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vegIMPACT Report 14
September 2015
Training Module Cultivation of Chillies, Tomatoes and Cucumber based on the concept of Integrated
Pest Management Module 2: Cultivation of Red Chillies, Tomatoes and Cucumber
Composed by : Tonny K. Moekasan
Laksminiwati Prabaningrum Witono Adiyoga
Herman de Putter
Editors :
Nikardi Gunadi dan Asih K. Karjadi
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vegIMPACT Report 7 – vegIMPACT Training Module 2
vegIMPACT is a program financed by The Netherlands’ Government promoting improved vegetable
production and marketing for small farmers in Indonesia, contributing to the food security status
and private sector development in Indonesia. The program builds on the results of previous joint
Indonesian-Dutch horticultural development cooperation projects and aligns with recent
developments in the horticultural private sector and retail in Indonesia. The program activities
(2012 – 2016) include the Development of Product Market Combinations, Strengthening the Potato
Sector, Development of permanent Vegetable Production Systems, Knowledge Transfer and
Occupational Health.
Wageningen University and Research centre (Wageningen UR, The Netherlands):
- Applied Plant Research (APR), AGV Research Unit Lelystad - Centre for Development Innovation (CDI), Wageningen - Plant Research International (PRI), Wageningen - Agricultural Economics Institute (LEI), Den Haag
Contact person:
Huib Hengsdijk, [email protected]
Indonesian Vegetable Research Institute (IVEGRI, Indonesia)
Contact person:
Witono Adigoya, [email protected]
Fresh Dynamics (Indonesia)
Contact person:
Marcel Stallen, [email protected]
www.vegIMPACT.com
© 2014 Wageningen UR, The Netherlands
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form of by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Wageningen UR, The
Netherlands
Wageningen UR, The Netherlands, takes no responsibility for any injury or damage sustained by using data from this publication
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vegIMPACT Report 7 – vegIMPACT Training Module 2
Training Module Cultivation of Chillies, Tomatoes and Cucumber based on the concept of Integrated
Pest Management
Module 2: Cultivation of Red Chillies, Tomatoes and Cucumber
Composed by : Tonny K. Moekasan
Laksminiwati Prabaningrum Witono Adiyoga
Herman de Putter
Editors :
Nikardi Gunadi dan Asih K. Karjadi
© 2014 Wageningen UR, The Netherlands
The user may copy, distribute and transmit the work and create derivative works. Third-party material
that has been used in the work and to which intellectual property rights apply may not be used without
prior permission of the third party concerned. The user must specify the name as stated by the author or
licence holder of the work, but not in such a way as to give the impression that the work of the user or the
way in which the work has been used are being endorsed. The user may not use this work for commercial
purposes.
Wageningen UR, The Netherlands, takes no responsibility for any injury or damage sustained by using
data from this publication.
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vegIMPACT Report 7 – vegIMPACT Training Module 2
Module 2: Cultivation of Red Chillies, Tomatoes and Cucumber
i-iv, 85 pages, 21 cm x 29.7 cm, first printed 2014.
The publication of this manual was financed by PT East West Seed Indonesia, Knowledge Transfer Work
Package, Veg-Impact Project, Wageningen University and Research Center, The Netherlands
Composed by :
Tonny K. Moekasan
Laksminiwati Prabaningrum
Witono Adiyoga
Herman de Putter
Editors :
Nikardi Gunadi dan Asih K. Karjadi
Editorial director:
Fauzi Haedar
Address of Publisher:
BALAI PENELITIAN TANAMAN SAYURAN
Jl. Tangkuban Parahu No. 517, Lembang – Bandung Barat 40391
Telephone : 022-2786245; Fax. : 022-2786416
e-mail: [email protected]
website: www.balitsa.litbang.deptan.go.id
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vegIMPACT Report 7 – vegIMPACT Training Module 2
Foreword
Farmer field school is a form of informal education with the classroom and laboratory consisting of
cultivated fields of farmers and of other training participants. The goals of implementing a farmer field
school are to increase knowledge and skills of farmers or training participants about good crop growing
techniques and to become capable of dealing independently with problems that they experience in
their fields. In connection with the foregoing, this Training Module on the Cultivation of Chillies,
Tomatoes, and Cucumber, based on the concepts of Integrated Pest Management (IPM), was produced
as a guide and reference material for the implementation of training. This Training Module consists of 3
parts: Module 1 (Integrated Pest Management for the Cultivation of Red Chillies, Tomatoes, and
Cucumber), Module 2 (Cultivation of Red Chillies, Tomatoes, and Cucumber) and Module 3 (The use of
pesticides in the Cultivation of Chillies, Tomatoes, and Cucumber).
Apart from being a training guide, this Module is expected to be used as well as an additional learning
source for Agricultural Vocational Schools on the cultivation of vegetables, a supply of knowledge for
their (ex-)students on sustainable cultivation techniques of crops, following the principles of Integrated
Pest Management.
We are well aware that this Module is not perfect yet. For that reason, we warmly welcome all your
suggestions as well as critical notes. Our thanks goes out to the researchers of Balai Penelitian Tanaman
Sayuran and of the VegImpact Project as well as to all other parties or persons who have been involved
in the publication of this Module.
Lembang, February 2014
Head of the Research Division
Vegetable plants,
Dr. Liferdi, SP, MSi.
NIP. 19701007 199803 1 001
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vegIMPACT Report 7 – vegIMPACT Training Module 2
Table of contents
Foreword ...................................................................................................................................................... 5
PROGRAMME OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................................... 7
TRAINING PROGRAMME .............................................................................................................................. 8
CULTIVATION OF RED CHILLIES, TOMATOES AND CUCUMBER .................................................................. 10
Information sheet No. 05 ....................................................................................................................... 12
LITERATURE ............................................................................................................................................ 14
Presentation materials information slides No. 05 .................................................................................. 15
Information sheet No. 06 ....................................................................................................................... 17
CULTIVATION OF HEALTHY RED CHILLI, TOMATO AND CUCUMBER PLANTS ........................................ 17
LITERATURE ............................................................................................................................................ 25
Presentation materials Information slides No. 06.................................................................................. 26
Information sheet No. 07 ....................................................................................................................... 31
FERTILIZERS AND THEIR USE IN THE CULTIVATION OF RED CHILLIES, TOMATOES AND CUCUMBER .... 31
FERTILIZER .......................................................................................................................................... 31
Presentation materials Information slides No. 07.................................................................................. 40
Exercise No. 05 ....................................................................................................................................... 46
Field Form No.05.1. ................................................................................................................................ 48
Field Form No.05.2. ................................................................................................................................ 49
Exercise No. 06 ....................................................................................................................................... 50
Group Dynamics No.02 ........................................................................................................................... 52
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vegIMPACT Report 7 – vegIMPACT Training Module 2
PROGRAMME OBJECTIVES
How can farmers reduce the production costs for vegetable crops?
