulator,
Phase II Final Report, March 1984.
7. Flexible Satellite Communications Systems Simulator,
Phase III Communications Enhancement Design Plan,
November 1984.
8. Flexible Satellite Communications Systems Simulator,
Nuclear Effects Code Interface Report, October 1984.
9. Flexible Satellite Communications Systems Simulator,
-FO
Users Guide, March 1984.
10. Flexible Satellite Communications Systems Simulator,
Standard Device Groups, March 1984.
11. Flexible Satellite Communications Systems Simulator,
Maintenance Manual, March 1984.
2-1
12. Paul, H. and Kullstam, P., "Effects of Phase Noise and
Thermal Noise Upon Coherent PSK Demodulation .... ," Task
order 0208, Contract DCA1OO-73-C-00081 August 1974.
13. Gardner, F.M., "Phaselock Techniques," Wiley, 1966.
14. Kulistam, P.# "Comparison of Three Basic Methods to
Operate in Presence of Doppler Stress ...,'I Paper 74-438,-
AIAA 5th Communications Satellite Systems Conference,
April 1974.
15. Final Report on Increased Channel Bandwidth Study, CDRL
#A072, General Electric Company, March 1981.
16. Proakis, J.G., "Digital Communication," McGraw Hill, 1983. .
2-2
.. >.-" . ."" >" "_- ' .- '57" ';. _. 7. ." \.-....................-.-.... -.....-....-..-.-....-..-......" "q ,?._.- - r--
SECTION 3 - DESCRIPTION OF PHASE III ENHANCEMENTS
3.1 INTRODUCTION
During Phase III various enhancements were made to FSCSS.
The input and output processes were modified to provide improveduser-friendliness and great flexibility. The simulation process
was enhanced to reduce simulation run time and to provide expanded psimulation capabilities and results. New devices were added to
the modeling capabilities, and a color graphics system wasincorporated that provides the capability for higher resolution
.* plots of Fast Fourier transforms and x-y plots of demodulator .statistics. These enhancements are described in the following
paragraphs.
3.2 ENHANCEMENTS TO THE INPUT PROCESS
The FSCSS input process has been modified so that the singlecommand EDIT is used for device, element and system creation. It
is no longer necessary to use a different command (i.e., EDDY,
EDEL, and EDSV). The EDIT command operand specifies which editing .mode is to be entered. The element editing mode has also been
expanded to provide the capability to create new devices whileinserting or replacing devices.
A DRAW elements and systems command has been added thatproduces block diagrams on a color graphics terminal and printer.
. The screens have titles and subtitles, with system or elementdescriptor and the FSCSS entity name (e.g., SY45), respectively,as optional defaults. A default color scheme has been providedwhich the user can change using the graphics terminal function
keys. The DRAW capability has also been provided as a subcommand
in the element and system edit modes.
3-1...............
.. * * .. . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 SIMULATION CAPABILITIES ENHANCEMENTS
3.3.1 Time Required for a Simulation -ow.
Simulation execution time is, among other things, a function
of array processor memory size and the number of calls to the
array processor. To reduce execution time, vector chaining of
array processor commands was incorporated where applicable.
Vector chaining reduces the number of calls to the array processor
by sending certain array processor operations as a group in one
call. In particular, this reduces the processing time of filters
by a factor of two to four.
3.3.2 Increased Range of Allowable Data Rates
The FSCSS global sampling frequency is determined by the
number of carriers included in a simulation, the bandwidth of
- these and the data rates. In turn, symbol rate divided by
sampling frequency determines the number of samples per channel
*[ symbol. For the highest data rate in a configuration, this number
must be at least equal to the minimum number of samples per symbol
specified in the run parameters. For a lower data rate this
number would be higher. In the Phase II FSCSS (Version 2.0),
there was an upper limit on the number of samples per channel
symbol. This limited the lowest data rate that could be
. simulated. The limit has been removed so that any data rate can
be simulated.
3.3.3 Demodulator Signal-to-Noise Ratio Estimate
FSCSS contains a capability within the demodulator
measurement device to estimate symbol error rate based on the
signals at the detector output. This device calculates a running
average of what might be termed the instantaneous error rate. At
the end of a simulation, it produces a demodulator performance
curve based on the addition of extra thermal noise to whatever
- degradation was present during the simulation. The algorithm used
is not valid for other than white Gaussian noise interference. It
3-2
- -
.* .-. .-..
does, however, produce a reasonable performance estimate in ashort simulation time (five or ten sample blocks). In contrast,the accurate measurement technique is to count bit errors, whichmay take many days of simulation time for an error rate of 1 in10,000.
An additional capability to estimate signal and "noise" levelat the demodulator input was implemented in all demodulators Lexcept APSK. The new algorithm bases these estimates on the mean
and variance of the demodulator output signals. The agreement"- with measured bit error rates is much better with this new
algorithm than with the old. For comparison, both old and new L* results are provided in the FSCSS "CSER" output.
* 3.3.4 Sample Rate Adjustment in Frequency Sample Filters
The FSCSS model for frequency sample (FS) filters is a finite
impulse response algorithm. The user's 30 or fewer frequency. domain points are extended across the full simulation bandwidth,
and a z-transform is calculated. Storage is provided for only 500points, which unrealistically limits the allowable lower bandwidth
of the filter if the simulation bandwidth is high. To remedy this
situation, a down-sampling technique has been incorporated. Thesampling rate at the input to the filter is reduced by factors oftwo until it is just greater than the global sampling frequency
"" (Fs) divided by four times the filter's 3-dB bandwidth
(Fs/4B). This guarantees that the number of impulse response
samples is 500 or less. The sampling rate is restored at thefilter output by duplicating samples as necessary.
3.3.5 Time-Windowed Measurement Capability
All FSCSS measurement devices have been modified to providetime windows. Output reports may be produced for each window and
. for the entire simulation. Power meters can have up to ten
. windows, and the other measurement devices can have two.
3-3
O~~~~~...... ...........°.,.-..°.°°..........o.....o.....o..... °. .. . . . . -o. . -•"
.... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. .. .. .. " . .. .. . •. ... ....... ....... . ... . . . .. .
Ii3.3.6 Output Process Enhancements
The FSCSS output process has been reorganized so that all
reports and plots are generated using FSCSS commands, rather than
VAX command language. Upon completion, suspension or cancellation
of a run, output data is automatically stored in the output data
base labeled with a unique FSCSS run identifier. Using the OUTPUT
command, the user can custom tailor the output reports to be.:.
printed or obtain reports for all measurement devices activated
for that simulation. FSCSS diagnostic messages for the simulation . -*'
can also be displayed.
Graphical output of the FFT and demodulator reports are
obtained through the color graphics terminal and its associated -.- ,
printer. A plot definition subcommand is provided that allows the
user to change plot colors, grid lines, title, and subtitle.
Additionally, the frequency range of FFT plots can be varied to
allow focusing on particular areas of the spectrum.
The nine types of plots that have been provided are:
1. FFT
2. Computed symbol error rate
3. Inphase channel voltage
4. Quadrature channel voltage
5. Symbol phase versus symbol count6. Carrier phase versus symbol count
7. Phase error versus symbol count
8. Frequency estimate versus symbol count
9. Frequency rate estimate versus symbol count.
3.4 NEW DEVICES
* 3.4.1 PN and FH Spreaders
Pseudonoise (PN) and frequency hopping (FH) spreader devices
. were added that provide the capability to spread previously
'. modulated signals. In the case of FH, orthogonal hopping was
3-4
....................................... . "
added as an option in the spreader and despreader. In addition,
the orthogonal hopping option was added to all FH and PN/FH
5modulators and demodulators.3.4.2 Remodulation in a Satellite Element
The capability to remodulate a signal demodulated in a
satellite element was incorporated. All modulators were modified*to accept data bits output by demodulators, decoders and bit error
rate counters.
