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UMTS Coverage & Capacity
Estimation
ZTE University
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Content
Link Budget
Coverage Estimation
Capacity Estimation
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coverage
capacity
quality
Balance
Perfect solution: the balance among coverage, capacity
and quality.
Dimension estimation
UMTS radio network dimension estimation is a process ofcalculating amount and configuration of equipment based
on the goal of coverage, capacity and quality.
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Enquiry
Analyses
Survey
Build Model
Simulation
Requirement
Analyses
Site Survey
Site Allocation
System Simulation
and Authentication
Propagation Model
Test
Propagation Model
calibration
Capability
Estimation
Output PlanningReport
Site Selection
Radio Network Planning Flow
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PA
Feeder lossPropagation
loss
Antenna gainPenetration
loss
NodeB sensitivity
Shadow
margin
Human body
loss
UE power
Link Budget and Models
Simply, link budget is to perform accounting on all lossesand gains on a communication link.
Definition: Estimate the system coverage capability byreviewing and analyzing all kinds of influence factors in thepropagation path of forward and reverse signals, andobtain the maximum propagation loss allowed on the linkunder certain call qualities.
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Uplink Budget ProcessParameter. Symbol Procedure
Tx Power (dBm) A
Tx Antenna Gain (dBi) B
Tx Body Loss (dB) C
Tx Feeder Loss (dB) D
Tx EIRP (dBm) E E=A+B-C-D
Thermal Noise Density (dBm/Hz) F
Thermal Noise (dBm) G G=F+10*LOG(3840000)
Receiver Noise Figure (dB) H
Receiver Noise (dBm) I I=G+HInterference Margin (dB) J
BitRate (kbps) K
Process Gain (dB) L L=10*LOG(3840/K)
Required Eb/No (dB) M
Receiver Sensitivity (dBm) N N=I+J-L+M
Rx Antenna Gain (dBi) O
Rx Feeder Loss (dB) P
Rx Body Loss (dB) Q
Power control headroom (dB) R
Soft Handover Gain (dB) S
Shadow Fading Margin (dB) T
Penetration Loss(dB) U
Max Allowable Path Loss (dB) V V=E-N+O-P-Q-R+S-T-U
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Uplink/Downlink Balance
The downlink cell radius is
related to the number of
subscribers in the cell, the
location and services of the
subscriber.
The downlink is usually limited
by the capacity. When the load
of the cell increases, the
condition of limited downlink
may occur.
The balance between the uplink
and downlink needs the help of
planning software for iterative
calculation.
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R99 Uplink Link Budget Example
CS12.2K CS64K PS64K
TX
Tx Power [dBm] 21.00 21.00 21.00
Antenna Gain [dBi] 0.00 0.00 0.00
Body Loss [dB] 3.00 0.00 0.00
Feeder Loss [dB] 0.00 0.00 0.00
EIRP [dBm] 18.00 21.00 21.00
RX
Thermal Noise Density [dMm/HZ] -174.00 -174.00 -174.00
Thermal Noise [dBm] -108.16 -108.16 -108.16
Receiver Noise Figure [dB] 2.20 2.20 2.20
Receiver Noise [dBm] -105.96 -105.96 -105.96
Bit Rate [kbit/s] 12.2 64 64
Process Gain [dB] 24.98 17.78 17.78
Required Eb/No [dB] 4.20 2.70 1.60
Receiver Sensitivity [dBm] -126.74 -121.04 -122.14
Interference Margin [dB] 3.01 3.01 3.01
Antenna Gain [dBi] 18.00 18.00 18.00
Feeder Loss [dB] 2.80 2.80 2.80
Body Loss [dB] 0.00 0.00 0.00
Margin
Power control headroom [dB] 2.00 2.00 2.00Soft Handover Gain [dB] 3.00 3.00 3.00
Shadow Fading Margin [dB] 8.70 8.70 8.70
Penetration Loss [dB] 20.00 20.00 20.00
Max Allowable Outdoor Path Loss [dB] 149.23 146.53 147.63
Outdoor Coverage Cell Raius [km] 1.74 1.45 1.56
Max Allowable Indoor Path Loss [dB] 129.23 126.53 127.63
