TYPES OF BOOKS
DictionaryA book that lists the words of
a language in alphabetical order and gives their
meaning, or that gives the equivalent words in a
different language.
ThesaurusA book that lists words in groups of synonyms and
related concepts.
EncyclopediaA book or set of books giving information on many subjects
or on many aspects of one subject and typically arranged
alphabetically.
Almanac1.An annual calendar containing
important dates and statistical information such as
astronomical data and tide tables.
2. A handbook, typically published annually, containing information of general interest or on a sport
or pastime.
PARTS OF A BOOK
Appendix
A section or table of additional matter at the end
of a book or document.
Index1.An alphabetical list of names,
subjects, etc., with references to the places where they occur, typically
found at the end of a book
2.An alphabetical list by title, subject, author, or other category of a collection of books or documents,
e.g., in a library
GlossaryAn alphabetical list of terms
or words found in or relating to a specific
subject, text, or dialect, with explanations; a brief
dictionary.
Table of ContentsList of chapters or topics
covered (with page numbers) in the front of a book, following the title
page.
TYPES OF WRITING
ExpositoryIntended to explain or describe something
DescriptiveProvides details about an object, place, or person purposefully to make the
experience depicted come alive for the reader, and
appeals to one or more of their five senses
Persuasivea piece of writing that
states the opinion of the writer and attempts to
influence the audience.
Narrativea piece of writing that tells a personal story from the
writer’s past.
LITERARY TERMS
IronyVerbal: Saying one thing, and
meaning anotherSituational: an outcome that turns
out to be very different from what was expected, the difference
between what is expected to happen and what actually does
Dramatic: irony that is inherent in speeches or a situation of a drama and is understood by the audience
but not grasped by the characters in the play.
Idiom1. A group of words established
by usage as having a meaning not deducible from those of the individual words (e.g.,
raining cats and dogs).2. A form of expression natural
to a language, person, or group of people
SimileA figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing
with another thing of a different kind, (e.g., as brave
as a lion).
ImageryThe use of vivid or figurative
language to represent objects, actions, or ideas.
Metaphor A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to
an object or action to which it is not literally applicable.
Also, a metaphor does not use “like” or “as”.
PersonificationThe attribution of a personal
nature or human characteristics to something
nonhuman, or the representation of an abstract
quality in human form.
HyperboleExaggerated statements or
claims not meant to be taken literally.
AlliterationThe occurrence of the same
letter (consonant) or sound at the beginning of adjacent or
closely connected words.
OnomatopoeiaThe formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named (e.g., snap, sizzle).
AssonanceIn poetry, the repetition of
the sound of a vowel or diphthong in nonrhyming
stressed syllables (e.g., penitence, reticence).
TYPES OF POEMS
Haiku3 Lines
5, 7, 5 syllablesGenerally about nature
LimerickA limerick is a five-line poem written with one couplet and one triplet. If a couplet is a two-line rhymed poem, then a triplet would be a three-line rhymed poem. The rhyme pattern is
a a b b a with lines 1, 2 and 5 containing 3 beats and rhyming, and lines 3 and 4 having two beats and
rhyming.
Sonnet14 Lines
Alternating Rhyme SchemeEnds in a Couple
Citations
A BOOK
Author’s last name, first name. Book Title. Place of publication (if several are listed, give only the first. For cities outside the U.S., add an abbreviation of the country): Publisher (shorten the publisher’s name), year of publication.
CHAPTER OR WORK IN A BOOK
Author’s last name, first name. “Article Title.” Book Title. Editor’s first and last names. Edition number. Place of publication (if several are listed, give only the first. For cities outside the U.S., add an abbreviation of the country): Publisher (shorten the publisher’s name), year of publication. Page numbers.
ARTICLE OR DEFINITION IN A REFERENCE BOOK
Author’s last name, first name. “Article Title.” Reference Book Title. Edition number and/or year of publication.
MAGAZINE ARTICLE
Author’s last name, first name. “Article Title.” Magazine Title date: page numbers.
SCHOLARLY JOURNAL ARTICLE
Author’s last name, first name. “Article Title.” Journal Title Volume number. Issue number (year): pages.
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE
Author’s last name, first name. “Article Title.” Newspaper Title date, edition: page.
INTERNET SITE OR HOME PAGEWhen citing an entire internet site, include as much of the following information
as is available:
Author’s last name, first name. Site Title (or a description like Home Page or Course home page). Site date or last update. Name of the sponsoring organization. Date of access <internet address>.
VIDEO
Title. Director’s first and last names. Performers, writers and producers (optional). Original release date, if relevant. Videocassette. Distributor, year.
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