- 3.4.3 Convolutional and Block Interleavers
Convolutional and block encoders capable of bit and symbol
interleaving were added to FSCSS to operate with FSK modulators
and demodulators. The block interleavers also have a block
repetition option for up to 15 repetitions.
3.4.4 Convolutional and Block Deinterleavers
Convolutional and block decoders capable of bit and symbol
deinterleaving for hard or soft decision decoding have been added
to FSCSS. The FSK demodulator device was modified to output
symbols or symbol voltages (for soft-decision decoding) which are
passed on to the deinterleaver. For alphabet sizes greater than
two, a symbol-to-bit converter must be used after the
deinterleaver to convert the symbols to bits or bit voltages.
3.4.5 Poles and Zeros Filter
A poles and zeros filter device was added to model arbitrary
filters and, in particular, elliptic filters. The poles and zeros* are input by the user. The poles and zeros device uses these
" input values to calculate a residue for each of the pole
locations. An existing FSCSS routine then uses the poles and
residues to generate the recursive filter algorithm parametersthat model the filter.
3-5* * * .- .. . . ............-. --
. . . ..". -- - "r.*- ?.* ..
3.4.6 Atmospheric Effects
The atmospheric effects algorithms in FSCSS were updated withnewer, more refined models. in particular, the rain attenuation
model was changed. The new one includes depolarization losses in
the rain attenuation calculation. An algorithm was also added to
model the interference effects between links using orthogonally
polarized antennas for frequency reuse. The atmospheric
absorption model was changed to the new CCITT accepted model.
Lastly, the atmospheric absorption, cloud attenuation, and rainattenuation algorithms were modified to accept elevation angles of
less than six degrees.
3.4.7 Soft-Decision Viterbi Decoding
Soft-decision Viterbi decoding has been extended to DPSK,
M-FSK, FH, PN/FH and MSK modulated signals. Briefly, the task* consisted of modifying the demodulators to provide detector output
"* voltages, and adding a symbol-to-bit converter device for 4-, 8- ..* and 16-FSK. The function of the symbol-to-bit converter is to
determine the most likely received symbol and then assign thedemodulator output voltage to each of the bits of that symbol. . -
.- The Viterbi algorithm decoder then performs soft-decision decoding" on the bits.
3.4.8 Phase Noise Generator
The frequency translator phase noise generator was modified
to accept up to 50 spectral points. In addition, an option has
been provided whereby the user can enter the phase noise power
spectrum coefficients (H.) instead of the frequency samples,
where the spectrum is given by
2 3S(f) - H0 + Hl/f + H2/f + H3 /f3.
In this latter case, FSCSS calculates the 50 samples from the :--
coefficients. The greater number of samples allows for a more ..
3-6
................... . .. ..-. . * .* . . . . . . . . . .
- *.A . . *
S,-accurate representation of the spectrum both within and outside
the bandwidth of a demodulator phase lock loop.
3.4.9 Time Sample Storage and Reuse
A device (KEEPSAMPLES) was added to FSCSS to save time
samples of a composite signal in a disk file. In addition, the
noise source device was expanded to accept external noise files.
The saved samples can then be reused in simulations as noise
sources -- signals not to be demodulated.
3.4.10 Nuclear Effects
An algorithm that models ionospheric scintillation
disturbances caused by high-altitude nuclear detonations has been
added to the FSCSS Propagation Anomalies device. The model,
described in Reference 8, is based on L. Wittwer's Channel Impulse "
Response Function (CIRF).
3.5 DOCUMENTATION UPDATES
As part of the Phase III effort, the FSCSS User's Manual and
the FSCSS Maintenance Manual were updated to reflect the newdevices and enhancements. Final versions of the manuals were
delivered in April 1985.
1'
" -. 3-7
S. . .''. .* . % %
* ***.-.. 3 - -'-'
_ ."*iQ':,-
SECTION 4 - FSCSS PHASE III ACCEPTANCE TE 'S
4.1 INTRODUCTION
This section describes the Phase III acceptance tests
designed to demonstrate the correct operation of the Phase III
enhancements as described in Reference 7. The tests fall into
eight categories:
Spreaders and Despreaders
". Poles and Zeros Filters
- Block and Synchronous Interleavers
. - Soft Decision Viterbi Decoding for KSK, DPSK, FSK, FH and
- Phase Noise Enhancements
- Storage and Reuse of Signal Samples- Atmospheric Effects
.-." - Nuclear Effects
- Execution Time Reduction
The input, output and simulation capabilities enhancements were
demonstrated during the process of running the acceptance tests,
2 - rather than as separate tests. In particular, the plottingroutines were used routinely in most tests to show FFT plots and
demodulator performance. Element and system block diagrams
--obtained through the graphics terminal were used to illustrate the
S.. configurations being tested.
The following paragraphs present and analyze the results for.* all tests performed. Appendix A contains the test worksheets
. showing the configurations and the results. Each test sheet shows
* a block diagram, the major device parameters and how the required
operating point was set. Appendix B contains device parameter
sheets for each test configuration and includes block diagrams
obtained using the DRAW command.
o .".. -" ~4 -1 -..<..
-a ;<:
Two proposed tests were not run: one to demonstrate
execution time speedup (Test 1), and the other to demonstrate
synchronous interleaving/deinterleaving of a convolutionally
encoded/soft-decision decoded data stream using FSK modulation
(Test 6).
Test 1 was to consist of a rerun of the DEMO 5 system
(Reference 5), which contains many vector chained devices (e.g.,
filters and limiters). Execution times measured for various
phases of the run (device initialization and presimulation) wouldthen be compared to times documented in Reference 5. Unfortu-
nately, time did not permit reconstruction of this complex
demonstration system; and another suitably benchmarked system was
not available for comparison. However, based upon results of
early tests of vector chained devices, execution times are notably
faster, particularly in connection with filter devices. A
three-to-one speedup was measured for a filter intensive
configuration.
Test 6 was not run because of problems encountered in using
interleavers with other encoders and decoders. Instead, soft-
decision Viterbi algorithm decoding of FSK modulated signals was
included as part of Test 7 (7D) in which soft-decision decoding 'was demonstrated for various modulation schemes.
4.2 PN AND PH SPREADERS AND DESPREADERS (TEST 2)
This test is intended to validate the simulation of PN and PH
spreaders and despreaders. A BPSK waveform was used as the
narrowband signal to be spread. This signal was then frequency
hopped (spread) and direct sequence spread in the same transmit
element using parallel transmission paths. Then, these waveforms
were despread before being demodulated. A perfect, phase-coherent
carrier reference was used, achieved by acquiring the referencera
using a noiseless preamble in the device initialization phase and
then using a very narrow tracking loop bandwidth in the simulation
phase.