- By increased crop production, both in quantity as in quality of yields.
- By a reduction in crop production costs.
This through :
- The use of new improved varieties.
- Proper protection of crops against pest attacks.
- Balanced use of fertilizers according to crop needs
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TRAINING PROGRAMME
Day Training subject
Day 1 Module 1 : Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for the Cultivation of
Red Chillies, Tomatoes, and Cucumber
A. Theory :
1. Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
2. Introduction to pest organisms of red chilli, tomatoes, and
cucumber plants.
3. Control of pests on red chilli, tomato, and cucumber crops.
4. Agroecosystems
B. Exercises :
1. Agroecosystem analysis for red chilli, tomatoes and cucumber
crops.
2. Designing a strategy for pest control on red chilli, tomato, and
cucumber crops
C. Group dynamics
1. A learning process, “what is that?”
Day 2 Module 2 : Cultivation of Chillies, Tomatoes, and Cucumber
A. Theory :
1. Selecting varieties and seeds of red chillies, tomatoes and
cucumber.
2. Cultivation of healthy red chilli, tomato and cucumber plants.
3. Fertilizers and the use of fertilizers for the cultivation of red
chillies, tomatoes and cucumber.
B. Exercises
1. Fertilizer requirements for the cultivation of red chillies,
tomatoes, and cucumber.
2. Raising seedlings of red chillies, tomatoes and cucumber.
C. Group dynamics
1. Rumour clinic
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vegIMPACT Report 7 – vegIMPACT Training Module 2
Day Training subject
Day 3 Module 3: Use of pesticides in the Cultivation of Red Chillies,
Tomatoes, and Cucumber
Theory :
1. Pesticides
2. Spraying pesticides on red chilli, tomato and cucumber crops.
3. Managing pest resistance in red chilli, tomato and cucumber
crops.
B. Exercises
1. Calibration of pesticide sprayers.
2. Spraying of pesticides in red chilli, tomato, and cucumber
crops.
3. Designing a strategy for pesticide use in the cultivation of red
chillies, tomatoes and cucumber.
C. Group dynamics
1. Simulation of a pest becoming resistant
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vegIMPACT Report 7 – vegIMPACT Training Module 2
CULTIVATION OF RED CHILLIES, TOMATOES
AND CUCUMBER
Module 2
Time 08.00 - 12.00 Introduction to the theory
12.00 - 13.00 Break
13.00 - 15.00 Exercises
15.00 - 16.00 Group dynamics
Materials Theory :
1. Selecting varieties and seeds of red chillies, tomatoes and cucumber.
2. Cultivation of healthy red chilli, tomato and cucumber plants.
3. Fertilizers and the use of fertilizers for the cultivation of red chillies, tomatoes and cucumber.
Exercises :
1. Fertilizer requirements for the cultivation of red
chillies, tomatoes, and cucumber.
2. Raising seedlings of red chillies, tomatoes and
cucumber.
Group dynamics :
1. Rumour clinic
Tools and materials 1. LCD projector
2. Laptop computer
3. Slides for all training topics (power point).
4. Materials for exercises.
Objectives After participating in this training the participants are
expected to :
1. Be capable of selecting varieties of red chillies,
tomatoes and cucumber according to market
demands and the local ecosystem.
2. Be capable of selecting good quality seeds and of
producing healthy seedlings of red chillies, tomatoes
and cucumber.
3. Be capable of cultivating a healthy red chilli, tomato
and cucumber crop based on the IPM concept.
4. Understand the different types of fertilizer, their
function and manner of application.
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vegIMPACT Report 7 – vegIMPACT Training Module 2
5. Be capable to plan and implement fertilization of
the crop according to its needs.
6. Be capable to select cheap types of fertilizer.
Methods Theory :
1. Before implementing the training, study and
understand the information sheets for each subject.
2. Present the subject using the available overhead
slides.
3. After each presentation discuss the subject with the
participants.
Exercises :
1. Before starting an exercise, study and understand
the guidelines for each subject.
2. Before starting an exercise, make all necessary tools
and materials for that subject available.
3. Before the exercise starts, present the objectives of
the exercise to the participants for not more than 10
minutes.
4. Divide the participants in small groups (5 people).
5. Provide each group with the tools and materials
needed for that exercise.
Group dynamics :
1. Before implementing the training, study and
understand the guidelines on group dynamics for
each subject.
2. Implement the tasks for group dynamics step by
step.
3. Explain the reason for the task at the end.
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Information sheet No. 05
SELECTION OF VARIETY AND SEEDS OF RED CHILLI, TOMATO AND
CUCUMBER PLANTS
Vegetables play an important role in our lives. From an economic and social point of view, vegetables
are a potential source of income for farmers and vegetables are an important nutritional source
(vitamines, minerals, calories, fibre, etc.). They are a source of cash earnings, and it is a field of
employment for the community. The demand for vegetables is, therefore, growing over time, this as far
as the volume is concerned, as well as the quality and the different types of vegetables. As a result, seed
producers make superior seeds of different species and varieties of vegetables available. This makes it
more easy for farmers and agriculturalists to chose the type of vegetable and variety to cultivate.
When selecting the variety of a vegetable there are a few factors to consider, including :
In line with market demands (taste, colour, appearance, size, etc.)