Indoor Coverage Cell Raius [km] 0.47 0.39 0.42
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R99 Down Link Budget Example
CS12.2K CS64K PS64K PS128K PS384K PCPICH
TX
Tx Power [dBm] 33.00 33.00 33.00 35.00 38.00 33.00
Antenna Gain [dBi] 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00Body Loss [dB] 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Feeder Loss [dB] 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80
EIRP [dBm] 48.20 48.20 48.20 50.20 53.20 48.20
RX
Thermal Noise Density [dMm/HZ] -174.00 -174.00 -174.00 -174.00 -174.00
-90.00
Thermal Noise [dBm] -108.16 -108.16 -108.16 -108.16 -108.16
Receiver Noise Figure [dB] 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00
Receiver Noise [dBm] -101.16 -101.16 -101.16 -101.16 -101.16
Bit Rate [kbit/s] 12.2 64 64 128 384Process Gain [dB] 24.98 17.78 17.78 14.77 10.00
Required Eb/No [dB] 7.50 5.20 4.80 4.50 4.30
Receiver Sensitivity [dBm] -118.64 -113.74 -114.14 -111.43 -106.86
Interference Margin [dB] 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00
Antenna Gain [dBi] 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Feeder Loss [dB] 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Body Loss [dB] 3.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Margin
Power control headroom [dB] 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 0.00Soft Handover Gain [dB] 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 0.00
Shadow Fading Margin [dB] 8.70 8.70 8.70 8.70 8.70 8.70
Penetration Loss [dB] 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00
Max Allowable Outdoor Path Loss [dB] 150.14 148.24 148.64 147.93 146.36 123.50
Outdoor Coverage Cell Raius [km] 1.84 1.63 1.67 1.59 1.44 0.32
Max Allowable Indoor Path Loss [dB] 130.14 128.24 128.64 127.93 126.36
Indoor Coverage Cell Raius [m] 0.50 0.44 0.45 0.43 0.39
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HSDPA Link budget
Cell edge coverage bit rate decide the cell radius Demodulation threshold is Es/No
Without soft handover and fast power control, so
the Power control headroom and soft handover
gain is zero
Body loss is Zero.
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HSDPA Downlink budget ExamplePS128K PS384K HSDPA
TX
Tx Power [dBm] 35.00 38.00 37.00
Antenna Gain [dBi] 18.00 18.00 18.00Body Loss [dB] 0.00 0.00 0.00
Feeder Loss [dB] 2.80 2.80 2.80
EIRP [dBm] 50.20 53.20 52.19
RX
Thermal Noise Density [dMm/HZ] -174.00 -174.00 -174.00
Thermal Noise [dBm] -108.16 -108.16 -108.16
Receiver Noise Figure [dB] 7.00 7.00 7.00
Receiver Noise [dBm] -101.16 -101.16 -101.16
Bit Rate [kbit/s] 128 384 600Process Gain [dB] 14.77 10.00 12.04
Required Eb/No (Es/No) [dB] 4.50 4.30 6.19
Receiver Sensitivity [dBm] -111.43 -106.86 -107.1
Interference Margin [dB] 6.00 6.00 6.00
Antenna Gain [dBi] 0.00 0.00 0.00
Feeder Loss [dB] 0.00 0.00 0.00
Body Loss [dB] 0.00 0.00 0.00
MarginPower control headroom [dB] 2.00 2.00 0.00Soft Handover Gain [dB] 3.00 3.00 0.00
Shadow Fading Margin [dB] 8.70 8.70 8.70
Penetration Loss [dB] 20.00 20.00 20.00
Max Allowable Outdoor Path Loss [dB] 147.93 146.36 144.5
Outdoor Coverage Cell Raius [m] 1.59 1.44 1.27
Max Allowable Indoor Path Loss [dB] 127.93 126.36 124.5
Indoor Coverage Cell Raius [m] 0.43 0.39 0.34
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HSUPA Uplink budget Example
CS12.2K CS64K PS64K HSUPA
TX
Tx Power [dBm] 21.00 21.00 21.00 24.00
Antenna Gain [dBi] 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.00
Body Loss [dB] 3.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Feeder Loss [dB] 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
EIRP [dBm] 18.00 21.00 21.00 25.59