4-2
., ... ** * - *
* . . . . . . . .o- .- '- -
--:. The results of this test can be found on page A-1. The FFT
measurements taken before spreading and after FH and DS spreading
can be found in Figures 4-1 through 4-3. Figure 4-4 gives the
CSER calculation for the PN demodulator. These figures show thatFSCSS is accurately modeling both PN and FH spreaders. The spread
spectrum bandwidth for both types of spreaders is as expected. It
is proportional to the baseband bandwidth hopped over the number
of cells specified for the PH spreader and to the chipping rate in
the PN case. The FH spreader hopping cells were intentionally
* . chosen wider than necessary so that the hopping of the BPSK signal
would be clearly visible. Demodulation of the BPSK signals after
"1 '" despreading yielded the expected 0 bit error rates, indicating
that the spreaders introduced no performance degradation and,"* thus, operate correctly.
S4.3 POLES AND ZEROS FILTERS (TEST 3)
This test is intended to verify the operation of the FSCSS
poles and zeros filter. This filter allows one to model an
arbitrary filter by specifying normalized pole and zero locations,
a 3-dB bandwidth, and the center frequency.
In order to verify correct operation of the filter, a poles
and zeros (P-Z) filter was inserted into the wideband portion of
the PN channel used in the previous test. This filter was modeled
using pole and zero locations obtained from Reference 15, Case
#211, and a 3-dB bandwidth such that all but the main lobe of the
PN signal would be filtered out.
The results of this test can be found on page A-2. Figures
4-5 through 4-7 show the FFT plots, and Figure 4-8 shows the CSERmeasurements for the PN-channel BPSK demodulator.
Based on the above graphical output, there seems to be little
doubt that FSCSS is accurately modeling P-Z filters. The rolloff
and bandwidth of the filter agree with the general shape of the
filter specified in the Reference 15.
"' - 4-3
"..
B-4SK UITH S'YMOL INPUT AND SOFT DECISION DECODINGZ
SIYB, XTS,1 IKI
S
.R.............T .........
L
..35.. .... .... .... ...... .. .... ...
d -4
7925.0"6 MEMO66 2679.91
MAX POLER: -8.91 dBU eq my(z
TOT POLERs -0.53 dBU FSCSS RUN IDENTIFIER SOGBOM6
Figur,- 4-1. Narrowband BPSK Signal
349SK U1714 S"MO INUJT AND SOFT DECISION DEC00DING
SY6, XT39, 2803
S
P L.T -I ....... ..R
L -
P..2.......6... . ... ................
UE ~ .... ..... 4. .......... ......................
R
d
wlsae 2rq .weI~ 8679.96
MXPOLER: -12.92 dBUTO POWR s -8.5S3 dSIJ FSCSS RUN IDENTIFIER - S66BO66
Figure 4-2. FH Spread Spectrum Signal
4-4 -
B-4SK UIrTN S"vOL INPUT AND SOFT DECISION DECOING
SY, Xra, 1 K3
S
PECT -iRA .... .. . ....... ... .....L
E -as
R
d
MAX POWE: -24.84 AIU Freque.V (M19z)
TOT POLER i -0.63 dBU FSCSS inJ IDENTIFIER :SGBOMS
Figure 4-3. DS Spread Spectrum Signal
4-5
r F.
*DEMD - DA9 -- ACCEPT TEST 2: Ph AND FN ON OPSK NO NOISE
5Y6, XT89, 20C6
I SE S CSER
........ ........... . .......y i. . . . ... ... ...... ..........
a 18E-2.... ..... .. -- ----- ....... .......----
0
I ER ISE-4 .. +...... 4 .
R0 ~ ..... ..... V,.......... ...... t.............
R
A eES . .................~
T7 19E - .......
E
a 2 4 6 8 18 12 14 16 Is 88Es/lb (db)
FSCSS RUN IDENTIFIER - MOMS88
Figure 4-4(a). CSER Output
DEMD DAM5 - ACCEPT TEST 2: PH AND FM ON BPSK NO NOISE 4SYS, xT39, lace
1K 9 CSER
s . . . . . THEORY
B 1K-1...... ..... . ........... .....
0
E
R 1K-4 ------.....
A l.E.... ....A
........ -l................ ..........
IK-g .L J. .8 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 a8
Es/MO (db)
FSCSS RUN IDENTIFIER SOBU Li
Figure 4-4(b). CSER Output
4-6
2.
FrT - 31 - ACCEPT TEST 3 POLES AND EROS FILTER.
5SiU, XTI09, 28C5
SP -10
R ..... .... . ... ........... ...
A
L9 S -e.s - .. ..... ... 9........ ......
P ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ rqec -3(--t.. ... ... . .... ...z........)...
-3S9ER -.....9 d........r...... .........TOE OE:-.6dUVCS l DNIIR5880
R ~ Fgr .- 5 FF for.. ..... afe P-Z... Filter.. ... .................
TOT - CCP TS POER POLS AN ERUN F0IER . S@
SY60, XT10, 1803
E 0-
TR 28 - .. ... ..... .. ..
AL -25............. .. ...
P -36 .... * .......... --- ...............
ER -40 ----- . . . . ..... ... ... ... ... - ......
d - ---.. . . .. . -------- ----.................. ...
Frequency (M1z.)MAX POLEP: -22.27 dBLJSTOT POWER- -0l.69 dBLS FSCSS RUM IDENTIFIER SGOB0885
vFigure 4-6. FFT for PN before P-Z Filter
4-7
I R..* t.. 97- - - - --!
FTT - -- ACCEPT TEST 3 POLES AND EROS FILTER.
SY60, XT16S, 1BCS
8 . ........
T
A ~ -20 ..
L-38 . . :. .. . . ........
P-30. ..... . ... ... ... ... ... ... ..........
E
Fr-equency~ (M11z)MAX< POIER: -22.34 dBUTOT POLER: -1-20 dRU. FSCSS RUM IDENTIF IER SGeB@005
Figure 4-7. FFT for PN after P-Z Filter
DE1I)D - DA152 -- ACCEPT TEST g POLES AND 2EPOS FILTEP.
SY60, XT169, 18C8
S THEORY
0L
10 - ...... :........... ........ *... .....-........... ...
R 0 - ..... .......... :...... ........... ...............
0 1 0 E -9; . ........... ........... ..... .. . ... .. .. .. .. . .. .. ..
E
10E-9 - _______
8 2 4 '3 8 10 12 14 16 18 28E3/No (db)
FSCFS RUM IDENTIFIEP S60BOO05
Figure 4-8. CSER: PN Channel
4-8
4.4 BLOCK INTERLEAVERS (TEST 4)
The purpose of this set of tests is to verify the operation
Iof the block interleavers with both bit and symbol inputs.
Unfortunately, as discussed in Section 3, the block interleaver is
not currently accepting symbol inputs. This situation will be
corrected during the FSCSS maintenance phase.
P, The bit-input block interleaver test results are shown on
page A-3. A small interleaver size (8x32) was chosen to minimize
* the FSCSS run time. The test configuration contained two Bit" Error Rate (BER) counters -- one associated with the interleaver
and one with the data source. Thus, the error rate out of the
' demodulator (due to the channel) could be verified as well as the
error rate (end-to-end) of the entire configuration. The 0 BER
measured in both cases indicates that the FSCSS block interleaveris working correctly for bit inputs and outputs (hard decision). L
-.: 4.5 SYNCHRONOUS INTERLEAVERS (TEST 5)
The purpose of this set of tests is to verify the operation
of the FSCSS synchronous interleaver. Again, a problem was
uncovered with the use of symbols as input to the interleaver;therefore, only the bit (hard decision) test was run.
The results of this test can be found on page A-4. As with
the block interleaver, two separate BER counters were used to
verify the operation of the interleaver. The 0 Bit Error Rates
measured at both locations indicate that the synchronous
interleaver is performing as expected.
