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Page 1: Transportation on Vacation: Cruise Ships and their Impacts.

Transportation on Vacation:Cruise Ships and their Impacts

Page 3: Transportation on Vacation: Cruise Ships and their Impacts.

http://www.bluewaternetwork.org

Click on imageto download report

in PDF format

Page 4: Transportation on Vacation: Cruise Ships and their Impacts.

360 m long

BIG SHIPS

World's biggest cruise ships:World's biggest cruise ships:Royal Carribean’sRoyal Carribean’s

“Oasis of the Seas“ (2009) “Oasis of the Seas“ (2009)“Allure of the Seas” (2010)“Allure of the Seas” (2010)

3.6 Canadian football fields /4.9 Thai football fields long

6296 passengers

Page 5: Transportation on Vacation: Cruise Ships and their Impacts.

BIG SHIPS

World's 2World's 2ndnd biggest cruise ship: biggest cruise ship:Royal Carribean’sRoyal Carribean’s

"Freedom of the Seas“ "Freedom of the Seas“338.91 m / 3,634 passengers338.91 m / 3,634 passengers

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BIG SHIPS

World's 3rd largest cruise ship:World's 3rd largest cruise ship:Cunard’sCunard’s

“Queen Mary 2” “Queen Mary 2”345 m / 3056 passengers345 m / 3056 passengers

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THE BIGGEST SHIPSCruise ships keep getting bigger:

Year Passengers Ship Cost ($US)

1996 1,800 $400 million

2006 3,600 $720 million

2010 6,296 $1.4 billion

Royal Carribean’s “Oasis of the Seas“

• 6,296 passengers• 225,282 tonnes • 360 metres (1,181 ft) long• 47 m (154 ft) wide • Cruising speed: 22.6 knots (41.9 km / hr)

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BIG FLEETS

Total ships operating in U.S.

• 1996: 131

• 2006: 200

Number of new ships

• nine or more new cruise ships added globally every year since 2001, all at 100,000 GT or greater.

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BIG GROWTH

5 million

19 million

47%

• Number of passengers taking a cruise in 1996

• Number of passengers taking cruises in 2011

• Increase in cruise passengers 2001-2006

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BIG GROWTH

Source: UNWTO (2010): Cruise Tourism – Current Situation and Trends

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BIG GROWTH

Source: UNWTO (2010): Cruise Tourism – Current Situation and Trends

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BIG BUSINESS

There are approximately

64 operational cruise lines registered worldwide

in 2012

A US $29.4 billion dollar industry in 2011

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BIG BUSINESS

Carnival and Royal Caribbean together control most cruise line brands and 80 percent of the market:

Profits of > $US 3.0 billion in 2005

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BILLION DOLLAR CRUISING

88% of the world’s supply of cruise ship bed-places is controlled by three large groups:

– Carnival Corporation & Plc– Royal Caribbean Ltd. – Star Cruises

• very close to an oligopoly• These three multi-brand groups encompass all

market segments and operate very modern fleets (average age about 12 years).

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BILLION DOLLAR CRUISING

• 2005: $11 billion revenues $2.3 billion profit

• 2004 $9.7 billion revenues $2.2 billion profit

• One of the largest and most profitable tourism companies in the world.

• Stayed profitable during and after 2009 economic meltdown

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BILLION DOLLAR CRUISING

• 2005 $4.9 billion revenues $716 million profit

• 2004 $4.5 billion revenues $475 million profit

• Stayed profitable during and after 2009 economic meltdown

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Additional costs of ‘all-inclusive’ cruisesHidden costs and camouflaged price increases:• port fees• taxes (e.g., 50% of taxes returned to cruise company in Belize )• fuel surcharges (not always justified)

Optional onboard expenses / upselling:• gratuities• overpriced shore excursions (100% markups typical)• vertical integration (‘company store’ syndrome)• controlled onshore shopping destinations• casinos• phone and internet services• alcoholic beverages• cooking lessons, spa services, fitness classes• premium restaurants

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BIG INFLUENCE• Royal Caribbean’s lobbying costs

1997-2004• Carnival Corporation’s lobbying

costs, 1997-2004• International Council of Cruise

Lines lobbying costs, 1997-2004

$900 million

$2.5 million

$1.6 million

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BIG POLLUTION19 to 26 litres

1.58 billion litres

4.8 km (3 miles)

0 km

• Sewage dumped per passenger per day

• Sewage dumped per year

• Distance from shore where raw sewage is dumped

• Distance from shore where treated sewage and raw graywater are dumped

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BIG POLLUTIONSee online lists:• Pollution and Environmental Violations

and Fines, 1992 – 2012 (Only those reported in the media or public documents)

http://www.cruisejunkie.com/envirofines.html

• Large Environmental Fines ($100,000 or more)

http://www.cruisejunkie.com/largefines.html

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US $25 million

US $50 million

• Fines paid by cruise lines in U. S. for illegally dumping oily water and air pollution violations, 2000 - 2005

• Fines paid for illegally dumping oily water and destroying coral reefs, 1995-1999

BIG FINES

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BIG FINES

• 1998 and 1999. Royal Caribbean Cruises pleaded guilty to 30 charges and was fined $27 million for a fleetwide conspiracy to dump oily bilge wastewater into U.S. waters. Article:

http:/www.usatoday.com/travel/news/2002/2002-11-08-cruise-dumping-side1.htm

How they did it:

• http://www.usatoday.com/travel/_graphics/gcruisedumping/flash.htm

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BIG LOOPHOLES

0

37

• Monitoring of cruise ship sewage dumping by U.S. Coast Guard in federal waters

• Number of years cruise ships have been exempted from discharge laws in the U.S. Clean Water Act of 1973

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BIG LOOPHOLES

0

10

• New national laws passed to control cruise ship dumping since 1973

• Years without response from the U.S. EPA since Bluewater Network and 58 groups filed petition to control cruise ship pollution

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LACK OF SPENDING ONAIR AND WATER QUALITY

200

0

• Number of cruise ships dumping sewage in U.S. waters

• Number of cruise lines supporting no discharge zones in U. S. waters

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LACK OF SPENDING ONAIR AND WATER QUALITY

79 out of 80

20

• Number of sewage samples taken in Alaska that failed federal standards in 2005

• Number of ships treating sewage to higher Alaska standards

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LACK OF SPENDING ONLACK OF SPENDING ONAIR AND WATER QUALITYAIR AND WATER QUALITY

A cruise ship in Milford Sound, New Zealand, with A cruise ship in Milford Sound, New Zealand, with stack exhaust gases constrained by an inversion layerstack exhaust gases constrained by an inversion layer

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LACK OF SPENDING ONLACK OF SPENDING ONAIR AND WATER QUALITYAIR AND WATER QUALITY

Passenger excursion ship (1912 steamer Passenger excursion ship (1912 steamer TSS EarnslawTSS Earnslaw) on ) on Lake Wakatipu, near Queenstown, New Zealand Lake Wakatipu, near Queenstown, New Zealand

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LACK OF SPENDING ONAIR AND WATER QUALITY

0

43

• Number of U. S. cruise ships with advanced air pollution controls

• Number of Swedish cruise ships, large ferries and ships with advanced air pollution controls

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2

6

3

• Number of cruise lines equipping ships to plug into shorepower

• Number of cruise ships equipped to plug into shorepower

• Number of U.S. ports equipped with shoreside power hook-ups for cruise ships

LACK OF SPENDING ONAIR AND WATER QUALITY

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LACK OF SPENDING ONAIR AND WATER QUALITY

16

4

2

1

• Number of states where cruise ships call

• Number of states with cruise ship pollution laws

• Number of states with voluntary agreements

• Number of states that ban cruise ship dumping

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Page 33: Transportation on Vacation: Cruise Ships and their Impacts.

U.S. FEDERAL LEGISLATION

PROPOSED (AGAIN) 111th Congress (2009)

History:111th Congress: H.R. 3888 Dead110th Congress: S. 2881 Dead110th Congress: H.R. 6434 Dead109th Congress: S. 793 Dead109th Congress: H.R. 1636 Dead108th Congress: S. 2271 Dead108th Congress: H.R. 4101 Dead

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CRUISE SHIPS

Waste discharges to water

Liquid wastes:

• Sewage

• Grey water

• Oil

• Hazardous liquid wastes

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CRUISE SHIPS

Waste discharges to water

Solid wastes:

• inorganic

• organic (primarily food wastes)

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CRUISE SHIPS

Waste discharges to air

‘Master’ and ‘slave’ engines• Master engines: used for propulsion• Slave engines: used for electricity

generation

Marine engines generally burn cheap residual fuel oil of low quality (‘bunker oil’, not standard diesel fuel).

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Air Quality

A cruise ship’s diesel engines can emit as much exhaust as 10,000 cars, even when idling in port.

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Air Quality

New fuel formulations containing glycerol and surfactants have improved emissions, but cost more – Science Daily,

Aug. 2012

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CRUISE SHIPS

Waste discharges to air:

Solid waste incinerator emissions:• gaseous emissions• particulate emissions• greenhouse gases Annex VI of MARPOL (International Convention for the

Prevention of Pollution From Ships) is concerned with the prevention of air pollution from ships.

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CRUISE SHIPS

Some progress:

EPA's Clean Diesel Locomotive and Marine program

• Audio Soundbite:Stephen L. Johnson,EPA Administrator

• Listen to or download the audio file (MP3, 0:21 secs, 514 KB)

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CRUISE SHIPS

Biosecurity risks:

• Hull fouling by organisms

• Organisms in ballast water

• Undeclared food items, plants, and animals taken on or off ships

• Bio-stowaways (rats, vermin, etc.)

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CRUISE SHIPS

Risks from maritime accidents

• Leaks

• Fuel spills

• Physical wreckage

• Hazardous substances

• Salvage operation impacts

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CRUISE SHIPS

Effects on wildlife

• Behavioural disturbances

• Avoidance behaviour

• Adaptation to humans

• Scavenging behaviour

• Direct safety threats

• Collisions

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Page 45: Transportation on Vacation: Cruise Ships and their Impacts.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CRUISE SHIPS

Increased Turbidity

• Sediment stirring and disturbance from propulsion and wakes of ship

• Increased wave action

• Direct discharge of solid matter

• Coastal / shoreline erosion

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A plume of silt stirred up by a cruise ship in Key West stays in suspension and is carried by the tides to smother the only living coral reef in North America.

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CRUISE SHIPS

Anchor damage

• Mechanical damage to sea floor

• Dragging damage

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CRUISE SHIPS

Antifouling chemicals

• Heavy metals

• Toxic compounds

• Hull paint flaking

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CRUISE SHIPS

Impacts on shore communities

• Water consumption and pollution

• Sewage• Energy and fuel use• Souvenir and artifact

production and sale • Food consumption and distribution

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Page 51: Transportation on Vacation: Cruise Ships and their Impacts.