High productivity
Resistance against attacks of plant pests and diseases
Suitable for growing under local conditions of the ecosystem
Seed selection is also important for farmers and agriculturalists because proper and healthy seed
material forms the basis for optimal growth, development and production of a crop. Factors to consider
in seed selection of vegetables are :
Certification
Moisture content
Seed purity
Seed impurities
Seeds of other plants
Germination rate or seed viability
Seed health
Proper seed conditions for red chilli, tomato and cucumber plants, according to the Horticultural
Department, are as follows :
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Tabel 1. Standards for passing certification of seeds for red chilli, tomato and cucumber plants
Commodity Parameter Seed classification
FS BS ES Hybrid
Chilli 1. Maximum moisture content (%) 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0
2. Seed purity (%) 99.0 99.0 98.0 99.0
3. Maximum level impurities (%) 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0
4. Maximum level other seeds (%) 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2
5. Seed viability (%)
- Large red chilli 80.0 80.0 75.0 85.0
- Curled red chilli 80.0 80.0 75.0 85.0
- Small chillies 80.0 75.0 75.0 70.0
6. Seed health: maximum level of seeds infected with anthracnose (%)
0.0 0.2 0.5 0.2
Tomato 1. Maximum moisture content (%) 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0
2. Seed purity (%) 98.0 98.0 98.0 99.0
3. Maximum level impurities (%) 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.0
4. Maximum level other seeds (%) 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2
5. Seed viability (%) 80.0 80.0 80.0 85.0
Cucumber 1. Maximum moisture content (%) 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.0
2. Seed purity (%) 99.0 99.0 98.0 99.0
3. Maximum level impurities (%) 1.0 2.0 2.0 1.0
4. Maximum level other seeds (%) 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.1
5. Seed viability (%) 80.0 80.0 75.0 80.0
6. Seed health: maximum level of seeds infected with anthracnose (%)
0.0 0.2 0.5 0.5
Legend : FS = Foundation seed BS = Breeder seed ES = Extension seed
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vegIMPACT Report 7 – vegIMPACT Training Module 2
LITERATURE
Dirjen Hortikultura. 2007. Sertifikasi benih tanaman sayuran.
Sunarjono. H. 2002. Bertanam 36 jenis sayur. Penerbit Penebar Swadaya, Jakarta.
Widajati, E, E. Murtiati, E.R. Palupi, T. Kartika, N.R. Suhartanto, dan A. Qadir. 2012. Dasar ilmu dan
teknologi benih. IPB Press.
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Presentation materials information
slides No. 05
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Information sheet No. 06
CULTIVATION OF HEALTHY RED CHILLI, TOMATO AND CUCUMBER PLANTS
One of the principles of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is growing healthy plants. Getting plants
that grow healthy and with an optimal production, starts from planning the crop and lasts until after the
harvest.
Planning the crop
Some factors that need attention in planning the crop are : (1) the choice of type of crop to grow,
(2) planning the plant pattern, (3) planning the system of planting, and (4) arrange the plant distance.
1. The choice of type of crop to grow
Generally spoken, a plant can grow in all types of ecosystems. However, there are certain
conditions for plants to grow, to develop and produce optimally. Growth conditions for cilli, tomato and
cucumber plants are as follows :
a. Growth conditions for red chilli plants
Red chilli plants are widely adaptable. These plants can be grown at low altitudes and up to a
level of 1,400 meter above sea level in the highlands, although at higher altitude growth is much
slower. The best air temperature for growth of red chilli plants is 25-27 oC during the day and 18-20 oC at night. Night temperatures lower than 16 oC and day temperatures above 32 oC can cause fruit
setting to fail. Conditions of high temperature and low air humidity cause a higher transpiration,
what can result in a water shortage in plants. With as a result that flowers and young fruits are
shed. Flowering of red chilli plants is not much influenced by day length.
High amounts of rainfall or a wet climate are not favourable for growing red chillies. Under
such conditions, plants will easily get diseases especially caused by fungi that will make flowers to
fall and fruits to rot. An appropriate rainfall figure for growth of red chilli plants is about 600 -1,200
mm per year.
Although red chilli can be planted in almost all soil types and in different climates, this crop is
more comonly found in Mediterranean and Alluvial soil types with climate type D3/E3 (0-5 months
wet and 4-6 months dry). Red chilli plants can grow on different types of soil, as long as it is well
drained and aerated, and enough moisture is available during growth and development of the crop.
The ideal soil for planting red chillies is a loose, crumbly soil, with enough organic material (at least
1.5%), nutrients and moisture, while free of weeds.
Soil moisture at field capacity (moist but not soggy) and with a temperature of 24-30 oC is very
favourable to the growth of red chilli plants. Low soil temperatures hinder the uptake of nutrients
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by roots.
Red chillies grow well when the soil pH is between 5.5 – 6.8. Soil pH of above 7.0 causes
symptoms of chlorosis in red chilli plants, namely stunted plants and leaves turning yellow because
of an iron (Fe) deficiency. At a pH < 5.5, red chilli plants grow also stunted because of deficits in Ca,
Mg and P or because of Al and Mn poisoning.
b. Growth conditions for tomato plants
Tomato plants grow well at high altitudes as well as in the lowlands, depending on the variety.
The air temperature influences the colour of the tomato fruit. At air temperatures of > 32°C the
colour of tomatoes will have a tendency towards yellow, while with fluctuating air temperature the
fruits tend not to be of one colour. An ideal temperature to get a uniform fruit colour is when it
varies between 24°C - 28°C. Under conditions of high temperature and high humidity, growth,
production and quality of tomatoes is negatively influenced. The best air humidity for tomato plants
is 80%.
Tomato plants require sunlight for at least 10-12 hours per day, and about 750-1250 mm
rainfall per year. High rainfall figures can hinder pollination. Tomato plants require loose soil with a
pH of 5 - 6, with some sand and a high humus content. Enough moisture should be available during
growth and development of tomato plants.
c. Growth conditions for cucumber plants
Cucumber plants are capable of adapting to a wide variety of environments and do not
require special care. In regions with a tropical climate, cucumber is planted from sealevel up to ±
1,000 masl.
During growth, cucumber plants require dry conditions, enough sunlight (open space), and a
temperature in the range of 21.1–26.7 oC. Some introduced hybrids of cucumber are grown a lot in
the highlands at 1,000-1,200 masl, while the local varieties generally grow better in the lowlands. In
some of the production centres of cucumber, this crop is often grown in rotation with rice in sawahs
during the dry season. Cucumber plants require a fertile soil, loose with a high level of humus, with
no stagnant water and a pH between 6 and 7.