4.6 SOFT DECISION VITERBI DECODING (TEST 7)
This set of tests is intended to verify that the FH, PN-FH,
- DPSK and 8-FSK modems in FSCSS are now capable of passing
* soft-decision metrics to the Viterbi algorithm decoders.
4-9
L°° -
< '.i'-
Figure 4-9 shows the general test configuration used for this
set of tests. The 8-FSK configuration is different in that: (1)
a bit-to-symbol converter precedes the modulator to demonstrate -4symbol inputs to the modulator; and (2) a symbol-to-bit converter
is used after the demodulator to convert the demodulator output
symbol voltages to soft bits for use by the Viterbi algorithm -. ,"
decoder.
Test sheets and results are presented in pages A-5 through
A-8. A summary of the test results is contained in Table 4-1 and
FFT plots of the signal spectra are shown in Figures 4-10 through
4-13.
The Viterbi algorithm decoder was tested thoroughly during
the Phase II acceptance tests. The intent of this set of tests is
to demonstrate that the demodulators in question were correctly
modified to pass soft bits (i.e., demodulator output voltages) to
the Viterbi algorithm decoder. If this information is not passed
correctly, decoding errors would be expected, even in the absenceof thermal noise. The fact that no bit errors were detected
indicates that the demodulators and symbol-to-bit converter are .
operating correctly.
4.7 MSK SOFT DECISION DECODING (TEST 8)
This test is intended to demonstrate two capabilities:
soft-decision decoding for MSK demodulators, and the storage and
reuse of time samples.
The test setup is shown in Figure 4-14. The DPSK, PN-FH and
FH modulators used in the preceding set of tests were configured
into a transmit earth terminal. The resulting composite signal
was then transmitted to a satellite which contained a "Keep
Samples" device. The resulting stored samples were then reused
("regenerated") in conjunction with an MSK signal.
The results of these tests are shown on page A-9. Figures
4-15 and 4-16 show the FFTs taken minus and with the MSK
waveform. In order to simplify our testing, a "notch" was created
4-10
-..-.... ~J.-.._. *. ~- o-.* * *- °.- .
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* - p.J9~.I.l S U
pa a'- I ~-1
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p...
p.....
b . 9
p.
*~ ~. 4-11
A:
414
444
00-
44
00
V4 1
7
FFT - -- TEST PC(--FH SOFT DEC ISUN DEC00 1NGS
SY9, xT53. IF&&
7 -1R
L
d
-5 .. .......
FrMquencU t
TOT PO.C -. 15 d~ FSCSS iRN IDENTIFIER £8968885
Figure 4-10. Soft Decision Test PN-FH Spectrum
FFT - 7t-- TEST FM SOFT DECISIONS
SY?, XT57. IFB6
P -2
0 3
E
7986.889.8 7946.85FrequencU (M1z'
MA~X POLER: -13.44 dBULTOT POLIER% -8. 83 dBU FSCSS RUM4 IDENTIFIER -SOTE8885
Figure 4-11. Soft Decision Test FH Spectrum
4-13
EFT - ~ - TEST OF DPSK 9OFT DECISION DECODING.
SYIS, XT9S, 1AB5
C-is5 ~ .
RA . ......
L
P0 - ..... .. .. ......... .... ..
E 5. .... 4 ........... 5................ ...... .....4 .....
R
-4 .. . ..... 1........ ... .. ......
8936.M8 289 98243.996Frequenmy (114z)
MAX POWER- -19.64 dBUTOT POW.ERt -6.16S dBU VSCSS BRM IDENTIFIER SIBOMI
Figure 4-12. Soft Decision Test DPSK Spectrum
R-FSC U17 SWO. INPUT ANO SOFT DECISION DECODING
SYS, XT25, ADS
P
RA ..............L
P0 -36 .................................U.
S.... . . ..... ..... ......
R
d ~8-4 ... .......j......4......... 4 .......... S
69.788 7e.888 70.3M6Frequenty (1hz)
MAX POWER: -14.M dBUTOT POWSEt 8.88 dBu FSCGG RUN IOENTMEIR -S65CBM8
Figure 4-13. Soft Decision Test 8FSK Spectrum
4-14
dp;.
-- o
LI i o...
-- 4
* .,- ..0.
I VL
-- ml • i
I. \ .-4.
I I
i-ip --.'-'.
4-1-"-- - -I... .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..-Ii :I.... - '- -'- ... -'- . .' ,. .','-'. ........ ,.',',"..... '' .... ... 0. .-.-... . .. ,. ".'.-.".. . . . .,-,-,-.-.. . ,
.1-o
FTT - 1 SET UP KEEP SLCS FORR TrOT N. 1"
SYl2, SA9e, iC -
S S J
E ¢ -15 . ...... .- ..... . .. .. "........ -.. . ....... ........ :. .. ..... .. ..... .....- . .
T S -a _ ---- --- ..... -... ---- -.. - .---------.--. ...R
L
-49 _ -----......- 4-- ....-. 4 .... -t--. . .-... ... . .....E
i , :: 'L.?
B 114 T ..... "
W.M" 7953.666 e49.818Frequency (MHz)
MRX POER: -17.66 dBUTOT POLERt -9.96 dBU FSCSS Ri IMEIITIFER S12ROM3
Figure 4-15. Stored Spectrum
FFT - "r- TEST SAM "S .ES ON SrT DECISM.. .
SY39, RV1U, 1A3' '.
-... ...... ... .... ...SP -to l. . .
E -15 . . ... ............. . ........ ........ ........ ....... ...... .........
R '°
A i.
L
PE ....... ..... ...... ...... ........
d 6.. ............. ........... ......... .. ........ :....... - - ..
.... . .7953. M s849.8 18'
Frequenc (MlHz)MX POtR -19.43 di" -TOT POLItRt -11.46 dU FSCSS RUN DEHINI£ R S3@JSOS7
Figure 4-16. Composite Spectrum
4-16
q ~ ~ . . . .* -, * *** .° :o..°S.
t7
in the spectrum to be stored by making the transmit filters have a
very sharp cutoff. Due to the absence of thermal noise or
adjacent channel interference in this notch, the demodulated MSK
*, signal had a 0 BER, as expected.
- -: 4.8 OSCILLATOR PHASE NOISE (TEST 9)
The purpose of this test is to verify the operation of the
FSCSS oscillator phase noise model. This model has been revised
to allow for a more realistic number of points (50) to specify the
spectral characteristics of the oscillator phase noise. A
capability has also been added that allows the user to specify
coefficients of the phase characteristic and to have FSCSS
calculate the 50 sample points.
- Phase and thermal noise degradations are measured indirectly
*by using the demodulator statistics measurements in FSCSS. The
effect of the thermal noise which passes through the loop filter
and subsequently perturbs the local oscillator is measured at the
output of the local oscillator. It is given by the variance of
.U oscillator phase. The degradation due to the oscillator phase
noise which is not cancelled out by the loop filter is measured at
the phase lock loop (PLL) and is given by the variance of PLL
error. A PLL model showing the measurement points is given in
Figure 4-17.
The procedure followed was to measure each degradation
separately in the absence of the other and then compare the
results with those given in Reference 12. The results of these
- - tests are shown on page A-10. There was very good agreement in
the thermal noise portion of the runs--within 0.4 dB of the value
given in Reference 12. The phase portion of the results, however,
%him was about 4 dB low according to the reference. A study was
undertaken to determine the cause of the discrepancy. The PLL
bandwidth was varied + 2 Hz from the optimum of 10.89 Hz and the
thermal and phase noise tests repeated. The results of this
4-17
.................................................. ..1 °' - ' ," " ° "- ' " ' " ","-°,° *.***.*.%" •" * .** °: *° * .° * ."....*- - .- ..
