Decreasing oil reserves and increasing oil prices
Challenges posed by Fossil Fuels
Environmental Degradation
• Exploiting fossils produces GHG’s causing global warming and human sickness.
• Transportation accounts for roughly 15% of energy related CO2 emissions globally & hence is a big contributor to climate change.
• Oil is not forever.• Demand is increasing everywhere.• Oil prices are continuously rising and most of the developing
economies are facing inflation.
Motivation To Embrace Electric Vehicles
Reduce GHG
Emissions
Provide Energy
Security
Reduce Oil Dependence & Oil Price Volatility
Promote Fuel
Diversifi-cation
Requirements of Electrification of the Urban Transport System
0Electric transport vehicles will need extra supply of electric energy necessarily generated from renewable sources.
0Vehicle-to-grid connection i.e. combining smart power charging and metering capabilities and an intelligent payment system.
0Supporting infrastructure . For e.g. For charging of electric vehicles public parking structures, work places or shopping malls as well as private garages will necessarily needs be equipped with charging stations.
Electric Drive Vehicles
Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV’s)
Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV’s)
Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)
Battery Electric Vehicles
Driving Range
• EVs can travel 100-220 miles per charge, depending on the model.
Powered by an Electric Motor
• Battery stores electrical energy that powers the motor.
• Battery charged by plugging into outside electric power source.
• Zero tailpipe emissions
Hybrid Electric vehicles
Powered by Engine and Electric Motor
• Internal combustion engine uses conventional fuel.
• Battery charged by regenerative braking and engine.
• Power from electric motor allows smaller engine and better fuel economy
The two types-• Mild hybrid: Cannot power the vehicle using the electric motor
alone.
• Full hybrid: More powerful electric motor and larger batteries can drive the vehicle on just electric power for short distances and at low speeds.
Plug-in Hybrid Electric vehicles
Fuel-Efficient System Design
• Parallel PHEVs connect the engine and the electric motor to the wheels through mechanical coupling.
• Series PHEVs use only the electric motor to drive the wheels. The internal combustion engine is used to generate electricity for the motor.
Powered by an Electric Motor and Engine
• Internal combustion engine uses alternative or conventional fuel.
• Battery charged by outside electric power source, engine, or regenerative breaking.
• During urban driving, most power comes from stored electricity. Long trips require the engine
Advantages of Hybrid Vehicles
Fuel Economy: Better than similar conventional vehicles
Low Emissions: Lower than similar conventional vehicles
Fuel Cost Savings: Less expensive to operate than a conventional vehicle
Energy Security: Reduced U.S. reliance on imported petroleum
Fueling Flexibility: Fuel from gas stations
Challenges to Transport Electrification0 Renewable Enegry generation is much more
decentralised and fluctuating than today’s fossil power generation.
0 In EV’s, high cost of storage systems .
0 In EV’s limited driving range, extended charging times & limited capacity.
Though solutions to these challenges may be found through intense research at the level of the
subsystems for energy storage and grid management in future.
The Indian Outlook
0 India imports about 41% of the oil the country requires from abroad.
0The country is suffering with high oil prices as India is held in the jaws of inflation.
0The pollution level and the GHG emissions are surging to peaks in the densely populated country creating health problems. A study by a Delhi based organization ‘Centre for Science and Environment’ has depicted….
Million tonnes of CO20
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20052008201520252035
Transport electrification is the urgent necessity for India
Electrified transport in India
0 Basic charging infrastructure requires electricity distribution grid that is already installed in India and only the public charging stations need to be rolled out.
0 Electrified public transport like Metro trains, etc. are already installed in metro cities and needs an expansion to all urban and semi-urban areas.
0 It is inevitable for maintaining the competitiveness of the Indian automotive industry in a rapidly changing global economy.
Conclusion0The move towards the electrification of transport will
enable the future security of energy, a radical reduction of GHG emissions & local air pollution.
0Smart systems for energy management needs to be developed to match up to the infrastructural needs of Electrified Transport.
0 Intense research efforts needs to be taken to overcome the challenges to transport electrification.
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