2. Planning the plant pattern
Observed from the point of plant pest and disease control, the objective of arranging the plant
pattern is to break the life cycle of a pest or disease vector in a certain area or field. Therefore, in
arranging the plant pattern, crop rotation with plants that are not member of the same plant family
should be practised, so that plant pests and disease vectors cannot find hostplants all the time, with as
a result that their life cycle will be broken. For example :
Rice – red chillies – red onions – yard-long bean
Rice – red onions – cucumber – bittergourd
Rice – tomato – red onions – eggplant
3. Planning the planting system
In order to reduce attacks of pests and infestation by plant diseases, plant systems that can be applied
are mixed-cropping, intercropping, planting of trap crops or border crops, or planting in netting-houses.
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4. Arranging the plant distance
Plant density or plant distance for red chillies, tomatoes and cucumber influences the plant
population and the efficiency of using sunlight, as well as the competition for water, nutrients and space
between plants. With a close spacing, the plants will receive less sunlight, while the competition
between plants for water and nutrients uptake and for sunlight is more intense. This will result in a
lower yield of fruits compared to wider plant spacings.
Recommended plant distance for red chillies, tomatoes and cucumber are as follows :
Plant distance for red chillies : 50 cm x 60 cm or 40 cm x 50 cm
Plant distance for tomatoes : 40 cm x 80 cm or 50 cm x 60 cm
Plant distance for cucumber: 30 cm x 70 cm or 40 cm x 70 cm
Soil/field preparation
An ideal soil consists of three components: solid mass, water and air, all taking about a third of
the soil volume. Such conditions guarantee aeration, waterholding capacity, drainage as well as a
proper activity of the soil biology. The physical state of the soil can be improved through soil
preparation and through adding organic material.
Soil preparation can be done using a hoe or a tractor. The objectives for soil preparation are to
make the topsoil loose, and to get rid of weeds, of leftovers from an earlier crop, of poison, as well as of
plant pests and disease vectors in the soil. Therefore, soil preparation needs to be done in steps and
with enough time in between steps, generally about 5-7 days. The reason for this is that sunlight can dry
the soil well so that poisonous gases can disappear from the soil while plant pests and disease vectors
die.
Soil preparation using hoe (left) and tractor (right)
Seedbeds
Red chillies, tomatoes, and cucumber are plants that are multiplied by seeds. Sowing of seeds is
done directly or first in a seedbed. Direct sowing holds the risk of seedling mortality and therefore a
lower rate of success compared to using seedbeds. For hybrid varieties, with a relatively high seed price,
it is strongly suggested to sow seeds in a seedbed.
Some advantages of using a seedbed are : (1) saving seeds, (2) the seedlings grow relatively
uniform, and (3) it results in the use of healthy and strong seedlings since they undergo an early
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selection.
Seedbed for red chillies using sowing pots (left) and seedbed for cucumber using plastic bags (right)
Planting
Red chillies, tomatoes and cucumber are best planted in the afternoon, to avoid damage by the
heat of the sun. If planted in the morning or around mid-day, the seedlings will wilt, what can cause
them to die. At low altitudes, planting of red chillies is best done mixed with red onions, in order to
protect young red chilli plants from bright sunlight.
Planting of chillies
Fertilization
In the culture of vegetable plants, the use of organic fertilizers such as animal manure or compost
is very important in combination with the use of industrial fertilizers. Organic fertilizer or compost play
not only a role in providing nutrients (especially micro-nutrients) to plants, but also in improving the soil
structure, management of soil moisture levels, reducing washing out of nutrients, and in increasing
biological activity in the soil.
Availability of enough nutrients, both macro- (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S) and micronutrient (Zn, Fe,
Mn, Co, and Mo), in a good balance in the soil, is an important factor for getting high yields of good
quality fruits. Each of these nutrients plays a specific role in plants. Deficiencies or a surplus of nutrients
can hinder the growth of plants and reduce yields. The fertilizer dose needs to be according to the
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requirements of each type of plant. The manner of fertilization and its timing need to be precise, for
nutrients to be available to plants.
Spreading animal manure (left) and pouring a chemical fertilizer solution (right)
Crop management
Crop management consists of watering, weeding, pruning of flowers and fruits, and placing of
bamboo stakes to support plants.
a. Watering
Red chilli, tomato and cucumber plants require a lot of moisture but do not like stagnant water.
Below 21 days after planting, watering should be done daily, while from 21 days of age watering is done
each 2-3 days.
b. Weeding
Weeding implies the task to clean the field from weeds or wild plants. Weeding should be done
around the time of applying supplement fertilizer. The reason for this is that the applied fertilizer can be
used optimally by the cultivated plants. If observed from the angle of plant protection, weeding is one
way of controlling attacks by plant pests and diseases. This because weeds and wild plants are hosts for
plant pests and diseases.
C. Pruning of leaves and flowers
When red chilli plants are 2 months, water sprouts up to a height of 15 - 25 cm (depending on the
variety grown) from the soil level are removed. The objective of this pruning is to avoid sprinkling water
on plant parts where a water film could cause infection with a disease.
For tomato plants, at an age of 4 weeks after planting the first pruning is done, followed by a few
times pruning again until only 2 main stems per plant are left, with 3 - 5 branches per stem. For
cucumber plants, starting from an age of 1.5 – 2 months after planting, water sprouts are removed as
well as flowers on the first up to the third internode. From the fourth internode onwards one flower per
internode is left.
d. Placing stakes / bamboo stakes to support plants
Placing of bamboo stakes is done to support the upright growth of the plants. In red chilli and
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tomato crops, the stakes are placed from the age of 4 weeks after planting. While for cucumber this is
done 4-5 days after planting.
Placing stakes to support plants of red chilli, tomato and cucumber
Control of plant pests and diseases
Control of plant pests and organisms that cause diseases, based on the concept of Integrated Pest
Management (IPM), can be done in a preventive or in a curative manner. Preventive control of plant
pests and diseases is done before an attack by pests or by disease vectors, for instance through crop
rotation, by arranging the plant distance, by selecting a resistant variety, etc. Control in a curative way is
done after an attack by plant pests or disease vectors, in case the population of a pest or the intensity of
the disease has reached the threshold for control.