LOCALOSCILLATO
VACOFOSCILLATOR
SIGNAL LO
+ H (w)
V zARIA.NCE OF PLL ERROR
Figure 4-17. PLL Model and Measurement Points
4-18
"- investigation are given in Table 4-2. A set of calculations of
the expected thermal and phase noise variance for an ideal
(*square" transfer function) loop filter were made and are also-. given in Table 4-2. Both calculated and measured results are _
given graphically in Figure 4-18.
As can be seen, the thermal noise measurements are
consistently about 0.8 dB above the calculated values. This isdue to the fact that the loop filter is not ideal. The noise -.-
equivalent bandwidth seems to be about 1.1 times the nominalbandwidth which is consistent with Figure 3-2 of Reference 12.
Thus, the thermal noise portion of the results tends to confirm
* . the results of Phase II Acceptance Tests (Reference 6) - the FSCSSphase lock loop implementation is working correctly.
j r The phase noise results of Figure 4-18 tell a lot about thenature of the problem. Firstly, the slope of the calculated and
" measured curves are the same, indicating that the spectral shape
of the phase noise is correct. Since the spectrum of the phase
increases sharply with falling frequency, one expects considerably
more power through the real PLL filter than through an ideal
. square filter. From the filter shape given in 3-2 of Reference
' - 12, one would expect roughly 6 dB more power through the real
filter than through a square filter. The measurement indicates
only 3 dB more. The results of this acceptance test and of thesefurther exploratory tests are therefore consistent. The FSCSS
phase noise process is correct except for a -3 dB constant
multiplier.
An examination of the FSCSS FREQTR module, which implementsthe phase noise generation, revealed that an error was introduced
in the code during the process of removing extraneous diagnostic
code used to find outstanding problems from Phase II. The input
noise process had been made real rather than complex by setting
" the imaginary part to zero. This, of course, results in the 3 dBreduction in power.
4-19
.: o.. ' . ,o " . .OO= •Oo •. . °- ° ° . .- o - * . - . - . - . ° . o , . . •. . . . . .
f% v%-, 7.- rr'
11 . 4Owc r- 'U) - 0-r 0 -
r340 az qr W% ~0 4 C~ C~44 C14 C4
U8 -
40t~
444
4-1.
44I
fAj
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E-44 E-
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E-
E-4 E-4
E- 00 OD*
z r4 '-4 E-4
W 0
'-44
4-20
-12 - --- .- I-.
-MEASURED .** -
-16 -
-1 -- 7
-A ASSUMING SQUARE PLL FILTER-i .7 _ _ __ _ _
S __ _- ----- _7__7
-18 _A -:.._ ..
p..7
-22
-24-4 S~: -zj* - PSENIE CALULAEDE£ '--d---- SUIGSURE PLFITD
-2 6HSM N 01 41
PLL Bandwidth in Hz
Figure 4-18. Phase Noise Test Results *9
4-21
I
This error was corrected and the expected 3 dB increase in
phase noise was measured. The correct result of this test is then2-18.1 dB (re 1 rad /Hz) measured versus -17.1 dB predicted by
Reference 12. This seems to be an excellent agreement in light of
the 2 Hz phase noise spectral line spacing used in the test.
4.9 REMODULATION (TEST 10)
The purpose of this test is to demonstrate the FSCSS
capability to demodulate and subsequently remodulate a signalonboard a satellite. In this test a noiseless, linear channel was
assumed since the essential point to be demonstrated is thecorrect passing of bits from the demodulator to the modulator for
remodulation.
A QPSK signal was used on the uplink and a differentially
encoded OQPSK was used on the downlink. The only losses were due . .
to free space. As expected, neither link had any bit errors. The
accompanying CSER plots (Figures 4-19 and 4-20), as well as adetailed analysis of the demodulator reports, indicate that FSCSS
is handling remodulation correctly. The results of these testsare shown on page A-11.
4.10 ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS (TEST 11)
These tests are intended to demonstrate that the
modifications to the atmospheric effects device operate correctly
on uplink and downlink paths. FSCSS was operated in the
interactive mode with debugging data switches turned on so that
the atmospheric effects calculations performed during thepresimulation phase could be observed and captured on the
Tektronix hard copy terminal, shown in Figure 4-21. Atmospheric
absorption, cloud attenuation, and rain attenuation values
obtained from Figure 4-21 were compared to hand calculations shown
in the test results on pages A-12 and A-13.
4-22
.......................
-
'"". ,I L , :,,,' .,"•.. . •" • - -*. -. "."- .".. '.,.. ." .*""- ."" ,""- . .."-____-".".' . -.-. ' .- .- ,-. -, .''-
REMO ACCEPTANCE TEST,GPSK TO OOPSK, I 1tPS, DIFF
SY89, SA93, 1RB3
1K8 - -CSER
S 8- THEORY
M.9 10E-e .........f....... -. . ... -----..... .. . ..... .....
0
R 9 -4 ... - .. . .. ..... ........ . ..... ... ~........ ...
....................... .......... .......... ..... .... .......... -----
E e-
a a 4 6 a is ia 14 16 18 20E5/ho (db)
FSCSS RUN IDIENTIFIER SMP
Figure 4-19. CSER Measurement: Satellite Demodulator
h REMOD ACCEPTANCE TEST,QPSK TO OQPSK, ltIPS, DIFF
5Y89, RV94, 1A64
i@EB 0CSER
THO-
L IBE- . ..............I....... .............. .... .-......
E
7 iE-S . .. ..
E
2 4 6 8 18 12 14 16 Is asEs/ho (db)
LFSCSS RU4 IDENTIF IER S9A8882
Figure 4-20. CSER Measurement:Receive Earth Terminal Demodulator
4-23
Redn aTranseittla tmstrcu .ms 3Reading in eceiag lus rIoNaahr 5$35 LAMEING FREESP... *RCX.E .37E6
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PLDEVAM - AMPLDEVAM a AA14INDEX aInside scan I**, PLTRTMP *12AZPATI4 a 8.011 37E-01 ELPATH *-1.42381E+00
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PLDEVMAM a WEPLDEVMAI - WE388 BEGIN PROCEDURE PROPATMOS ABSORPTION FLAG-YEFCENT- .S@0600E4 Xe 4 TOTZNAT a .76W-42ATMOS ASSORP- 1.18835E-0I ACATTEN' 3.2732LE-01CLOOJD ATTENUATION FLAG-YECLOUD ATTEN (ATCLD) - 2.39879E401 AEATTVI 6.89596E-42RAIN ATTENUATION FLAG-YEAEDIUER FLAG- NO TIMSIG- 9.999We-01RAIN RATE (RAINRT) - 3.7M61E.41RAIN ATTENUATION (ATRAIN)- 3.67677E*01 AEATTEN* 9.1343-044CROSS POLARIZATION FLAG-YECROSS POLARIZATION (AXPOL 3. 1 .462#E+00 AEATTEMa 7.78619(4
-END OF PRO VITH STATUS a I... Enter 3OUNHDcCK
PLPTTW 614
PLDEUH a AANINDEX *I
955 Leave IWLOSS9"5 Exter TRLOSS
Reding In Transmitn Element record members Is3Readn ±3w ±Receiving Eemeat record aumer I"
AZVWTfl MISLE FRON ~-.)ECEIWM* 7.351M-41
Figure 4-21. Atmospheric Effects Debug Data
4-24
. .. . . . . . . . . .