RX
Thermal Noise Density [dMm/HZ] -174.00 -174.00 -174.00 -174.00
Thermal Noise [dBm] -108.16 -108.16 -108.16 -108.16
Receiver Noise Figure [dB] 2.20 2.20 2.20 2.20
Receiver Noise [dBm] -105.96 -105.96 -105.96 -105.96
Bit Rate [kbit/s] 12.2 64 64 600Process Gain [dB] 24.98 17.78 17.78
-7.00Required Eb/No [dB] 4.20 2.70 1.60
Receiver Sensitivity [dBm] -126.74 -121.04 -122.14 -113.96
Interference Margin [dB] 3.01 3.01 3.01 3.01
Antenna Gain [dBi] 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00
Feeder Loss [dB] 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80
Body Loss [dB] 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Margin
Power control headroom [dB] 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00Soft Handover Gain [dB] 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
Shadow Fading Margin [dB] 8.70 8.70 8.70 8.70
Penetration Loss [dB] 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00
Max Allowable Outdoor Path Loss [dB] 149.23 146.53 147.63 143.04
Outdoor Coverage Cell Raius [m] 1.74 1.45 1.56 1.16
Max Allowable Indoor Path Loss [dB] 129.23 126.53 127.63 123.04
Indoor Coverage Cell Raius [m] 0.47 0.39 0.42 0.31
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Content
Link Budget
Coverage Scale Estimation
Capacity Service Model
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Omni-directional NodeB
R D
D
R
Three-sector directionalNodeB (65)
DR
Six-sector directionalNodeB (65)
2323 RS
RD 3
22 95.1389 RRS
RD2
3
232
3RS
RD 3
Calculation of NodeB Coverage Area
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Content
Link Budget
Coverage Scale Estimation
Capacity Service Model
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Case AnalysisStep 1
Requirements Analysis (Input)
Distinguish the area into DU, MU, SU, RU.
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Case AnalysisStep 2
Single user traffic model (single connection)
UL/DL Throughput Ratio
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Case AnalysisStep 3
Service Penetration Rate
Subscriber Number of Each Service
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Case AnalysisStep 4
Total Traffic of Each Service
Calculate total traffic (uplink and downlink)
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Case AnalysisStep 5
Calculate the Total UL Traffic of Each Service
Calculate the Total DL Traffic of Each Service
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Content
UMTS Service mode Common Capacity Design Methods
Uplink Capacity Estimation
Downlink Capacity Estimation Estimation Examples
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Input:system load requirment and
coverage requirement
Uplink coverage
estimation
Quantity of BSs
satisfying uplink
coverage
Downlink coverage
estimation
Quantity of BSs
satisfying downlink
coverage
Compare the results
and evaluate the
larger one
Uplink capacity
estimation
Quantity of BSs
satisfying uplink
capacity
End
Based on traffic type Based on power
Quantity A of
channels to be
provided by every cell
on the downlink
Quantity B of
channels availably
provided by every
cell on the downlink
AddBSs
No
Yes
A
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Common Capacity Design Methods
Equivalent Erlangs method
Post Erlang-B method
Campbell method
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Campbell Method
caCCapacity ii
cfficOfferedTra
i
ii
i
ii
aerl
aerl
c
2
ic
Principle: Make multiple services equivalent to a virtual
service and calculate the capacity on the basis of the
virtual service.
iserviceofcapacityCiiserviceofamplitudea
niancevnmeanafactorcapacityc
i
......
*var*
.