Harvest and post-harvest
The first fruits of red chilli are harvested at an age of 60-75 days after planting, with an interval of
3-7 days. If red chilli fruits are transported to far places, the fruits are harvested when they are dark
green, while when they are marketed nearby, the fruits are harvested when they are red. Red chilli
fruits for drying are harvested when they are really ripe.
Packing of red chillies, that are transported far, is done in cardboard boxes with plenty aeration
holes, with a capacity of about 25 kg. The storage space should be dry and cool, with good air
circulation.
Tomato plants are harvested from an age of 90–100 days. The harvest of tomatoes is done in about
7-10 steps, each time after 3–5 days. Fruits that should be harvested are half ripe, green redish and the
full red ones. A good container for transport of tomatoes is a box made out of wood with spaces in
between. A piece of paper is placed on the bottom of the box and each box is filled with 15 – 20 kg
fruits. The boxes are placed on each other carefully to avoid fruits being bruised, because then they will
rot fast.
Cucumbers are harvested from an age of 75-85 days when they are fully ripe, with a uniform
colour from the base to the top. A proper container for transporting cucumbers is a bamboo basket
with an capacity of 5-10 kg.
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LITERATURE
Badan Penyuluhan dan Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia, Kementerian Pertanian. 2014.
Pemupukan pada Tanaman Mentimun. http://cybex.deptan.go.id/penyuluhan/pemupukan-
pada-tanaman-mentimun
Moekasan, T.K., L. Prabaningrum, N.Gunadi, & W. Adiyoga. 2010. Rakitan Komponen Teknologi PTT
Cabai Merah-Bawang Merah. Puslitbanghortikultura.
Setiawati, W., I. Sulastrini, & N. Gunaeni. 2001. Penerapan Teknologi PHT pada Tanaman Tomat.
Monografi Balitsa No.23, Tahun 2001. Balitsa.
Sumarni, N. & A. Muharam. 2005. Budidaya Tanaman Cabai Merah. Panduan Teknis PTT Cabai Merah
No.2. Balitsa.
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Presentation materials Information
slides No. 06
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Information sheet No. 07
FERTILIZERS AND THEIR USE IN THE CULTIVATION OF RED CHILLIES, TOMATOES
AND CUCUMBER
FERTILIZER
Fertilizer is a material that contains one or more nutrients required by plants. Nutrients are certain
chemical components required by plants for growth and an optimal production.
Influence of soil pH on the availability of nutrients
The acidity of a soil (pH) plays an important role in the availability of nutrients in the soil, both for
macro- and micronutrients. An increase in the solubility of Al and Fe ions, as well as an increased activity
of soil micro-organisms are affected by the soil pH. Generally, macronutrients are more available in a bit
acid up to neutral soil, while micronutrients become better available to plants when the pH is lower
(acid).
Macronutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium are available at a pH of 6.5.
Phosphorus is unavailable at a pH > 8.0, because of forming insoluble compounds with Ca ions. On the
contrary, if the pH is lower than 5.0, phosphate will be unavailable. This because in acid soil conditions,
nutrients like Al, Fe, and Mn become very soluble. As a result, the available phosphate will be tied to the
metals mentioned and become insoluble and therefore unavailable to plants.
For a soil condition that is optimal for plant growth, and for biological activity in the soil, the pH should
be kept at 6.0 – 7.0.
Fertilizer classification
Fertilizer can be classified according to its :(1) form, (2) nutrient content (3) and chemical compound
form.
Based on its origin, fertilizers are grouped into (1) industrial fertilizer and (2) natural fertilizer. An
industrial fertilizer is produced in a factory and consist of, generally, high levels of certain nutrients.
Examples are Urea, SP 36 and KCl. Natural fertilizers are produced by nature, such as sedimentary rock.
For example, natural phosphates from phosphate rocks and calcite as well as dolomite from lime rock.
Compared to natural fertilizers, industrial fertilizers have advantages as well as disadvantages. The
stong points of industrial fertilizers are: (a) easier to establish the amount of fertilizer needed based on
the requirements of plants, (b) nutrients are applied in a form that makes them quickly available, (c) can
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be applied at a more exact time and (d) cheaper in its use and transport because of the high
concentration of nutrients. The weak points of industrial fertilizers are : (a) damage to the environment
if not used in proper doses and (b) generally contain only very little amounts of micronutrients.
Based on the nutrient content, fertilizers are grouped into (1) mono-fertilizers and (2) compound
fertilizers. Mono-fertilizers contain just one plant nutrient, for example Urea, SP 36 and KCl. Compound
fertilizers contain more than one nutrient, for example NPK.
Based on the way the chemical compound is formed, fertilizers are divided into (1) anorganic fertilizers
and (2) organic fertilizers. Anorganic fertilizers from anorganic compounds are produced by chemical
proceses, for example Urea , SP, (Kl, ZA, ZK, Phonska...space for local/national examples). Organic
fertilizers formed out of organic compounds from plants or animals, for instance compost, (Super
Kascing, Subur Ijo, ..... space for local/national examples)
Nutrients Required By Plants
The nutrients required by plants exist of: (1) essential nutrients, (2) macronutrients and (3)
micronutrients. Essential nutrients are the elements that always need to be available, and these are
Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O). Macronutrients are nutrients that are needed in large
quantity, consisting of the primary macronutrients Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K) and
the secondary macronutrients Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), and Sulfur/Sulphur (S). Micronutrients
are those elements that are required in small quantities, consisting of Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Boron
(B), Copper (Cu), Molibdenum (Mo), Zinc (Zn) dan Chlorine (Cl).
Function of nutrients in fertilizer
Primary macronutrients
1. Nitrogen (N)
Nitrogen is the main macronutrient that is required in larger quantity. The source of N is not rock
material or minerals but stems from weathering of organic material and from the air, for instance from
N-fixation by microorganisms such as Rhizobium in symbiosis with roots of leguminous plants. Other
sources of nitrogen in the soil are rain water and applications of industrial fertilizers such as Urea or ZA.
The element N is rather mobile and can change its form to become gas or other compounds, and can
get lost from the system through evaporation or washing out. Therefore, when applying in the field, N
fertilizer should be provided in steps and the best way of applying is by injection in the soil or by placing
it in holes close to plants that are covered with soil afterwards.
The element N is used to stimulate the growth of leaves, stems and roots, and it is useful in the process
of photosynthesis while it becomes a part of plant cells.