Several minor problems were discovered during the test;
-" namely:
1. Atmospheric absorption - interpolation for water vapor W-4
3densities between 0 and 7.5 gm/m is not done correctly.
2. Downlink paths - the satellite's elevation angle is used
for the calculations instead of the receive earth
terminal's.
3. Cross-polarization - the rain model attenuation
calculation includes the effects of signal
depolarization, but the cross-polarization loss is being
added separately.
These problems will be corrected during the maintenance phase of
. the contract.
4.11 NUCLEAR EFFECTS (TEST 12)
S.-. This set of tests is intended to verify that the FSCSS
.. nuclear effects enhancement to the propagation anomalies device is
"a working correctly.
The Channel Impulse Response Function (CIRF) (Reference 8),
" "" which is the heart of the nuclear effects device, has been tested - -
' " off-line and verified to be working properly (Figure 4-22). Thisprogram was then integrated into the FSCSS environment fortesting. The CIRF function has been implemented essentially
"° directly from Reference 8. The original program generates 2048" . samples, which, given the signal decorrelation time (o 0),
determines the time interval spanned by the sequence. For FSCSSruns longer than that time span, multiple calls to the CIRF
routine are required. A modification was made to the CIRF routine
to provide a smooth transition between 2048-sample sequences.
Two separate tests were run to demonstrate operation of the
CIRF routine: a CW carrier test and a BPSK test. The re3ults of
these tests can be found on pages A-14 and A-15. In both cases,.' values were chosen for the nuclear effects device which seemed
L
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* . . .o ,
-......- .
-7N : -'9:
- = , !n .
........ ;........ ." ....... "......... ........- ~ ' ' " ' . .:,
......... .......... r ....... ........ .......... ........... ..... -- , .......
........ , .......... ......... ......... .. .... ..... - ..... . .. . .. .
.................. ........ :........ -. .........
L.... •. . .... ........... ....... J ......... | -> '
• ~ - .'- . : ,I'>
..... ..... ..... ..... ........
. .... ... . .... _ . . . .- .. . ........ ' > "
.........a .o "
................... ........ ., .
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• r
- = :- I _ _ - -
"-'-.... ........ ..... ........
_j
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.. . ., ... .. ......... ........ i................ .; - ' '
4-26 4
.' : ,-3 0, , . , , .V -
: . : . : > ")
. . .2 o m i o a ,,,,,.-. % "- "
flag J E I-=) .
4-2 i,? ,..[3':
,.-,' U~-.t_'.','-'-, '.- -.."-% - e '.- .. '- . -' ..- .. .. . .".' " " -' ' ' ' " - .' - • - - . . . .
- -- - - - - - - -. .
reasonable but which do not correspond to any particular
scenario: low absorption, small decorrelation times, and large
frequency selective bandwidths.
The results for the CW case are shown in Figures 4-23 and
4-24. Note that the signals have been "smeared", indicating that
phase perturbations exist on the channel giving the appearance ofa phase modulated waveform.
In the BPSK case we note that the inphase I&D voltage (Figure
*-. 4-25) now has a slowly (relative to the data rate) changing ..-* envelope. The quadrature I&D voltage (Figure 4-26), which we.- . normally expect to be 0, also has a changing envelope, again
* indicating that there is a phase perturbation on the channel.Likewise, the carrier phase (Figure 4-27) is changing quite
dramatically with time. Upon examining the detailed BER report on
our listing, we find that the PLL is able to track the signal for• [ some 193 bits, then loses lock and is unable to regain carrier
lock on the signal.
The above results lead us to believe that the nuclear effectsdevice is working correctly. Further tests will be conductedduring the maintenance phase to obtain quantitative results. --
" 4.12 MSK MODULATORS AND DEMODULATORS (TESTS 7 & 8 OF PHASE II)
The purpose of this set of tests is to verify the operation
of the MSK modem in the presence of thermal noise. A test
configuration was used which has a wide bandwidth and a completelylinear channel. The demodulator was "locked" during the
- presimulation phase using a noiseless preamble.
The results of this test are given on page A-16. Table 4-3
summarizes the results obtained. The BER to be obtained was based
* upon results given in Reference 16. Very close agreement with thetheoretical results was obtained.
.4-27. , % . . . . • ° - . - , . . ° . .. . , - °- - . °- .- . -. - o- ° °- ° o .- ° - .° ,, . ° - ° o . . . . . . . . . . - o . ° . . ° . . . .' ' *.
!17 , , , ." ," * . % .• % ° ° ' % ,,, ° ' , ° ., ' '- . "'' "% , ,• ", % ° ,","-' , , °
FVT -t 31 TEST NXJES UM~l CU'S.
SY23, XT191, 190
S
C
RA --- 1-p.
L
E3 ---- ......-- -
-U
7979.9w8 uS.eM 238.MFrequencU (Mlz)
MAX POWER: -1.66 dBUTOT POW.ER- 3. 81 dBU FSCSS RUN IDENTIFIER - 23A886
Figure 4-23. C. W. Test Spectrum beforeNuclear Scintillation
FF7 - 31f -- TEST MIXES WITH CU'S.
SY23, SA19N, 1ABEd.-
.........-5 ........ .... ........... ......
C
L
P
E -35 ......
E 5 ......
MXPWE:55.5 U
TOT POWER: 63.32 dBU FSCSS RUN IDENTIFIER S 23AeM6
Figure 4-24. C. W. Test Spectrum after- Nuclear Scintillation
4-28
DEM'O - DAI6S - TEST OF NUJKE EFFECTS. SPSK
SY44, SiA1714, 18C3
8.1E-01
pH
E
0LT
_2 7 -1 .....G.......... ...........
E
-8. 1E-01
-r 5 18 15 20 2 0 35 4 5 5
a 0EI1OD -DA189 -- TEST OF NUKE EFFECTS. BPSK
'SY44, Cp174, 18C3
* N 6.4E-01* . p
_V 0 .0E4000LT
3~.2E-01. .. .
E-6.4E-01 ....
50 52 54 56 58 68 6. .,4 66 613 7@TENS OF S'?rf0as
r;S RIJN TIENTIFIER . S44BOO06
Figure 4-25(b). BPSK I&D Inphase Voltage
4-29
';y44 5417-. FE
3...........
+
L
E .
0 526 LI 30 F 3 -10 -1S 505 '0 TENlS OF SYME-O5LSf
FS!:Sc RUIN IDEN~TIFIEP S44EZ Dr
Figure 4-26(a). BPSK I&D Quadrature Voltage
DEMIO - O1l8 -- rEST OF MATK EFFEC.TS. E P S P4
SY44. 5ts174, 1EC3
......0 .. . .. -. .... ..... ... .....TtU
T
C; 2 S-4 E56: 15C 15 6. 6s ,S 76TEllS L'F 3I'I1EOL
F C2 S PTI IMEr4TIFIEF £4E 0,0 Qr
Figure 4-26(b). BPSK I&D Quadrature Voltage
4-30
DEMDD -DAISB-TEST OF NIJKE EFFECTS. BPSK
SY44, SA174, 1BC3
- -~~S.3E-62w- r~?
A .
R - . ...... ............ ........... .. ... ...... .................
