ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2Unit 11
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Heat and temperature
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ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2Unit 11
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Heat and temperature
Heat
DefinitionMeasurement
Effects of heat
Effects on matterExpansion and contractionChanges of state
Heat transfer
ConductionConductors and insulatorsConvectionRadiation
Temperature
Temperature and mearurementThermometersTemperature scales
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Expansion and contraction
Changes of state
Temperature scales
Conduction
Convection Radiation
Heat Heat measurement
Conductors and insulators
Temperature and measurement
Thermometers
Effects of heat
Links
Heat and temperature
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Heat
SEE ANIMATION
Heat is the amount of thermal energy that is transferred from one body or system to another, due to a difference in temperature.
Heat is energy in transit.
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Heat
Heat is energy in transit.
Heat flow stops when their temperatures are the same, that is, thermal equilibirum.
Heat flows from the hot iron rod to the cold water.
Heat is the amount of thermal energy that is transferred from one body or system to another, due to a difference in temperature.
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Heat measurement
1 J = 0.24 cal
heat
Units of heat: joules (J)
calories (cal)
Heat is measured in units of joules or calories.
1 cal = 4.186 J
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Temperature and measurement
Temperature is the amount of heat in a system.
Temperature can be measured with a thermometer.
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Alcohol thermometer
Clinical thermometer
Thermometers
They are used to measure atmospheric temperature.
coloured alcohol
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They are used to measure body temperature. mercury
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Temperature scales
ºF ºC K Fahrenheit scale (ºF)
Celsius scale (ºC)
Kelvin or absolute scale (K)
212
176
140
104
68
32
373
353
333
313
293
273
100
80
60
40
20
0
Boiling point
Freezing point
water
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Effects of heat
Heat produces the following effects on matter:
Expansion
Contraction
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Effects of heat
Heat produces the following effects on matter:
Expansion: The increase in volume which occurs when a system gains heat.
Expansion
Contraction
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Effects of heat
Heat produces the following effects on matter:
Expansion
Contraction
Contraction: the decrease in volume which occurs when a system loses heat.
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The gas inside a balloon expands when heated.
Expansion and contraction
The particles move more freely than in solids. Liquids usually expand more than soilds.
The particles are far apart and move more freely than in liquids. Gases usually expand more than liquids.
The particles are not free to move. Solids do not expand much.
Solids Liquids Gases
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN RAILS CONTRACT?
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A GAS EXPANDS?
Mercury expands when heated. Expansion
joints expand when it is hot.
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The gas inside a balloon expands when heated.
Expansion and contraction
The particles move more freely than in solids. Liquids usually expand more than soilds.
The particles are far apart and move more freely than in liquids. Gases usually expand more than liquids.
The particles are not free to move. Solids do not expand much.
Solids Liquids Gases
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A GAS EXPANDS?
Mercury expands when heated. Expansion
joints expand when it is hot.
The rails cool.
[close]
0 10
The particles move more slowly and occupy less space.
The volume decreases, and the rails contract.
0 10
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The gas inside a balloon expands when heated.
Expansion and contraction
The particles move more freely than in solids. Liquids usually expand more than soilds.
The particles are far apart and move more freely than in liquids. Gases usually expand more than liquids.
The particles are not free to move. Solids do not expand much.
Solids Liquids Gases
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN RAILS CONTRACT?
Mercury expands when heated. Expansion
joints expand when it is hot.
Gases
When gas expands, the volume increases. This can push a cork out.
[close]
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Changes of state
SOLID
LIQUID
GAS
mel
ting
solid
ifcat
ion
sublimation
desublimation
evaporation
condensation
endothermic
exothermic
Heat changes can be:
When a state of matter gains or loses heat, it undergoes a change.
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Conduction
Direction of heat
The kinetic energy of the particles increases.
particles of a solid
This is the transfer of heat in most solids.
Heat is transferred
by direct contact.
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Conductors and insulators
metal
Insulators do not allow heat to move through them easily. plastic Double-glazed window
air
air space
cork
Conductors allow heat to move through them easily.
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Convection
gas particles
liquid particles
convection currents
This is the transfer of heat in liquids and gases.
Heat is transferred by the movement of currents.
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Greenhouse
Radiation
solar radiation
radiation emitted by plants
This is the transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves.
No contact is necessary between the source and the heated substance.
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Links
How is heat transferredhttp://antonine-education.co.uk/Physics_GCSE/Unit_1/Topic_1/topic_1_how_is_heat_transferred.htm
Heat transfer activitieshttp://www.reachoutmichigan.org/funexperiments/agesubject/lessons/caps/htransfer.html
Transfer of thermal energyhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ks3bitesize/science/physics/energy_transfer_4.shtml
Heathttp://www.leavingcert.net/skoool/examcentre_jc.asp?id=4091
Hands-on physics: Heat & temperaturehttp://hop.concord.org/h1/phys/h1p.html
Thermodynamicshttp://www.arborsci.com/CoolStuff/cool26.htm
Solids, liquids and gases and the particle theoryhttp://www.worsleyschool.net/science/files/state/changes.html
Heat and temperaturehttp://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu//cosmic_classroom/light_lessons/thermal/index.html
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