Symptoms of a N deficit is when leaves get a green-yellowish colour, there is limited growth of leaves,
while older leaves turn yellow quickly. An excess of N provided to plants can cause a deficit for element
K.
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2. Phosphorus (P)
A large part of the phosphorus originates from weathering of organic material. Phosphorus in soils is not
very mobile and large amounts are fixed by oxygen, clay minerals or organic material. Even if the
element phosphorus is enough present in the soil, plants can experience deficits for phosphorus. This
because the phosphorus that is chemically fixed to other elements forms compounds that hardly solve
in water. Therefore, phosphorus fertilizer is provided as base fertilizer and applied 7 days before
planting near the planting hole so that it can easily be taken up by plant roots.
Element P is used by the plant for a better growth of roots, to stimulate formation of seeds, to spur
flowering and formation of fruits, to transport carbohydrates in plants, and to make plant cells strong to
withstand plant pests and diseases.
Indications of a phosphorus deficit are when plants stunt, the internodes on the stem are short, leaves
turn purplish, leaf edges bend downwards starting from older leaves, and low production of seed/fruits.
An excess of P provided to plants can cause a deficit for element K.
3. Potassium (K)
The potassium ion is in the group of elements that are quite mobile and can therefore be lost from the
soil easily by washing out since K is not held well at the surface of coloids in the soil. Therefore, when
applied in the field, K fertilizer should be provided in steps and the best way of applying is by injection in
the soil or by placing it in holes close to plants that are covered with soil afterwards.
K is used by plants to strengthen cell walls so that plants can withstand attacks by pests and disease
vectors, and to stimulate root growth in order to increase their effectivity in nutrient uptake.
A deficit for element K causes stems and leaves to be weak, it hinders growth of plants, leaves are small
and turn green-purplish with brown edges and fall off. An excess of K provided to plants can cause a
deficit for elements Ca and Mg.
Secondary macro-nutrients
1. Calcium (Ca)
Calcium is the major contributor to the strength of the plant cell wall. It also plays a role in hardening
the woody parts of plants, in stimulating the growth of fine roots, in making cell walls of fruits thicker,
and in stimulating the growth of seeds. This nutrient can be acquired from animal manure, as well as
from applications of lime, from dolomite (CaCO3MgCO3), from calcite (CaCO3), as well as from
calciumchloride (CaCl2). Deficiencies for calcium in plants show as fysiological diseases. Normally,
symptoms shown resemble blossom end rot. The symptoms are easily known through common signs
that show from the leaves up to the fruits. An excess of Ca causes deficiencies in Fe.
2. Magnesium (Mg)
Magnesium is an element that is mobile in plants, and therefore shortages of magnesium are visible in
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old leaves that colour yellow because the production of chlorophyll is disturbed. In corn plants, shortage
of Mg is visible on leaves that show yellow lines that protrude somehow while young leaves produce
mucus when the deficiency further develops.
Magnesium is the major contributor to the production of chlorophyll. Mg deficiency causes yellow-
whitish spots on old leaves. An excess of Mg causes deficiencies in Ca.
3. Sulfur/Sulphur (S)
Sulfur is needed by plants for the production of chlorophyll, proteins and vitamines. Apart from animal
manure, this nutrient is also acquired from industrial fertilizers such as ZA. In case of a sulfur deficiency,
leaves show signs of chlorosis (turning yellow). Signs of S poisoning are seldomly observed.
Micro-nutrients
Iron (Fe)
Iron (Fe) plays a role in the production of chlorophyll, proteins and enzymes. This nutrient is obtained
from animal manure and chemical fertilizers. Deficiencies of this element in plants show as reduced
growth, shedding of leaves, and plant tops that die off. An indication of a near deficiency of the element
Fe is normally that young leaves and leaf stalks turn yellow.
Manganese (Mn)
The function of manganese is as a catalyst for some enzymes that play a role in remodelling
carbohydrates and in nitrogen metabolism. Manganese is supplied by foliar fertilizer with Mn. A
manganese (Mn) deficiency in plants can not be known easily without taking a leaf or a soil sample to
the laboratory.
Boron (B)
Boron plays a role in the formation of proteins, production of fruits, and development of roots. This
nutrient is obtained from animal manure, borax or borate, boric acid (H3BO3), and micronutrient
fertilizers. Indications of deficiency of the element boron in plants are normally shown as branches that
grow parallel side by side, shorter internodes, a hollow (rotten) stem of the plant, yellow black lines that
appear circling on fruits, and dwarf fruiting.
Copper (Cu)
Copper (Cu) is an element that is required in the production of vitamine A and indirectly plays a role in
the production of chlorophyll. Normally, this nutrient is supplied using foliar fertilizer with copper as an
ingredient. Shortage of the element copper (Cu) makes that plants do not grow well (stunting) and the
formation of flowers or fruits is often not successful.
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Molybdenum (Mo)
Molybdenum plays a role in the uptake, in the fixation, and in the assimilation of N, and indirectly in the
production of amino acids and plant proteins. This element can be obtained through liming. A
molybdenum (Mo) deficiency in plants can not be known easily without taking a sample to the
laboratory.
Zinc (Zn)
Zinc plays a role as catalyst in the production of protein, it regulates the formation of indoleasetik acid
(the acid that plays a role in the regulation of plant growth), and is actively involved in the
transformation of carbohydrates. This element can be supplied through foliar fertilizer with zinc as a
component. Zn deficiencies are not of importance to plants.
Chlorine (Cl)
Chlorine is required for photosynthesis processes, especially connected to osmosis in plant cells.
Deficiency of chlorine seldomly occurs since this element is naturally available in soils. An indication of
chlorine deficiency is when yellow spots appear on the leaf surface, followed by the leaf wilting and
colouring yellow.