E1 -. 1E-e1 .... -.-... --......-t - -..........---- ..... ..........
p
A -1.3E-81 --- -- 1............. ------... . ---
d I - .E .. . ........ .........................................
TENS OF SWBO.S
FSCsS jRM IENTIF1ER :S44BeM6
Figure 4-27. BPSK Carrier Phase Plot
7 -
4-31
r340
fn f~
41
0 O
C4 0
-
02)
W, x0 C~4 ri
r co
., . . .. .
-7- -°7.7
SECTION 5 -CONCLUSIONS
The enhancements added to FSCSS during Phase III represented
a large effort over a compressed period of time. The result was
that all the enhancements could not be tested to our total
- satisfaction before the formal acceptance test phase. All devices
9passed acceptance tests successfully except for the block and
- .*. synchronous interleavers in configurations with other encoders,
and minor errors in the atmospheric effects phase noise
'- calculations. These problems will all be corrected during the
FSCSS maintenance phase.
• .Version 3.0 of FSCSS has met the goals established during
Phase III of the contract. Improved user-friendliness has been
achieved, a color graphics system has been integrated, simulation
speed has been improved, additional devices and capabilities have
been added, and unresolved problems left over from Phase II have-" been solved. Updated versions of both the User's and Software
Maintenance Manuals have been delivered. Table 5-1 summarizes the
! features modeled by FSCSS Version 3.0. L
-L
5-1
'-I-
.-...............................
Table 5-1. SATCOM Features Modeled by FSCSS
Data Sources Random, External Sequence
Encoders/Decoders Differential Convolutional (Viterbialgorithm decoding), Block andSynchronous Interleavers/Deinterleavers, Bit-to-Symbol andSymbol-to-Bit Converters
Modulators/Demodulators BPSK, QPSK, OQPSK, 8PSK, 16PSK, DPSK, -
APSK, FSK, MSK, CPFSK, PN, FH(FSK),FH(PN)
Jammers/Interferers CW, SWEPT, PULSE, Demand Access withModulators Above
Filters Chebychev, Butterworth, Thompson,Transitional Butterworth/Thompson,Bessel, Legendre, Poles and Residues,Frequency Sample (30 Amplitude andPhase Points), Poles and Zeros
Limiters Hard, Soft (30 Amplitude and PhasePoints)
Frequency Translators Up, Down, Phase Noise (50 FrequencySamples on One Side of the Carrier)
Antennas Earth Coverage, Narrowbeam, MBA(Bessel Singlets), MBA (StoredSinglets), Phased Array, Gain,Adaptive (MBA, Phased Array)
Propagation Free Space Loss, Atmospheric Effects,Doppler, Scintillation, Cross-Polarization, Arbitrary Fluctuations,Transmission Loss, Nuclear Effects
Noise Sources Thermal Noise, Time Samples Storedfrom Previous Run .
Measurements Power, Fast Fourier Transform, BitError Rate, Demodulator RelatedStatistics all with Time WindowCapabilities
Multiple Access Techniques FDMA, SSMA, TDMA, SSTDMA, PNTDMA
Spreaders FH, PN
Despreaders/Correlators FH, P11, PN/FH
Standard Device Groups Stored Combinations of the Above toForm Specific Modems, Earth Terminalsand Satellites.
5-2
. . . .- '....-.-........ . . ... ...-, ., , i
APPEND IX A -ACCEPTANCE TEST DATA SHEETS
- I7
towl
* .. IIUSP*UW~W.~.n. .5- UU -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
w7 I
U..
ahla
,6go0 "'AA
w w
12 1 ..
,.. .. 7a-
0 0 - "-.- •
IL v
.- . U = 0 -.
-a- * - g "U
Nw ...
a-i 1d do41 P
-- CP 0
tm aas
96 ,. w In.-n
ca - a IdI
Cal a,-
,0.-"-
...
a A-1
7:a:
.- 4
AA
P-N 9.
as I
'0l .*
V .4
L44 m *I,,
aO
ja ... '
'.. a M- a
01t
w0 A .. 0
A-2
•~q . -. ,..-" .
ACCEPTANCE TEST 4: SYNCHRONOUS INTERLEAVER WITH 8-FSK
Test Configuration: SY12, XT36
~2 ) 2 " ~ 7 2-. ___o
~ ~ *• ._- .
Data Rate: 2.4 Kbps
Interleaver Size: 13 x 29
Modulator Frequency: 150 MHz
Frequency Spacing: 50.1 KR:
RESULTS
I Expected BER Measured BER No. of Bits
0 C
Performed by: QWitnessed by:
*Date:Aa!.2LI
'A-3 *
L
ACCEPTANCE TEST 5: BLOCK INTERLEAVER WITH 8-FSK, 2 REPETITIONS
Test Configuration: 5Y27, XT157
Data Rate: 2.4 Kbps
Inter].eaver Size: 8 x 32
*Modulator Frequency: 70 MHz
Frequency Spacing: 35 KHz
* RESULTS
Expected BER Measured BER No. of Bits
Performed by: _____ _____-
Witnessed by!C
Date: 1 S
A-4
0d 410
0 InU1 0
fx1 0-4 amo~4 96 9
a goa CL.'
-- 4
~ifl w 00 IcnC4 ..2 V
0 03 1-( * r4
CA 2 "q4 04 0. 1J a
94 . co. N ma c 4 0~
00 4 .
0~- C4 W $4 4 4 ~ f4a02 "9 4)4 7== T
oC to w.2 u 0IS a 043 0 00 A 1 u c
o) 0. 0> 0 ) C 0 wc
01 ". 0. 00 3 4 0 = 4 a (
.-4 M, w o)l94-
01~4 01.1I
* 001 .4 00 0A-5
ACCEPTAN4CE TEST 7B: SOFT DECISION DECODING OF FREQUENCY HOPPER
DEVICE PARAMIETERS:
H!DULATOR/DEMODULATOR FILTER
f 7900 MOIz Butte.rworth
Hopover 2 2 . 4 calls Pole
call - I ME~z wide fc - 7900 MO~z
2 FSK3 dB - .
Af - 50 k~zCODER/DECODERHopping Register - 20 bits k - '
Seed -10101
TLLO0Hz z .70740bt erSoft DetcisioySof bitecitDsioio
Symbol Output 02a 0.5
Qiantizer Wtrics
RESULTS: (d) P dB / d)EXPECTED BER MEASURED BER 1 ~ 2 dl P/ 2 (l
0 0 .3
Performed by:
Witnessed by:
Date: ~4 )r!
J.
A-6
:.:. '--':g'
pmp
ACCEPTANCE TEST 7C: DPSK SOFT DECISION DECODING
" DEVICE PAMETERS.
'ODULATOR/DED0ULATOR FILTER ENCODER/DECODER
f' 8040 Hz 11 Pole CS k.7
TL9#Ha a - .707 -1 dBipple I
No AGC 3 d86 .4M z Newry - 40 bi LM in. Signal Level - 3 bit Soft Quantization
. Soft Decision a 5
QuantiZe? Metrics -.-
RESULTS:
EXPECTED BER MEASURED BER PI (a) ?2 (dB) P1 /P 2 (dl)
Performd by: /*.' i
Wo. . ".itnessed by:Date:", - -
A-7
* *. * * * . *.. . .. . . .
ACCEPTANCE TEST 7D: SOFT DECISION DECODING OF 8-FSK WITH SYMBOL INPUTTO THE MODULATOR
Test Configuration: SYS, XT25
Data Rate: 2.4 Kbps
Modulator Frequency: 70 MHz
Frequency Spacing: 35 KHz
Viterbi Decoder: Rate , Constraint Length 7, 3-Bit Quantization
RESULTS
Expected BER Measured BER No. of Bits
'
Performed by: \)0 4)(
Witnessed by: -- _ _ 7'__-• 1.