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3036112 ii aerl
6636112 222
ii aerl
Campbell Method
Example
Service A: 1 channel for each connection and the total is 12 erl.
Service B: 3 channels for each connection and the total is 6 erl.
Mean & variance
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Capacity factor c
Virtual traffic
21 channels (virtual channels) are required to meet the
virtual traffic under 2% blocking rate.
2.230
66
c
63.132.2
30TrafficOffered c
Campbell Method
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Under 2% blocking rate, channel number required by each service is
shown as follows:
Service A:
Service B:
Different channel numbers are required to meet the GOS
requirements of diversified services.
Compared with the former two methods, the calculation result through
the Campbell method is more reasonable.
471)2.221(1 C
493)2.221(2 C
Campbell Method
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If the reference service is the voice service
Campbell Method
voicevoicevoice
serviceserviceserviceservicevNoEbR
vNoEbRAmplitude
*/*
*/*
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Content
UMTS Service mode Common Capacity Design Methods
Uplink Capacity Estimation
Downlink Capacity Estimation Estimation Examples
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jtotal
j
jjj
PI
P
Rv
WNoEb
)/(
W: indicates the chip rate.
vj: indicates user js activation factor.
Rj: indicates user js data rate.Pj : indicates user js signal receive power
Itotal: indicates total broadband receive power with
the thermal noise power included in the NodeB.
Uplink Load Analysis
Eb/No the receive signal in the NodeB must reach Eb/No
required by the service demodulation.
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The receive power at the NodeB receive end should meet
the following formula so that the user signal can meet the
demodulation requirement:totaljtotal
jjj
j ILI
vRNo
Eb
WP
)(1
1
jjj
total
jj
vR
No
Eb
WI
PL
)(1
1
Define a connection load factor Lj:
N
j
totalj
N
j
j ILP11
The total receive power of all N users from one cell is:
Uplink Load Analysis
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Uplink Load Analysis
The total receive power at the NodeB receive end consistsof three parts:
Notherintatal PPPI
indicates the total interference power of in-cell users.
indicates the total interference power of out-cell users.
indicates the NodeB thermal noise power.
Neighbor cells interference factor i
i= Other cell interference /Local cell interference
inP
otherP
NP
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The total user receive power of the NodeB:
Define the noise lifting as the ratio of total broadband
receive power to the noise power of the NodeB:
N
j
tataljotherin ILiPP
1
)1(
N
j
jotherintatal
tatal
N
total
LiPPI
I
P
INR
1
)1(1
1
Uplink Load Analysis
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Define the uplink load factor to be:
The noise lifting can be represented to be:
N
j
jjj
N
j
jUL
vRNoEb
WiLi
11
)/(
1
1)1()1(
UL
NR
1
1
)1(10)( 10 ULLOGdBNR
Uplink Load Analysis
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The uplink capacity is limited by interference increase:
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
user number
noise
rise(dB)
Shanghai dialect Minnandialect
mandarin
Cantonese
Uplink Load Analysis
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Uplink Capacity Estimation
In the case of a single service, evaluate the channelquantity provided by every cell according to the load
formula and further evaluate the total number of base
stations satisfying the uplink capacity requirement.
To budget composite traffic, based on the Campbellalgorithm, make different services consumption on the
system resource equivalent to the single service
consumption on the system resource, and then evaluate
the quantity of channels to be provided by every cell
according to load formula, and further evaluate the number
of base stations satisfying the composite traffic
requirement.
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R99/HSUPA mixed calculation
During the uplink capacity calculation ,decide how muchuplink load will be designed in R99 and HSUPA
By simulation, calculate how much PS throughput can be
carried by HSUPA
Calculate how much of the remaining PS service to becarried by R99
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Calculate equivalent
intensity of services
Calculate the variance, average value and
capacity factor of the composite service
System virtual traffic A
Calculate the quantity ofequivalent voice channels
in the cell
Quantity of virtualchannels in the cell
Virtual service capacity
B of the cell
Number of
cells
A/B
R99 Uplink Capacity Algorithm
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