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Nutrient content of fertilizers
Nutrient content of fertilizers available on the market is shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Nutrient content of some types of fertilizer
No. Local name Commercial name Nutrient content
1. Kujang Urea fertilizer Kujang 46% N
2. ZA Fertilizer ZA Petro
Kimia
21% N; 24% S
3. DAP Saprodap 16% N; 20% P2O5; 8% S
4. NPK Mutiara NPK Mutiara 16% N; 16% P2O5; 16% K2O; 1.5%
MgO, 5% CaO
5. Phonska NPK Phonska Petro
Kimia
15% N; 15% P2O5; 15% K2O; 10% S
6. KCl Fertilizer KCl
Mahkota
60,56% K2O
7. Kamas Paten Kali 30% K2O; 10% MgO; 17% S
8. Hidrokompleks Yara Mila Meroke
Tetap Jaya
15% N; 9% P2O5; 20% K2O; 2% MgO;
3.8% S; 0.015% B; 0.02% Mn; 0.02% ZN
9. SP-36 Fertilizer SP 36 Petro
Kimia
36% P2O5; 5% S
10. TSP Fertilizer TSP Petro
Kimia
46% P2O5
11. ZK Fertilizer ZK Petro
Kimia
50% K2O; 17% S
12. Sendawa Chali Chili 16% Sodium Nitrate (KNO3)
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FERTILIZATION
Fertilization is the activity of applying fertilizers to the soil, to plant substrates or to plants in order to
address the requirements of plants for nutrients so that plants are able to grow well and produce
optimally.
Method of fertilizer application
Fertilizer application can be done in two different ways, through the rootsystem and sprayed on leaves
(foliar feeding).
Fertilization through roots
Broadcasting. Fertilizers are applied by broadcasting evenly on top of the soil near plants or at
the time of the final soil preparation. This is done for plants with a high plant density such as
red onions and rice.
Placed in between rows of plants. Fertilizer is spread in between plant and covered with soil.
In holes close to plants. By making holes using a dibble close to plants with a distance of ± 10
cm, and placing fertilizer in the holes followed by closing the holes with soil.
Pouring. Fertilizer is dissolved in water in a certain concentration, and this liquid is poured on
the soil close to plant stems.
For red chilli, tomato and cucumber plants the best way to apply fertilizer is by making holes using a
dibble close to plants with a distance of ± 10 cm, and placing fertilizer in the holes followed by closing
the holes with soil.
Foliar fertilization
Generally, foliar feeding is used to apply micronutrients to plants. Fertilizer is dissolved in water in an
advised dose or concentration and than sprayed on leaves using a sprayer.
Foliar fertilization is actually less effective. This because leaves have the function of photosynthesis in
plants and to absorb O2 and CO2. The function of leaves is not like roots that are designed to absorp
salts (fertilizer) and water. Therefore, foliar fertilizer applications hold the risk of poisoning and of
burning the leaves.
Some reasons for considering the use of foliar fertilizers are :
If soil conditions restrict the availability of nutrients.
In case nutrient loss from the soil or field often happens.
During the growth phase, if the environmental condition restricts the supply of nutrients to
important parts of the plant, according to the demand by plants.
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During the dry season, foliar fertilizers could be useful because the flow of nutrients is
hampered because of low soil moisture levels.
In case of deficits of the elements Ca, Si, Mn and B, applications of foliar fertilizers could be
done intensively.
In case of deficits of the elements Fe, Zn, Cu and Mb, applications of foliar fertilizers could be
done at times.
For elements that are quite mobile, such as N, P, K, S, and Mg, one application of foliar
fertilizer, combined with chemical fertilizers, is normally enough to solve a deficiency of such
element.
Running of drops of liquid fertilizer from leaf to leaf should be prevented in order for the nutrients from
the foliar fertilizer to stay on the leaves and not drip down to the soil. In case of rain after an application
of foliar fertilizer, the nutrients possibly are washed off the leaves. On the other hand, in case of low
humidity, more salts can be formed on the leaves. That way the uptake of nutrients is hindered and the
leaves can get burned.
Time of fertilization
Timing of a fertilizer application depends on the type of fertilizer applied. Phosphorus (P) fertilizer and
potassium (K) are types of fertilizer with a long solubility of about 10-14 days. Therefore it is best that
vegetable plants that are below 3 months of age, are given both types of fertilizer as base fertilizer,
what means that they are applied 7 days before planting. That way, 14 days after planting the plants are
already able to use both elements.
Nitrogen (N) fertilizers are fertilizers that easily get lost because of environmental effects such as the
temperature, or are washes out by water. Therefore, applications of the element N should be according
to the growth fase of the crop.
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FERTILIZATION OF RED CHILLI, TOMATO AND CUCUMBER CROPS
Fertilization of red chilli, tomato and cucumber plants is shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Type, dose, and timing of fertilizers in red chilli, tomato and cucumber
crops
Commodity
Base-fertilizer (7 days before planting) Fertilizer
supplement *
Animal
manure
(ton/ha)
N (kg/ha) P205
(kg/ha)
K2O
(kg/ha) N (kg/ha)
Red chilli 20-30 110 110 180 110
Tomato 20-30 60 115 120 60
Cucumber 5-10 100 72 120 60
Fertilizer supplement :
Red chilli : applied 3, 6, and 9 weeks after planting, each time a third of the total dose Tomato : applied 4 weeks after planting Cucumber : applied 3 weeks after planting
LITERATURE
Badan Penyuluhan dan Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia, Kementerian Pertanian. 2014.
Pemupukan pada Tanaman Mentimun. http://cybex.deptan.go.id/penyuluhan/pemupukan-pada-
tanaman-mentimun
Dhemajad92. 2014. Sifat Kimia tanah. http://dhemajad92.wordpress.com/kimia/sifat-kimia-tanah
FAO. 1984. Fertilizer and plant nutrition guide. FAO Fertilizer and Plant Nutrition Biletin 9.
Gerbang Pertanian. 2014. http://www.gerbangpertanian.com/2010/04/metode-pemupukan-pada-
tanaman.html
Jaya, F. 2014. Unsur hara makro. http://faedahjaya.com/distributor-pupuk/unsur-hara-makro
Munawar, A. 2011. Kesuburan tanaman dan nutrisi tanaman. IPB Press.
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Presentation materials Information
slides No. 07
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Exercise No. 05
ARRANGING FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS FOR RED CHILLI, TOMATO AND CUCUMBER CROPS
1. Background
Fertilization is the activity of applying fertilizers to the soil, to plant substrates or to plants in order to
address the requirements of plants for nutrients so that plants are able to grow well and produce
optimally.
Each type of plant requires different nutrients. Therefore, the fertilizer requirements for different crops
needs planning and to be arrranged in a good manner.