Date: tA :
A-B- . . *. .. 7..
ACCEPTANCE TEST 8: STORED AND PLAYRACK SAMPLES J
- TRANSMITTER (1) STORED SAMPLES- DATA SOURCE ENCODER MODULATOR FILTER
250 SkbLE ANTNN
SAELT T 1)NSMITED 2 SPESSTLIT2
DAA ORC NCDR OULTR MLIIR NENAANTENNA AMPLIFIER STLAY SAMPLES ANTENNAA
6-0d 6.33 dB
RANCEIER (2) NS AELT 2
6 90d 04 0d
PVfre y
-~~~RCIE (2)ese by 'J,.tS.vK'-
DPe:fre by Y
i .7. . "
* A- 9
T. K ~ r
Iad
00
0-
0 .
wo9 go go
u I
* 0
0 W- L3
.t4 0 En Ia
ce 0 "4 4 C,4 :A
0 41 . 1 ". 4)- 0 C4I -v Z., ~
i-a 0: Ai
(3411 s. -0f4 64 to2 0 a-40 *m Z V12 ,-
U
A-10
ACCEPTANCE TEST 10: DEDD0ULATOR
- TRANSMITTER:
DATA SOURCE HDDULATOR AMPLIFIE ANTENNA
G GT
ANTENNA IAMPLIE DLAT DEOERE
DEVICE PARAMETERS:
Data Ratse
MODUI.ATOR/DEMODULATOR UPLINK IQDULATOR/DEAODULATOR DOWNLINK
icm BG~z Sc m :~
QPSK QPSK
TLL . z -. 707 ELL .
PU. . a-707 PUL.
I&D Detections I&D Detection
Hard Decision Bard Decision
Min. Signal -0 dB iN. Signal -0 43
RESULTS:
EXPECTED BER MEASURED BER 1 ~ d) P2 (dl P3
Performed by: .. -
Witnessed by:
A-i1
ACCEPTANCE TEST 11: ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS
I Test Configuration: SY53, XT236, SA152, RV176
Simulation Frequency: 10 GHz
:-" Atmospheric Absorption Water Vapor Density: 0 gm/m3
,I-.". .' -
Cloud Attenuation Water Vapor Density:
Cloud Thickness:
Cloud Temperature:
*-'. Rainfall Zone:. D1 *.
Time Availability: 0.9999
00 Isotherm Height: 4 km -.
Cross-Polarization: Linear Horizontal Tilt Angle: 30* .- Q
RESULTS
Atmospheric Effect Expected Measured
Atmospheric Absorption: C. - I
Cloud Attenuation: :2"i I
Rain Attenuation: ,' -
Cross-Polarization Loss: .
Performed by:
Witnessed by: .,4
LDate:A
A- 12
* -. , -_ A ... , *.e, p ... ".,. *..--..*- . . .- .. " % .% " .''', , ' " ' ' ".- - - , ", . . . .
ATTENUATION CALCULATIONS (EQUATIONS IN REFERENCE 7)
I * Cloud Attenuation:
A (dB) = 5 x 10 x M x L x F2 exp(0.0281(291-T))cscC
M =15g/m 3
L =10,000m
10F=10-GHz l0 Hz
T =300 K
5=14.0990
A (dB) =23.91C
Atmospheric Absorption
Total Zenith Attenuation (From Table 1) =0.051
8 14.0990
Aa (dB) = TZA csc
= 0.21
Rain Attenuation
R p= 37 nun/hr (Zone D1 . Availability =0.9999, Table 2)
Elevation Angle = 14.0990
D = 15.925 V=4.249
a = 0.0125 (From Table 3) u = 0.803
b = 1.18 (From Table 3) A = 35.660sp
a Rb 0.89 A R 36.768pc = -0.082
d = 1.633
A-i13
7LI
ACCEPTANCE TEST 12A: NUCLEAR EFFECTS WITH CW JAM4MERS
DEVICE PARAMETERS
MODULATORS ANTENNAS
C at f c 7990 MHz 90 dB Antenna Gain
CWat f -8010 MHz
FILTER AMPLIFIER
11 Pole CS Gain -25 dB
3 dB -30 MHz
F =8000 MHzC
0.01 dB Ripple
Propagation Anomalies Device
(Attached) 0.1
Performed by:
Witnessed by: ________
Date: LA~Al
A- 14
ACCEPTANCE TEST 12C: NUCLEAR EFFECTS ON BPSK
DEVICE PARAMETERS AMPLIFIER
Data Source -10 Kbps G - 200 dB
BPSK MODULATOR/DEMODULATOR ANTENNAS (Antenna Gain)
F 8000 MHz TX Uplink Gain -20 dBC
TLL -0 Hz, DF, z 0.707 RX Uplink Gain 20 dB
PLL -0 Hz, DF, z -0.707 2nd Order
3No AGO PROPAGATION ANOMALIES DEVICE
No Limiter (Attached)
Min. Sig. Level -0 dB
Hard Decision
RESULTS
OBSERVED BER NO. BITS
2048 1-100 500-1000
Received Signal Power-
Received Noise Power
SNR
BER Estimate-
Performed by: 1J
L ~Witnessed by: _________
16Date:
A-15
Ir.4
41
oo
z 00
coI 1 3_
E -4 x
~ X0 \j* c~~4 j
u - 3 ci 0- -
0F 0 W Z .
94-4
II 0~ in U3
wi w 1w
Q U4
C.~ *A 16
IT
APPENDIX B -ACCEPTANCE TEST DEVICE PARAMETERS
ACCEPTANCE TEST2
I
B-1
IL
P4
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flag. 6. 0504* 6
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a , a,6' t
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...................... -. . -. -. .-. - - . - -. -. - . -z..& .
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ACCEPTANCE TEST 3
p.-
'p.
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E-12
.............................. ................
E4O
U 4rzE-4r
B-13
rww
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IW. 1.;J
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fe* 414440 4 1 -
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i INS
41 IIIN.jI!
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ma obaIa -
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b ON Ix 4x w
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B-1
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ACCEPTANCE TEST 4
(
I
Iq
9.
9; rd
B-i 9* ..
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.9...... - . *
IJ
en~
L4
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ago.
.01
aa
3.3'a
IL *I'A Iub~d 1A.
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16 U SS 4a. 1-- I- a
kc a b In $su .. 0 st .000 p
.0. ub a II- '16 0 or. 1A R g.6
00 *i la Shf
0 46 0 n w 04
ra M00w tna~ Of- ; w0ww-Wa.O .01 N~ 3. wE * 9 I
-ji P. o . SN
wwq x ei. 0 3,a " ag. hO.
B-21
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00 00 0
OI I CIi.
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a.a415-CI
IL . 0 10 I
too 3:
4L IC@~
B -2 2 4
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0.Mo 00600 VI -X . .
li lb 9%. j IO
SII
hihi
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A eas n, N d ol~ ,,%
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'Me W&Q a Me L = :.
-B-2
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II~lr: - --
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6,, Om .
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66 0 " L V I w0 ==
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I • " - --.°". '
ACCEPTANCE TEST 5
- - B-25
~ 5 -. ~ -*. .~- ,. ~ N - . . . . 5 5 - .
S.
Co
* 5'-
Co
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