2. Objectives
To know the nutrient requirements for each crop that will be cultivated.
To be capable to calculate the fertilizer requirements for each crop based on its nutrient requirements.
To be capable of calculating the financial requirements for fertilizers based on the nutrient requirement
of each crop that will be cultivated.
3. Meeting time: 60 minutes
4. Tools and materials
Tools and materials needed for arranging the fertilizer requirements for red chilli, tomato and cucumber
plants are as follows :
Calculation form for fertilizer
Calculator
Large size paper
Marker pen
Pencil or ballpoint
5. Implementation steps
Explain in about 10 minutes the objectives for calculating the fertilizer requirements for each type of
crop, based on nutrient requirements of plants.
Divide the training participants in small groups of 5 people.
Hand out the calculation forms to the leader of each group.
Note all types of fertilizer that normally are used by them on the calculation form.
Calculate the content of N, P2O5, and K2O for each type of fertilizer mentioned.
Calculate the expenses for each type of fertilizer that normally is used and how much the costs are for
one planting season.
Note all recommended types of fertilizer on the calculation form.
Calculate the content of N, P2O5, and K2O for each of these recommended types of fertilizer.
Calculate the expenses for each of these recommended types of fertilizer and how much the costs are
for one planting season.
Have both results from these fertilizer calculations presented by each group in front of the other
participants.
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6. Issues for discussion
What do the training participants think about the results of these fertilizer calculations?
Are the amounts of fertilizer normally applied by them enough according to the nutrient requirements
of the crops?
Is their normal timing of the fertilizer applications according to the needs of the crops?
Are their methods of applying fertilizer already according to the norms for correct fertilization?
Compare the expenses for fertilizers normally used by them with the expenses for the recommended
fertilization.
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Field Form No.05.1.
LIST OF FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS
VERSION FOR TRAINING PARTICIPANTS
Group : Field size : m2
Commodity : Information :
No. Plant age
(days)
Type of
fertilizer
Nutrient component (kg) Cost (Rp)
Manner of
fertilization N P2O5 K2O
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Field Form No.05.2.
LIST OF RECOMMENDED FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS
Group : Field size : m2
Commodity : Information :
No. Plant age
(days)
Type of
fertilizer
Nutrient component (kg) Cost (Rp)
Manner of
fertilization N P2O5 K2O
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Exercise No. 06
SEEDBEDS FOR RED CHILLIES, TOMATOES AND CUCUMBER
1. Background
Red chilli, tomato and cucumber plants are vegetable plants that are multiplied by seeds.
Sowing of seeds is done directly or first in a seedbed. Direct sowing holds the risk of high seedling
mortality, and therefore a lower rate of success compared to using seedbeds. For hybrid varieties, with
a relatively high seed price, it is strongly suggested to sow seeds in a seedbed.
Some advantages of using a seedbed are : (1) saving seeds, (2) the seedlings grow relatively uniform,
and (3) it results in the use of healthy and strong seedlings since they undergo an early selection.
2. Objectives
To understand the advantages of making a seedbed.
To learn the correct way of making a seedbed.
To select healthy plant seeds.
3. Tools and materials
Seeds of red chillies, tomatoes and cucumber
Compost
Loose soil
Tool for making sterile substrate for seedlings
Burned rice chaff
Plastic bags
Hot water or the pesticide Propamocarb Hydrochloride
Plastic bowl
Netting material
Bamboo
Big knife and a saw
4. Implementation time : 60 – 120 minutes
5. Implementation steps
Explain in about 10 minutes the reasons for this meeting.
Invite all training participants to the seedbeds.
Make a concave cover of netting material in advance (see the drawing).
Make the substrate for the seedbed together with the training participants; this substrate consists of a
mixture of loose soil and animal manure (1 : 1). This substrate for the seedbed is than steamed for 4
hours with hot steam.
Prepare the seedling containers that will be used: plastic bags (volume 13 cm3) and plastic trays with
128 cells (volume 13 cm3).
The plastic bags and trays are fully filled with substrate.
Before sowing, the red chilli, tomato and cucumber seeds are soaked first in lukewarm water (50 °C) for
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30 minutes or in fungicidal liquid Propamocarb Hydrochloride (1 ml/l) for about 5 minutes, than
drained and directly sown.
Seeds of red chilli, tomato and cucumber are planted (1 seed per cell or hole) at a depth of 0.5 cm. After
the seeds are sown, a thin layer of burned rice chaff is placed on top of the surface of the substrate,
followed by watering and covering with plastic or with banana leaves for 2-3 days (until sprouts
germinate)
Tools for steaming the planting substrate (left)
And the seedbeds for red chillies with concave covers (right)
Red chilli seeds sown in plastic bags (left) and in plastic crates (right)
6. Issues for discussion
What are the reactions of the training participants about the activities that were just implemented?
What are the main difficulties they experienced in preparing a seedbed?
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Group Dynamics No.02
RUMOUR CLINIC
1. Background
In delivering information often problems occur as far as its interpretation is concerned. This because
information is cut off or does not reach completely.
2. Objectives
Assist the participants in presenting and drawing the process of deviation of communication. Assist the
participants in getting aware of the importance of avoiding such interpretations in order to
communicate in a good way.
3. Meeting time : As much as necessary
4. Implementation steps
The facilitator prepares a text that he/she wants to pass to the people, and writes this down on a piece
of paper. This message should not be longer than 5 sentences and should deal with something linked to
the participants. The sequence of the presentation should not be well arranged, and use some figures,
difficult words, etc.
Divide the participants in 3 groups; keep a distance of about 4-5 meter between the groups.
Each group is asked to count so that each member has its own number.
All participants with number one are asked to follow the facilitator to a place a bit away from the other
participants.
The facilitator reads the message two times to the participants with number one. The participants are
not allowed to ask the facilitator any question.
After this, each participant with number one is asked to whisper the message to the participant with
number two in their group. Than participant number two whispers that message to participant number
3, and so on. During this process of transfer, no questions should be asked.
After all final participants in each group received the message, that participant should write the
message received down and proceed to the front of the meeting to read the message out loud.
After that, the facilitator reads out the original message to the participants.
Invite the participants to discuss what just happened. Does the final message ressembles the original
one? Why? What caused the message to divert from the original one?
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